Gamut expanded halftone prints

We propose a framework for printing high chroma and bright colors which are beyond both the display sRGB and the classical cmyk print gamuts. These colors are printed with a combination of classical cmyk inks and the two additional daylight fluorescent magenta and yellow inks. The goal is to enhance image parts by printing them with high chroma and bright colors. We first select the image parts to be enhanced. We then apply to their colors a gamut expansion that increases both their chroma and their lightness towards the colors located at the boundary of the gamut formed by the combination of classical and fluorescent inks. This expansion can be controlled by user-defined parameters. We create smooth chroma transitions between the expanded and non-expanded image parts. We also preview the printable gamut expanded image generated according to user-defined gamut expansion parameters. The resulting prototype software enables artists to create and print their own designs

N-Ink Printer Characterization with Barycentric Subdivision

Printing with a large number of inks, also called N-ink printing, is a challenging task. The challenges comprise spectral modelling of the printer, color separation, halftoning, and limitations of the amount of inks. Juxtaposed halftoning, a perfectly dot-off-dot halftoning method, has proven to be useful to address some of these challenges. However, for juxtaposed halftones, prediction of colors as a function of ink area-coverages has not yet been fully investigated. The goal of this paper is to introduce a spectral prediction model for N-ink juxtaposed-halftone prints. As the area-coverage domain of juxtaposed inks forms a simplex, we propose a cellular subdivision of the area-coverage domain using barycentric subdivision of simplexes. The barycentric subdivision provides algorithmically straightforward means to design and implement an N-ink color prediction model. Within the subdomain cells, the Yule-Nielsen spectral Neugebauer model is used for the spectral prediction. Our proposed model is highly accurate for prints with a large number of inks while requiring a relatively low number of calibration samples

Comparison of the accuracy of various transformations from multi-band images to reflectance spectra

This report provides a comparative study of the spectral and colorimetric accuracy of various transformations from multi-band digital signals to spectral reflectance. The multiband channels were obtained by multi-channel visible-spectral imaging (MVSI) using a monochrome CCD and two different filtering systems. In the first system we used a liquid-crystal tunable filter (LCTF) capturing 31 narrow-band channels. We also used a filter wheel with a set of 6 glass filters imaging with and without an extra Wratten absorption filter giving a total of 12 channels. Four different mathematical methods were tested to derive reflectance spectra from digital signals: pseudo-inverse, eigenvector analysis, modified-discrete sine transformation (MDST) and non-negative least squares (NNLS). We also considered two different approaches to sampling the digital signals; in one approach we averaged the digital counts

Procjena kolorimetrijskih vrijednosti pigmenata slike korištenjem hiperspektralnih informacija

Procjena kolorimetrijskih vrijednosti pigmenata umjetničke slike korištenjem spektralnih informacija proširena je na hiperspektralne informacije. Razlog tome je dostupnost specijalno napravljenih hiperspektralnih kamera. Hiperspektralnom informacijom dobivamo značajno više podataka o mjerenom objektu, u ovom slučaju je to određeni pigment i vezivo korišteno u stvaranju slike. Fizikalne metode korištene u klasičnoj restauraciji slika daju nam uvid u kemijski sastav pigmenata na temelju kojeg se dalje zaključuju i točno određuju pigmenti slike. Svaki pigment i vezivo u kombinaciji daju specifičnu informaciju. Tako definiran spektar na tek korištenom pigmentu te usporedba tog pigmenta nakon određenog vremenskog razdoblja daju nam osnovu za digitalno predviđanje i ponašanje u procesu starenja pigmenta i pripadajućeg veziva. U metodolološkom dijelu rada slijedi obrada mjerenih podataka korištenjem Matlab-a pomoću kojeg je omogućeno predviđanje podataka. Rezultati modeliranja izraženi su kolorimetrijskim vrijednostima u cilju jednostavnije primjene u digitalnom okruženju i komunikacije prostora boja. Postojanje sličnih rješenja trebalo bi olakšati konzervacijski, kasnije i restauracijski, rad gdje je informacija o ponašanju određenih slikarskih boja u vremenskoj dimenziji vrlo značajna. U cilju uštede vremena i upotrebljenih materijala, poput pigmenata i veziva, korištenje metoda zapisa koje nemaju degradacijsko djelovanje na ispitivani objekt uzimamo kao pozitivan pristup. Predviđanje kolorimetrijskih vrijednosti namjenjenih korištenju u digitalnom okruženju pomoću spektralnih i hiperspektralnih informacija trebalo bi omogućiti preciznije modeliranje željenog produkta odnosno vrijednosti boje

Spectral modeling of a six-color inkjet printer

After customizing an Epson Stylus Photo 1200 by adding a continuous-feed ink system and a cyan, magenta, yellow, black, orange and green ink set, a series of research tasks were carried out to build a full spectral model of the printers output. First, various forward printer models were tested using the fifteen two color combinations of the printer. Yule- Nielsen-spectral-Neugebauer (YNSN) was selected as the forward model and its accuracy tested throughout the colorant space. It was found to be highly accurate, performing as well as a more complex local, cellular version. Next, the performance of nonlinear optimization-routine algorithms were evaluated for their ability to efficiently invert the YNSN model. A quasi-Newton based algorithm designed by Davidon, Fletcher and Powell (DFP) was found to give the best performance when combined with starting values produced from the non-negative least squares fit of single-constant Kubelka- Munk. The accuracy of the inverse model was tested and different optimization objective functions were evaluated. A multistage objective function based on minimizing spectral RMS error and then colorimetric error was found to give highly accurate matches with low metameric potential. Finally, the relationship between the number of printing inks and the ability to eliminate metamerism was explored

Modèles spectraux pour les surfaces imprimées : approches directes et problématiques inverses

Ce mémoire cherche à décrire et mettre en perspective une démarche scientifique construite durant une dizaine d’années de recherches dans le domaine de la reproduction des couleurs, un domaine associé aux disciplines de l’optique et des sciences de l’image. Les travaux présentés visent prédire le rendu visuel de surfaces traitées par divers procédés de coloration, et de créer des effets visuels nouveaux pour les arts graphiques à des fins esthétiques ou de sécurisation de documents. Les connaissances produites portent sur le développement de modèles optiques originaux décrivant la propagation de la lumière dans les couches colorantes et les supports, la métrologie optique nécessaire à la caractérisation de ces surfaces ou à la calibration des modèles, la conception d’effets visuels par impression grâce aux modèles inverses. Le travail de modélisation forme la partie amont de ces recherches. La caractérisation des surfaces et la conception d’effets visuels innovants font l’objet de collaborations industrielles avec des grandes ou petites. Les principaux résultats portent sur des configurations originales d’impression où plusieurs images en demi-tons sont vues l’une au travers de l’autre : impressions recto-verso, empilements d’imprimés… Des modèles propres à ces configurations ont été développés et des effets visuels, quasiment impossibles à obtenir sans modèle, ont été conçus. Une autre activité plus récente concerne de nouveaux procédés de marquage en couleur par laser sur des surfaces pré-fonctionnalisées. Par ailleurs, s’esquisse une démarche plus fondamentale sur l’interaction entre la lumière et les matériaux d’impression et sur la métrologie optique de surfaces à apparence variable

N-colour separation methods for accurate reproduction of spot colours

In packaging, spot colours are used to print key information like brand logos and elements for which the colour accuracy is critical. The present study investigates methods to aid the accurate reproduction of these spot colours with the n-colour printing process. Typical n-colour printing systems consist of supplementary inks in addition to the usual CMYK inks. Adding these inks to the traditional CMYK set increases the attainable colour gamut, but the added complexity creates several challenges in generating suitable colour separations for rendering colour images. In this project, the n-colour separation is achieved by the use of additional sectors for intermediate inks. Each sector contains four inks with the achromatic ink (black) common to all sectors. This allows the extension of the principles of the CMYK printing process to these additional sectors. The methods developed in this study can be generalised to any number of inks. The project explores various aspects of the n-colour printing process including the forward characterisation methods, gamut prediction of the n-colour process and the inverse characterisation to calculate the n-colour separation for target spot colours. The scope of the study covers different printing technologies including lithographic offset, flexographic, thermal sublimation and inkjet printing. A new method is proposed to characterise the printing devices. This method, the spot colour overprint (SCOP) model, was evaluated for the n-colour printing process with different printing technologies. In addition, a set of real-world spot colours were converted to n-colour separations and printed with the 7-colour printing process to evaluate against the original spot colours. The results show that the proposed methods can be effectively used to replace the spot coloured inks with the n-colour printing process. This can save significant material, time and costs in the packaging industry

The development of multi-channel inkjet printing methodologies for fine art applications

This thesis contributes to the defence of the practitioner perspective as a means of undertaking problems addressed predominantly in the field of colour science. Whilst artists have been exploring the use of colour for centuries through their personal practice and education, the rise of industrialised printing processes has generated a shift in focus away from these creative pursuits and into the computational field of colour research. It is argued here that the disposition and knowledge generated by creative practice has significant value to offer developing technologies. While creative practice has limited influence in the development of colour printing, practitioners and users of technology actively engage with the process in ways that extend beyond its intended uses in order to overcome recognised shortcomings. Here consideration is given to this creative engagement as motivation to develop bespoke printing parameters that demonstrate the effects of colour mixing through methods alternative to standard workflows. The research is undertaken incorporating both qualitative and quantitative analysis, collecting data from visual assessments and by examining spectral measurements taken from printed output. Action research is employed to directly access and act upon the constant developments in the art and science disciplines related to inkjet printing, observing and engaging with current methods and techniques employed by practitioners and developers. This method of research has strongly informed the empirical testing that has formed this thesis’s contribution to fine art inkjet printing practice. The research follows a practitioner led approach to designing and testing alternative printing methods and is aimed at expanding the number of discernible colours an inkjet printer can reproduce. The application of this methodology is evidenced through demonstrative prints and a reproduction study undertaken at the National Gallery, London. The experimentation undertaken in partnership with the National Gallery has proven the ability to increase accuracy between colour measured from the original target and reproduction, beyond the capabilities of current inkjet printing workflows

Flexible and Robust Calibration of the Yule-Nielsen Model for CMYK Prints

Spectral reflection prediction models, although effective, are impractical for certain industrial applications such as self-calibrating devices and online monitoring because of the requirements imposed by their calibration. The idea emerged to make the calibration more flexible. Instead of requiring specific color-constant calibration patches, the calibration would rely on the information contained in regular prints, e.g. on information found in printed color images. Using the CMYK Ink Spreading enhanced Yule-Nielsen modified Spectral Neugebauer model (IS-YNSN), the objective of this dissertation is to recover the Neugebauer primaries and ink spreading curves from image tiles extracted from printed color images. The IS-YNSN is first reviewed in the context of CMYK prints. Two sources of ambiguity are identified and removed, yielding a more robust model better suited for a flexible calibration. We then propose a gradient-descent method to acquire the ink spreading curves from image tiles by relying on constraints based on a metric evaluating the relevance of each ink spreading curve to the set of image calibration tiles. We optimize the algorithm which automatically selects the image tiles to be extracted and show that 5 to 10 well-chosen image tiles are sufficient to accurately acquire all the ink spreading curves. The flexible calibration is then extended to recover the Neugebauer primaries from printed color images. Again, a simple gradient-descent algorithm is not sufficient. Thanks to a set of constraints based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the relationships between composed Neugebauer primaries and the ink transmittances, good approximations of the Neugebauer primaries are achieved. These approximations are then optimized, yielding an accurately calibrated IS-YNSN model comparable to one obtained by classical calibrations. A detailed analysis of these calibrations shows that 25 well-chosen CMYK image calibration tiles are sufficient to accurately recover both the Neugebauer primaries and the ink spreading curves

Printing Beyond Color: Spectral and Specular Reproduction

For accurate printing (reproduction), two important appearance attributes to consider are color and gloss. These attributes are related to two topics focused on in this dissertation: spectral reproduction and specular (gloss) printing. In the conventional printing workflow known as the metameric printing workflow, which we use mostly nowadays, high-quality prints -- in terms of colorimetric accuracy -- can be achieved only under a predefined illuminant (i.e. an illuminant that the printing pipeline is adjusted to; e.g. daylight). While this printing workflow is useful and sufficient for many everyday purposes, in some special cases, such as artwork (e.g. painting) reproduction, security printing, accurate industrial color communication and so on, in which accurate reproduction of an original image under a variety of illumination conditions (e.g. daylight, tungsten light, museum light, etc.) is required, metameric reproduction may produce satisfactory results only with luck. Therefore, in these cases, another printing workflow, known as spectral printing pipeline must be used, with the ideal aim of illuminant-invariant match between the original image and the reproduction. In this workflow, the reproduction of spectral raw data (i.e. reflectances in the visible wavelength range), rather than reproduction of colorimetric values (colors) alone (under a predefined illuminant) is taken into account. Due to the limitations of printing systems extant, the reproduction of all reflectances is not possible even with multi-channel (multi-colorant) printers. Therefore, practical strategies are required in order to map non-reproducible reflectances into reproducible spectra and to choose appropriate combinations of printer colorants for the reproduction of the mapped reflectances. For this purpose, an approach called Spatio-Spectral Gamut Mapping and Separation, SSGMS, was proposed, which results in almost artifact-free spectral reproduction under a set of various illuminants. The quality control stage is usually the last stage in any printing pipeline. Nowadays, the quality of the printout is usually controlled only in terms of colorimetric accuracy and common printing artifacts. However, some gloss-related artifacts, such as gloss-differential (inconsistent gloss appearance across an image, caused mostly by variations in deposited ink area coverage on different spots), are ignored, because no strategy to avoid them exists. In order to avoid such gloss-related artifacts and to control the glossiness of the printout locally, three printing strategies were proposed. In general, for perceptually accurate reproduction of color and gloss appearance attributes, understanding the relationship between measured values and perceived magnitudes of these attributes is essential. There has been much research into reproduction of colors within perceptually meaningful color spaces, but little research from the gloss perspective has been carried out. Most of these studies are based on simulated display-based images (mostly with neutral colors) and do not take real objects into account. In this dissertation, three psychophysical experiments were conducted in order to investigate the relationship between measured gloss values (objective quantities) and perceived gloss magnitudes (subjective quantities) using real colored samples printed by the aforementioned proposed printing strategies. These experiments revealed that the relationship mentioned can be explained by a Power function according to Stevens' Power Law, considering almost the entire gloss range. Another psychophysical experiment was also conducted in order to investigate the interrelation between perceived surface gloss and texture, using 2.5D samples printed in two different texture types and with various gloss levels and texture elevations. According to the results of this experiment, different macroscopic texture types and levels (in terms of texture elevation) were found to influence the perceived surface gloss level slightly. No noticeable influence of surface gloss on the perceived texture level was observed, indicating texture constancy regardless of the gloss level printed. The SSGMS approach proposed for the spectral reproduction, the three printing strategies presented for gloss printing, and the results of the psychophysical experiments conducted on gloss printing and appearance can be used to improve the overall print quality in terms of color and gloss reproduction