Discussion of the technology and research in fuel injectors common rail system

Common rail is one of the most important components in a diesel and gasoline direct injection system. It features a high-pressure (100 bar) fuel rail feeding solenoid valves, as opposed to a low-pressure fuel pump feeding unit injectors. Third-generation common rail diesels now feature piezoelectric injectors for increased precision, with fuel pressures up to 2,500 bar. The purpose of this review paper is to investigate the technology and research in fuel injectors common rail system. This review paper focuses on component of common rail injection system, pioneer of common rail injection, characteristics of common rail injection system, method to reduce smoke and NOx emission simultaneously and impact of common rail injection system. Based on our research, it can be concluded that common rail injection gives many benefit such as good for the engine performance, safe to use, and for to reduce the emission of the vehicle. Fuel injection common rail system is the modern technology that must be developed. Nowadays, our earth is polluting by vehicle output such as smoke. If the common rail system is developed, it can reduce the pollution and keep our atmosphere clean and safe

A Robust Consensus Algorithm for Current Sharing and Voltage Regulation in DC Microgrids

In this paper a novel distributed control algorithm for current sharing and voltage regulation in Direct Current (DC) microgrids is proposed. The DC microgrid is composed of several Distributed Generation units (DGUs), including Buck converters and current loads. The considered model permits an arbitrary network topology and is affected by unknown load demand and modelling uncertainties. The proposed control strategy exploits a communication network to achieve proportional current sharing using a consensus-like algorithm. Voltage regulation is achieved by constraining the system to a suitable manifold. Two robust control strategies of Sliding Mode (SM) type are developed to reach the desired manifold in a finite time. The proposed control scheme is formally analyzed, proving the achievement of proportional current sharing, while guaranteeing that the weighted average voltage of the microgrid is identical to the weighted average of the voltage references.Comment: 12 page

One-cycle control of switching converters

A new large-signal nonlinear control technique is proposed to control the duty-ratio d of a switch such that in each cycle the average value of a switched variable of the switching converter is exactly equal to or proportional to the control reference in the steady-state or in a transient. One-cycle control rejects power source perturbations in one switching cycle; the average value of the switched variable follows the dynamic reference in one switching cycle; and the controller corrects switching errors in one switching cycle. There is no steady-state error nor dynamic error between the control reference and the average value of the switched variable. Experiments with a constant frequency buck converter have demonstrated the robustness of the control method and verified the theoretical predictions. This new control method is very general and applicable to all types of pulse-width-modulated, resonant-based, or soft-switched switching converters for either voltage or current control in continuous or discontinuous conduction mode. Furthermore, it can be used to control any physical variable or abstract signal that is in the form of a switched variable or can be converted to the form of a switched variable

Switching frequency regulation in sliding mode control by a hysteresis band controller

© 2016 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other worksFixing the switching frequency is a key issue in sliding mode control implementations. This paper presents a hysteresis band controller capable of setting a constant value for the steady-state switching frequency of a sliding mode controller in regulation and tracking tasks. The proposed architecture relies on a piecewise linear modeling of the switching function behavior within the hysteresis band, and consists of a discrete-time integral-type controller that modifies the amplitude of the hysteresis band of the comparator in accordance with the error between the desired and the actually measured switching period. For tracking purposes, an additional feedforward action is introduced to compensate the time variation of the switching function derivatives at either sides of the switching hyperplane in the steady state. Stability proofs are provided, and a design criterion for the control parameters to guarantee closed-loop stability is subsequently derived. Numerical simulations and experimental results validate the proposal.Accepted versio

The use of power DC-DC converters and gyrator structures for energy processing

This article provides a classification of high efficiency switching power-gyrator structures and their use as cells for energy processing in photovoltaic solar facilities. Having into account the properties of these topologies presented in the article, their inclusion in solar facilities allows increasing the performance of the whole installation. Thus, the design, simulation and implementation of a G-type power gyrator are carried out throughout the text. In addition, in order to obtain the maximum power from the photovoltaic solar panel, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is mandatory in the energy processing path. Therefore, the practical implementation carried out includes a control loop of the power gyrator in order to track the aforementioned maximum power point of the photovoltaic solar panel.Postprint (published version

One-Quadrant Switched-Mode Power Converters

This article presents the main topics related to one-quadrant power converters. The basic topologies are analysed and a simple methodology to obtain the steady-state output-input voltage ratio is set out. A short discussion of different methods to control one-quadrant power converters is presented. Some of the reported derived topologies of one-quadrant power converters are also considered. Some topics related to one-quadrant power converters such as synchronous rectification, hard and soft commutation, and interleaved converters are discussed. Finally, a brief introduction to resonant converters is given.Comment: 25 pages, contribution to the 2014 CAS - CERN Accelerator School: Power Converters, Baden, Switzerland, 7-14 May 201

Stabilizing control for power converters connected to transmission lines

This paper proposes a switching control strategy for the set-point stabilization of a power converter connected via a transmission line to a resistive load. The strategy employs a Lyapunov function that is directly based on energy considerations of the power converter, as well as of the transmission line described by the telegraph equations. The proposed stabilizing switching control still allows a certain freedom in the choice of the control law, a comparison between a maximum descent strategy and a minimum commutation strategy being discussed on a simple example.

HM-Based SMVC with Adaptive Feedforward Controller Applied to DC-DC Converter

International audienceThis paper aims to provide a comprehensive study of sliding mode controller (SMC) performance for closed-loop voltage control of DC-DC three-cells buck converter based on hysteresis modulation (HM) where an adaptive feedforward technique is adopted. To fix the switching frequency, the approach is to incorporate a feedforward adaptive scheme which is effectively a variant of SM control. Further, the use of an adaptive feedforward control that makes the hysteresis band variable in the hysteresis modulator of the SM controller to restrict the switching frequency variation feeding parameters uncertainties and loads disturbance, in order to overcome the design constraints and to mitigate the undesired transient response. The results obtained under load change, input change and reference change clearly demonstrates a great dynamic response of the proposed technique, as well as provide stability in any operating conditions, the effectiveness is fast with a smooth tracking of the desired output voltage. Simulations studies in MATLAB/Simulink environment have been performed to verify the concept

Sliding Mode Control of Buck Converter

DC-DC converters are used to convert DC voltage from one level to other. These converters are drastically used in industry as well as in research. One of the main limitations of these converters is unregulated supply of voltage and current. To overcome these problems there are various control techniques. This paper presents two such methods. This paper compares dynamic performance of buck Converter using PID controller and Sliding mode controller. Simulation of PI and Sliding mode control of Buck Converter is carried out in MATLAB SIMULINK

Sliding Mode Control of Buck Converter

DC-DC converters are used to convert DC voltage from one level to other. These converters are drastically used in industry as well as in research. One of the main limitations of these converters is unregulated supply of voltage and current. To overcome these problems there are various control techniques. This paper presents two such methods. This paper compares dynamic performance of buck Converter using PID controller and Sliding mode controller. Simulation of PI and Sliding mode control of Buck Converter is carried out in MATLAB SIMULINK