Transportation for an Aging Population: Promoting Mobility and Equity for Low-Income Seniors

This study explores the travel patterns, needs, and mobility problems faced by diverse low-income, inner-city older adults in Los Angeles in order to identify solutions to their mobility challenges. The study draws information from: (1) a systematic literature review of the travel patterns of older adults; (2) a review of municipal policies and services geared toward older adult mobility in six cities; (3) a quantitative analysis of the mobility patterns of older adults in California using the California Household Travel Survey; and (4) empirical work with 81 older adults residing in and around Los Angeles’ inner-city Westlake neighborhood, who participated in focus groups, interviews, and walkabouts around their neighborhood

A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH THE URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS OF CAIRO, NAIROBI, TUNIS, CAPE TOWN AND LAGOS

학위논문(석사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과(국제협력전공), 2021.8. 마틴.Traffic congestion has increasingly become a widely discussed subject globally. It is believed that this phenomenon will only worsen progressively. Many developed and underdeveloped countries all over the world are adopting various policy measures to deal with this phenomenon. The most affected cities of the world such as Sao Paolo in Brazil are notoriously known by what characterizes the early morning and evening drive. African cities in countries such as Egypt, Nigeria and to relatively lesser extent, Ghana also endure this same challenge. This paper examines the causes of vehicular traffic congestion in Accra, the administrative capital of Ghana and suggests feasible policy recommendations based on a comparative analysis with urban transport systems of the selected cities. The paper is in six parts. The first part covers introduction, the second part covers the literature review, the third part covers methodology, and the fourth part, an analysis of the Accra case. This is followed by the fifth part which covers a comparison of Accra with the above-mentioned cities, with summary, conclusions, recommendations as well as limitations forming the sixth part.교통 체증은 세계적으로 널리 논의되고 있는 주제이다. 이 현상은 점차 더 악화된다고 여겨지고 있다. 많은 선진국과 개발도상국을 포함한 전 세계에서는 교통 체증을 해결하기 위해 여러 정책과 전략들을 채택해오고 있다. 브라질의 상파울루와 같은 교통체증의 가장 많은 영향을 미치는 도시들은 새벽 및 야간 운전이 여러모로 악명 높다. 이집트, 나이지리아와 같은 아프리카 도시들과 상대적으로 더 작은 면적인 가나에서도 위와 같은 현상을 겪고 있다. 본 연구는 가나의 행정 수도인 아크라의 차량 교통 체증의 원인을 분석하고 선택한 5 개 도시 (카이로, 나이로비, 튀니스, 케이프타운, 라고스)의 도시 교통 시스템의 비교 분석을 토대로 실현 가능한 정책을 제안한다.CHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem Identification 2 1.3 Comparison with other cities in Africa 5 1.4.1 Objective of the research 6 1.4.2 Research questions 7 1.4.3 Significance of the research 7 1.4.4 Research Methodology 8 1.4.5 Scope of the Research 8 1.4.6 Anticipated problems and limitations 9 1.5 Organization of the study 9 CHAPTER 2 10 LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 Introduction 10 2.2 Definition of Urban Traffic Congestion 10 2.3 The characteristics of urban transport that cause congestion 12 2.4 Urban Governance in Africa 14 2.5 Urban Planning in Africa 18 2.6 Urban Transport Planning in Africa 19 2.7.1 Urban Transportation in Africa 21 2.7.2 Overview of Urban Transportation in Ghana 23 2.7.3 Urban Transportation in Lagos, Nigeria 25 2.7.4 Urban Transportation in Cape Town, South Africa 28 2.7.5 Urban Transportation in Nairobi, Kenya 31 2.7.6 Urban Transportation in Cairo, Egypt 36 2.7.7 Urban Transportation in Tunis, Tunisia 41 2.8 Transport Infrastructure in Africa 43 CHAPTER 3 46 METHODOLOGY 46 3.1 Introduction 46 3.2 Research questions 46 3.3 Study Area 47 3.4 Comparative Research 47 3.5 Research Design 49 3.6 Secondary Data Sources and tools of analysis 50 3.7 Strength and limitations 50 3.8 Conceptual Framework 51 CHAPTER 4 53 AN ANALYSIS OF THE ACCRA CASE 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 Urban Planning 53 4.3 Urban Transport System 54 4.4 Factors Contributing to Traffic Congestion in the Accra 56 Metropolis 56 4.5 Impact on the Metropolis 65 CHAPTER 5 70 URBAN PLANNING ACROSS THE FIVE SELECTED CITIES 70 5.1 Introduction 70 5.2 Urban Planning 70 5.3 Urban Planning in Nairobi, Kenya 73 5.4 Urban Planning in Lagos, Nigeria 75 5.5 Urban Planning in Cairo, Egypt 77 5.6 Urban Planning in Tunis, Tunisia 80 5.7 Urban Planning in Cape Town, South Africa 82 5.8 Table of Comparison 86 5.9 Discussion 91 CHAPTER 6 93 CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND LIMITATION OF STUDY 93 6.1 Summary of findings 93 6.2 Conclusion 95 6.3 Recommendations 96 6.3 Limitation of the Study 100 국문 초록 112석

A comparative study of public transport systems in developing countries

Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.The large and mostly impoverished populations of African cities are dependent on public transport to provide them with accessibility and mobility. In most African cities, private vehicle ownership and traffic is increasing rapidly, scheduled or formal public transport systems are declining or have disappeared altogether and the unscheduled or informal Para-transit systems that have replaced them are unsafe and offer a low quality service. The problem with public transport planning in most African cities is that public transport is either poorly planned or not planned at all. This is due to the fact that there is a lack of adequate information and planning framework to guide decision makers and that they either select inappropriate systems based on those used in developed countries or allow private operators to decide. It is the responsibility of government to ensure that public transport systems meet the needs of the communities they serve and political decision-makers urgently need to make the right decisions for the development of public transport. Precise and relevant performance indicators and statistics will give a clear overview of the public transport systems of cities and will help to monitor the benefits of implementing efficient public transport systems. There is therefore a need to develop a methodology to assess public transport systems in African cities. The main aim of this study is to describe, discuss, and compare the public transport systems in developing countries. The methodology will be based on a set of performance indicators and related benchmarks that can be used to evaluate the public transport system of a city against certain goals. This study also describes the current existing public transport systems and their characteristics, as well as findings on the application of the methodology in Cape Town, Dar es Salaam and Nairobi. The literature review aims to identify the characteristics of public transport systems and to develop a methodology that can be used to describe, discuss and compare public systems. It is based on studies that have been done on the characteristics of public transport systems. The first part of the literature review examines various studies and papers on public transport to determine which components of the public transport system are important and is followed by a more detailed discussion on the characteristics of these components

Paratransit operators' participation in public transport reform in Cape Town: a qualitative investigation of their business aspirations and attitudes to reform

Includes bibliographical referencesThe South African government launched two public transport reform programmes in the last two decades to address generally declining services as well as specific problems with paratransit, the dominant service provider. One programme aims to incorporate paratransit in new bus-based networks in cities; the other is a national paratransit fleet renewal scheme. Cape Town is arguably most advanced with the former, and the first phase of its bus network is nearing completion. Paratransit operators have shown resistance to both programmes, yet there have been few efforts to gain direct insight into their views on their businesses or their attitudes to reform. It is thus difficult to identify reasons behind their unenthusiastic response, or to understand if revisions to the programmes might cause more operators to opt in. This research employed a case study strategy to investigate paratransit operators' business aspirations and needs in Cape Town, and to identify commonalities between their attitudes and the aims of the reform programmes to inform potential amendments to these programmes. The details of incorporating paratransit operators in the new bus system in Cape Town were not systematically recorded, and it was thus first necessary to trace the engagement process between the municipality and these operators. Information was drawn from a variety of sources over a six-year period. Against this background, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 30 operators and eight drivers from different parts of the city to explore their aspirations and views on reform. Access was arranged through trusted intermediaries and the eight associations to which respondents belonged. The research revealed that operators were not necessarily passive players waiting for government-led change: some established large transport enterprises, whereas others built small-scale businesses. Propositions were subsequently drawn, amongst other things, on the prospects of and potential revisions to the reform programmes. The recapitalisation programme has had the broader reach of the two programmes. The national government should consider extending it and reviewing its financial support mechanism to make it more accessible to small operators. Larger businesses might be well positioned for incorporation in bus operating companies, but concerted efforts must be made to build trust with these operators and to familiarise them with the transition process. By documenting operator incorporation in the bus system, and providing first-hand insight into paratransit aspirations and attitudes to reform, the research ultimately contributes a basis from which to understand operators' existing responses to reform and the potential for their greater participation in it

Transport poverty meets the digital divide : accessibility and connectivity in rural communities

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Mobility Options for the Aging Population of Manitoba: An Action Plan for Regional Solutions

Report: iv., pp.122; ill., Digital file.Safe mobility for older adults is a multifaceted and complex issue, and no single solution exists to address the needs of a diverse senior population. Solutions to improve transportation for seniors are impeded by a range of obstacles including: (1) increasing demand due to large increases in the elderly population; (2) inadequate funding and the need for clarification in jurisdictional responsibility; (3) the extreme winter conditions experienced in Manitoba; and (4) heavy reliance on the automobile and limited support for alternative forms of transportation. In the province of Manitoba previous research has emphasized that the lack of appropriate mobility resources for seniors in both urban and rural settings hinders the promotion of independence, quality of life and empowerment that are all crucial factors for successful aging.Manitoba Seniors and Healthy Aging Secretariat

Transportation challenges for persons aging with mobility disability: Qualitative insights and policy implications

Background Persons aging with mobility disability (PAwMD) experience transportation barriers, which can hinder their ability to fully participate in society. Despite a vast infrastructure of federal laws and programs designed to ensure access to transportation, PAwMD remain a transportation-disadvantaged population. Objectives This paper presents detailed insights on transportation challenges experienced by PAwMD along with recent Federal programmatic initiatives designed to enhance access and mobility for transportation for older adults and people with disabilities. To identify policy gaps and opportunities to improve transportation services, we compared individual-level challenges from PAwMD to national survey data about barriers associated with delivering transportation services at state and local levels. Methods To assess individual-level transportation challenges, we conducted in-depth, structured interviews with sixty older adult participants with self-identified mobility disabilities for at least 10 years. We also conducted a content analysis of end-user transportation challenges and agency-level transportation coordination barriers to identify correspondences. Results Participants reported challenges utilizing public and private modes of transportation, related to availability; accessibility; safety; advanced planning; as well as societal attitudes. Barriers to the availability, delivery, and coordination of access and mobility services are linked directly or indirectly to the PAwMD reports of experiencing a shortage of accessible transportation options. Conclusions Findings highlight the complexity of federal transportation policies and programmatic initiatives designed to support older adults and people with disabilities, which contribute to implementation barriers and transportation challenges. Results highlight the importance of integrating end-user and state and local provider input into transportation policy development and program implementation

Enabling equitable access to public transport information to enhance hybrid system use in Cape Town, South Africa

Though previously unscheduled public transport services were often seen as incompatible with equitable mobility goals, emerging cities are increasingly seeking to integrate these with new scheduled services to form hybrid public transport systems. In contrast to the abundance of services available, there is little information available to plan multimodal journeys across the hybrid system, limiting users' abilities to best use the system to meet their needs. This thesis investigated, through mixed research methods framed within Amartya Sen's capability approach, how to enable equitable access to public transport information on the hybrid system through information and communications technology. The research focussed on captive public transport users in the context of Cape Town, South Africa. Using (n=22) semi-structured interviews, candidate passenger information types for planning hybrid journeys across various scenarios were identified. A best-worst scaling study was undertaken (n=413) to gain a representative understanding of the least and most useful information types. A stated preference choice model was applied (n=501) to investigate what minimum information is required to make use of the hybrid network to access mobility opportunities in non-routine scenarios. The most useful information types were represented as different levels of certainty. These information types were: (1) frequency, (2) fare cost, (3) departure time, (4) arrival time, (5) safety walking to/from a station/stop, (6) safety onboard, and (7) safety while waiting at a stop. A further passenger survey (n=536), together with available secondary data, was analysed to gauge access to technologies and skills related to transport information use cases. This research found that none of the information types at the quality level desired is currently evenly available across the hybrid system, and no official information sources have the capacity to equitably reach captive users given current technological capabilities. The combination of gaps in information provision and adequate communication methods hinders users' informational capabilities to plan journeys that best meet their needs and preferences, and consequentially limits their access to opportunities through mobility. Strategies for understanding information needs, collecting the data necessary, and opening this data to the public through portals provide the adaptability and flexibility needed to deliver sustainable solutions