Unit Circle Roots Based Sensor Array Signal Processing

As technology continues to rapidly evolve, the presence of sensor arrays and the algorithms processing the data they generate take an ever-increasing role in modern human life. From remote sensing to wireless communications, the importance of sensor signal processing cannot be understated. Capon\u27s pioneering work on minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamforming forms the basis of many modern sensor array signal processing (SASP) algorithms. In 2004, Steinhardt and Guerci proved that the roots of the polynomial corresponding to the optimal MVDR beamformer must lie on the unit circle, but this result was limited to only the MVDR. This dissertation contains a new proof of the unit circle roots property which generalizes to other SASP algorithms. Motivated by this result, a unit circle roots constrained (UCRC) framework for SASP is established and includes MVDR as well as single-input single-output (SISO) and distributed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar moving target detection. Through extensive simulation examples, it will be shown that the UCRC-based SASP algorithms achieve higher output gains and detection probabilities than their non-UCRC counterparts. Additional robustness to signal contamination and limited secondary data will be shown for the UCRC-based beamforming and target detection applications, respectively

A novel target detection approach based on adaptive radar waveform design

AbstractTo resolve problems of complicated clutter, fast-varying scenes, and low signal-clutter-ratio (SCR) in application of target detection on sea for space-based radar (SBR), a target detection approach based on adaptive waveform design is proposed in this paper. Firstly, complicated sea clutter is modeled as compound Gaussian process, and a target is modeled as some scatterers with Gaussian reflectivity. Secondly, every dwell duration of radar is divided into several sub-dwells. Regular linear frequency modulated pulses are transmitted at Sub-dwell 1, and the received signal at this sub-dwell is used to estimate clutter covariance matrices and pre-detection. Estimated matrices are updated at every following sub-dwell by multiple particle filtering to cope with fast-varying clutter scenes of SBR. Furthermore, waveform of every following sub-dwell is designed adaptively according to mean square optimization technique. Finally, principal component analysis and generalized likelihood ratio test is used for mitigation of colored interference and property of constant false alarm rate, respectively. Simulation results show that, considering configuration of SBR and condition of complicated clutter, 9 dB is reduced for SCR which reliable detection requires by this target detection approach. Therefore, the work in this paper can markedly improve radar detection performance for weak targets

A Weak Target Detection Algorithm IAR-STFT Based on Correlated K-distribution Sea Clutter Model

The detection performance of weak target on sea is affected by the special effects of sea clutter amplitude. Aiming at the time and space correlated of sea clutter, the correlated K-distribution sea clutter model is established by the sphere invariant random process algorithm. To solve the problems of range migration (RM) and Doppler frequency migration (DFM) of moving target in the case of long-time coherent accumulation, a novel integration detection algorithm, improved axis rotation short-time Fourier transform (IAR-STFT) is proposed in this paper, which is based on a generalization of traditional Fourier transform (FT) algorithm and combined with improved axis rotation. IAR-STFT not only can eliminate the RM effect by searching for the target motion parameters, but also can divide the non-stationary echo signal without range migration into several blocks. Each block of signal can be regarded as a stationary signal without DFM and FFT is performed on each signal separately. The signals of each block are accumulated to detect the target in the background of the above sea clutter. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by simulation. The results show that the detection ability of this algorithm is better than that of Radon-fractional Fourier transform, generalized Radon Fourier transform and Radon-Lv's distribution in low SNR environment, e.g., when the SNR is -45dB, the detection ability of this algorithm is about 55%, which is higher than that of Radon-fractional Fourier transform, generalized Radon Fourier transform and Radon-Lv's distribution

SEARCHING NEUROIMAGING BIOMARKERS IN MENTAL DISORDERS WITH GRAPH AND MULTIMODAL FUSION ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY

Mental disorders such as schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar (BD), and major depression disorders (MDD) can cause severe symptoms and life disruption. They share some symptoms, which can pose a major clinical challenge to their differentiation. Objective biomarkers based on neuroimaging may help to improve diagnostic accuracy and facilitate optimal treatment for patients. Over the last decades, non-invasive in-vivo neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been increasingly applied to measure structure and function in human brains. With functional MRI (fMRI) or structural MRI (sMRI), studies have identified neurophysiological deficits in patients’ brain from different perspective. Functional connectivity (FC) analysis is an approach that measures functional integration in brains. By assessing the temporal coherence of the hemodynamic activity among brain regions, FC is considered capable of characterizing the large-scale integrity of neural activity. In this work, we present two data analysis frameworks for biomarker detection on brain imaging with FC, 1) graph analysis of FC and 2) multimodal fusion analysis, to better understand the human brain. Graph analysis reveals the interaction among brain regions based on graph theory, while the multimodal fusion framework enables us to utilize the strength of different imaging modalities through joint analysis. Four applications related to FC using these frameworks were developed. First, FC was estimated using a model-based approach, and revealed altered the small-world network structure in SZ. Secondly, we applied graph analysis on functional network connectivity (FNC) to differentiate BD and MDD during resting-state. Thirdly, two functional measures, FNC and fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF), were spatially overlaid to compare the FC and spatial alterations in SZ. And finally, we utilized a multimodal fusion analysis framework, multi-set canonical correlation analysis + joint independent component analysis (mCCA+jICA) to link functional and structural abnormalities in BD and MDD. We also evaluated the accuracy of predictive diagnosis through classifiers generated on the selected features. In summary, via the two frameworks, our work has made several contributions to advance FC analysis, which improves our understanding of underlying brain function and structure, and our findings may be ultimately useful for the development of biomarkers of mental disease

Statistical Modeling of SAR Images: A Survey

Statistical modeling is essential to SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) image interpretation. It aims to describe SAR images through statistical methods and reveal the characteristics of these images. Moreover, statistical modeling can provide a technical support for a comprehensive understanding of terrain scattering mechanism, which helps to develop algorithms for effective image interpretation and creditable image simulation. Numerous statistical models have been developed to describe SAR image data, and the purpose of this paper is to categorize and evaluate these models. We first summarize the development history and the current researching state of statistical modeling, then different SAR image models developed from the product model are mainly discussed in detail. Relevant issues are also discussed. Several promising directions for future research are concluded at last

Integrated Analysis and Visualization of Group Differences in Structural and Functional Brain Connectivity: Applications in Typical Ageing and Schizophrenia

Structural and functional brain connectivity are increasingly used to identify and analyze group differences in studies of brain disease. This study presents methods to analyze uniand bi-modal brain connectivity and evaluate their ability to identify differences. Novel visualizations of significantly different connections comparing multiple metrics are presented. On the global level, "bi-modal comparison plots" show the distribution of uni-and bi-modal group differences and the relationship between structure and function. Differences between brain lobes are visualized using "worm plots". Group differences in connections are examined with an existing visualization, the "connectogram". These visualizations were evaluated in two proof-of-concept studies: (1) middle-aged versus elderly subjects; and (2) patients with schizophrenia versus controls. Each included two measures derived from diffusion weighted images and two from functional magnetic resonance images. The structural measures were minimum cost path between two anatomical regions according to the "Statistical Analysis of Minimum cost path based Structural Connectivity" method and the average fractional anisotropy along the fiber. The functional measures were Pearson's correlation and partial correlation of mean regional time series. The relationship between structure and function was similar in both studies. Uni-modal group differences varied greatly between connectivity types. Group differences were identified in both studies globally, within brain lobes and between regions. In the aging study, minimum cost path was highly effective in identifying group differences on all levels; fractional anisotropy and mean correlation showed smaller differences on the brain lobe and regional levels. In the schizophrenia study, minimum cost path and fractional anisotropy showed differences on the global level and within brain lobes; mean correlation showed small differences on the lobe level. Only fractional anisotropy and mean correlation showed regional differences. The presented visualizations were helpful in comparing and evaluating connectivity measures on multiple levels in both studies

RAPID CLOCK RECOVERY ALGORITHMS FOR DIGITAL MAGNETIC RECORDING AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN024293 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Diseño de detectores robustos en aplicaciones radar

El problema de la detección automática de blancos radar puede ser formulado como un test de hipótesis binaria, en el que el sistema tiene que decir a favor de la hipótesis alternativa H1 (blanco presente) o de la hipótesis nula H0 (blanco ausente). El criterio de Neyman-Pearson, NP, es el más extendido en aplicaciones radar. Este detector trata de maximizar la probabilidad de detección, PD, manteniendo la probabilidad de falsa alarma, PFA, igual o inferior a un valor determinado. Cuando las funciones de verosimilitud son conocidas, una posible implementación del detector NP consiste en comparar el cociente de verosimilitud con un umbral fijado por los requisitos de PF A (LRT). Se trata de un detector paramétrico que puede presentar grandes pérdidas de detección cuando las características estadísticas del blanco y/o interferencia asumidas en el diseño difieren de las reales. En situaciones prácticas, las parámetros de la interferencia pueden estimarse a partir de medidas obtenidas en el entorno del radar, pero las propiedades del blanco pueden ser difíciles de estimar. Por lo que, para el diseño de detectores, se asume diferentes modelos de blanco cuyos parámetros, como su coeficiente de correlación o su frecuencia Doppler, son variables aleatorias con funciones de densidad de probabilidad conocidas. En estos casos, el problema de la detección se plantea como un test de hipótesis compuesto y, una regla de decisión basada en el cociente de verosimilitud promediado (ALR) es una posible implementación del detector NP. Esta realización requiere la resolución de integrales muy complejas que pueden hasta no tener una solución cerrada y se proponen soluciones sub-óptimas basadas en técnicas de integración numérica y otras aproximaciones numéricas. En esta Tesis Doctoral, se aborda el diseño de detectores basados en inteligencia artificial como solución alternativa para la detección de blancos con parámetros desconocidos en diferentes entornos de clutter. En la literatura se ha demostrado la capacidad de aproximar el detector NP utilizando sistemas adaptativos entrenados de manera supervisada para minimizar la función de coste adecuada, y se ha calculado la función aproximada por agentes inteligentes, como los perceptrones multicapa (MLP), redes neuronales con funciones de base radial (RBFNN) y redes neuronales de segundo orden (SONN), entrenados con el error cuadrático medio o la entropía. En esta Tesis, este estudio teórico previo ha sido extendido para tests de hipótesis compuestos, confirmando que la condición suficiente puede ser aplicada para probar si un sistema adaptativo entrenado de manera supervisada con una función de error adecuada es capaz de aproximar el detector NP para cualquier par de funciones de verosimilitud. Otra contribución importante de la Tesis, es el estudio teórico de la función aproximada por una Máquina de Vectores Soporte (SVM) cuando en el entrenamiento se utiliza la función de error de clasificación convencional. Se trata de una contribución importante en este campo, porque aporta claves importantes para explicar, desde el punto de vista teórico, las limitaciones de las prestaciones de las C-SVM y 2C-SVM en diferentes aplicaciones de detección presentados en la literatura. Como esta Tesis se enmarca en proyectos financiados por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, la Comunidad de Madrid, la Universidad de Alcalá y la empresa AMPER SISTEMAS, S.A. centrados en aplicaciones de radares marinos, se han estudiado distintos modelos de clutter marino. Estos modelos se han utilizado para generar datos sintéticos para entrenar, validad y probar las soluciones basadas en inteligencia artificial y simular un escenario radar. Se han considerado tres casos de estudio: Detección de blancos fluctuantes Gaussianos con coeficientes de correlación o pulsación Doppler desconocida en ruido blanco Gaussiano aditivo; detección de blancos fluctuantes Gaussianos con coeficientes de correlación o pulsación Doppler desconocida en clutter Gaussiano correlado más ruido blanco Gaussiano aditivo; y detección de blancos no fluctuantes con pulsación Doppler desconocida en clutter K-distribuido impulsivo. Se ha realizado un estudio de la sensibilidad de los detectores LRT para blancos con parámetros desconocidos para todos los casos y se han diseñado aproximaciones basadas en el cociente de verosimilitud generalizado restringido (CGLR) para ser utilizadas como detectores de referencia para analizar las capacidades de detección y el coste computacional de las soluciones basadas en inteligencia artificial. Para cada uno de los casos de estudio, se han diseñado y evaluado detectores basados en MLPs, RBFNNs, SONNs y SVMs que presenten un buen compromiso entre capacidad de detección y coste computacional. La propuesta de soluciones basadas en SONNs es otra contribución importante de esta Tesis. Los detectores SONN, con una única unidad neuronal cuadrática, presentan una gran robustez frente al coeficiente de correlación o frecuencia Doppler del blanco en interferencia Gaussiana. También se proponen soluciones basadas en mezclas de expertos para mejorar las capacidades de detección y/o reducir el coste computacional. Se han propuesto diferentes técnicas novedosas de combinación de las salidas de los expertos. Las detectores propuestos han sido, finalmente, evaluados en un escenario radar simulado, cuyos resultados han sido comparados con los obtenidos con técnicas CA-CFAR

Synchronization Algorithms for FBMC Systems

Filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) systems, such as FMT and OFDM/OQAM systems, can provide reduced sensitivity to narrowband interference, high flexibility to allocate group of subchannels to different users and a high spectral containment. On the other hand, as all the multicarrier modulation schemes, one of their major drawbacks is their sensitivity to CFO and symbol timing errors. In this thesis the problem of CFO and symbol timing synchronization is examined and new data-aided and blind estimation techniques are proposed. Specifically, it is presented a new joint symbol timing and CFO synchronization algorithm based on the LS approach. Moreover, the joint ML phase offset, CFO and symbol timing estimator for a multiple access OFDM/OQAM system is considered. It is also proposed a closed-form CFO estimator based on the best linear unbiased estimation principle for FMT systems. Blind CFO estimators based on the ML principle for low SNR are also considered and, moreover, a closed-form CFO synchronization algorithm based on the LS method is derived. Finally, it is also proposed, under the assumption of low SNR, the joint ML symbol timing and phase offset estimator