3D Recording and Interpretation for Maritime Archaeology

This open access peer-reviewed volume was inspired by the UNESCO UNITWIN Network for Underwater Archaeology International Workshop held at Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia in November 2016. Content is based on, but not limited to, the work presented at the workshop which was dedicated to 3D recording and interpretation for maritime archaeology. The volume consists of contributions from leading international experts as well as up-and-coming early career researchers from around the globe. The content of the book includes recording and analysis of maritime archaeology through emerging technologies, including both practical and theoretical contributions. Topics include photogrammetric recording, laser scanning, marine geophysical 3D survey techniques, virtual reality, 3D modelling and reconstruction, data integration and Geographic Information Systems. The principal incentive for this publication is the ongoing rapid shift in the methodologies of maritime archaeology within recent years and a marked increase in the use of 3D and digital approaches. This convergence of digital technologies such as underwater photography and photogrammetry, 3D sonar, 3D virtual reality, and 3D printing has highlighted a pressing need for these new methodologies to be considered together, both in terms of defining the state-of-the-art and for consideration of future directions. As a scholarly publication, the audience for the book includes students and researchers, as well as professionals working in various aspects of archaeology, heritage management, education, museums, and public policy. It will be of special interest to those working in the field of coastal cultural resource management and underwater archaeology but will also be of broader interest to anyone interested in archaeology and to those in other disciplines who are now engaging with 3D recording and visualization

IKUWA6. Shared Heritage

Celebrating the theme ‘Shared heritage’, IKUWA6 (the 6th International Congress for Underwater Archaeology), was the first such major conference to be held in the Asia-Pacific region, and the first IKUWA meeting hosted outside Europe since the organisation’s inception in Germany in the 1990s. A primary objective of holding IKUWA6 in Australia was to give greater voice to practitioners and emerging researchers across the Asia and Pacific regions who are often not well represented in northern hemisphere scientific gatherings of this scale; and, to focus on the areas of overlap in our mutual heritage, techniques and technology. Drawing together peer-reviewed presentations by delegates from across the world who converged in Fremantle in 2016 to participate, this volume covers a stimulating diversity of themes and niche topics of value to maritime archaeology practitioners, researchers, students, historians and museum professionals across the world

DATAM: Digital Approaches to Teaching the Ancient Mediterranean

DATAM: Digital Approaches to Teaching the Ancient Mediterranean provides a series of new critical studies that explore digital practices for teaching the Ancient Mediterranean world at a wide range of institutions and levels. These practical examples demonstrate how gaming, coding, immersive video, and 3D imaging can bridge the disciplinary and digital divide between the Ancient world and contemporary technology, information literacy, and student engagement. While the articles focus on Classics, Ancient History, and Mediterranean archaeology, the issues and approaches considered throughout this book are relevant for anyone who thinks critically and practically about the use of digital technology in the college level classroom. DATAM features contributions from Sebastian Heath, Lisl Walsh, David Ratzan, Patrick Burns, Sandra Blakely, Eric Poehler, William Caraher, Marie-Claire Beaulieu and Anthony Bucci as well as a critical introduction by Shawn Graham and preface by Society of Classical Studies Executive Director Helen Cullyer.https://commons.und.edu/press-books/1015/thumbnail.jp

Maritime mechanisms of contact and change: archaeological perspectives on the history and conduct of the Queensland labour trade

This thesis examines, from an archaeological perspective, the ‘maritime mechanisms’ of contact and change between Europeans and Indigenous populations (Islanders) in Oceania in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; in particular, how those mechanisms might be better understood through the application of archaeological methodology. For the purposes of this thesis, maritime mechanisms are defined as those mechanisms of contact and change associated with human activities on the sea. The Queensland labour trade is used as a case study. The key research questions are: • How were the Islanders being changed as a result of their participation in the Queensland labour trade? • Was the Queensland labour trade affected, changed or controlled by the Islanders involved in the trade, and • Did Victorian society and its values, as expressed in part through a changing legislative framework, have any influence on the Queensland labour trade? The thesis begins with a re-analysis of the historical sources, in particular citing the changing legislation that pertained to the Queensland labour trade. This analysis concentrates on understanding the nature of trade relationships within the islands before European influence and what changes seem to have come about after. Archaeological research centred on the wreck of the Foam, combined with my analysis of the artefacts recovered from this site by the Queensland Museum, are also key to this dissertation. The main conclusions fall into two groups. First, the more practical outcomes include the following; 1. schooners were the favoured types of vessels used across the labour trade, 2. some island groups were frequented more by recruiters than others, and 3. the ceramic armbands used as items of trade were not specifically manufactured for the Queensland labour trade but were part of a larger European trading system in which ceramic copies of Indigenous status goods were used as trade items from Africa across to Papua New Guinea and the South Sea Islands. Secondly, the broader conclusions are that; 1. when analysed as artefacts in their own right and due to their nature as ‘built environments’, the vessels themselves should be considered as sites of change for the Islanders as they were being transported, 2. the Islanders’ identity continued to transform during their participation in the various stages of the trade, 3. part of the reason for these transformations is that the existence of the Queensland labour trade allowed individuals to bypass traditional restrictions on travel and provided the opportunity to increase status and/or develop new trading relationships, 4. people of influence on the islands exploited the Europeans, their vessels and trade goods to maintain and enhance their status, and 5. given the prevailing position on slavery and with ongoing lobbying from Missionary groups, legislation did bring about changes in the European method of operation. In sum, the Queensland labour trade was a catalyst for change in indigenous social, political and economic systems. Further, it is argued that it is critical to recognise that the Queensland labour trade was as much a Melanesian system as it was a European one. Finally, it is recommended that further field work on the wreck of the Foam be conducted, together with an investigation of the extent to which trade goods are present in the South Sea Island archaeological record. A major question that remains to be answered is whether the labour trade challenged, subverted or inflated traditional systems

Space as a filter. Accessing online museums’ content

The online museum has been defined since its early days as a place devoid of spatial references. However, institutional communication and content mediation in museum websites is commonly linked to the museum’s physical space. This connection produces a mismatch due to a lack of correlation between the physical museum’s topology and the Net hypermedia system. Consequently, access to museographic online information is mostly laid out in taxonomic structures, typical of gallery cataloguing systems, rather than syntagmatic structures, inherent to online exploration. Furthermore, the profusion of online references to the museum’s architectural structure help to consolidate the museum’s physical space as a model for the online discourse, as well as to restore the museum’s building as an identity symbol, a value blurred by virtuality

'Sensitive plates' and 'sentimental keepsakes': the social life of reverse glass paintings: from Canton to Leiden

Chinese export painting had a strong appeal to foreign powers active in China and neighbouring Asian countries in the late eighteenth and mid-nineteenth centuries. As a result, today, Chinese export paintings can be found in eighteen public collections in the Netherlands. These collections have an historic, an artistic and a material value and are closely related tot the overseas historical China trade. These integrated economic relations produced, among other things, integrated art objects such as paintings, which, as a result of their representative and social functions, over time formed a special artistic phenomenon, an a shared cultural visual repertoire with its own (EurAsian) character.This article focuses on the social life of two cohdrent collections of reverse glass paintings from China in the collection of Museum Volkenkunde in Leiden.Having disentangled their provenance, Van der Poel draws some careful conclusions about the degree of importance and, consequently, the extent to which she notices any value accruement and value dwindle of these sets of artworks in their lenghty afterlife. It is clear that these commodified artworks with their cohesive values make this painting genre distinctive and a class in its own right.Modern and Contemporary Studie

Museus virtuais de ciências: uma revisão e indicações técnicas para o projeto de exposições virtuais

O desenvolvimento de museus e exposições virtuais de ciências contribui para a qualificação do ensino das ciências, com ênfase na criatividade, experimentação, argumentação e interdisciplinariedade. Neste artigo de revisão, pretendemos indicar alguns argumentos encontrados na literatura sobre a popularização das ciências e a inclusão digital, a didática das ciências e sua relação com a visitação de museus de ciências e astecnologias utilizadas no desenvolvimento de exposições virtuais. Por fim, sugerimos algumas alternativas técnicas que podem ser utilizadas na implementação de museus virtuais de ciências, exemplificando-as em relação à mineralogia

Käsityön ankkurointi : Kohde kulttuurienvälisyyttä ja ajallisuutta yhdistävänä tekijänä

This study focuses on the potential of objects in craftwork activities, specifically in wooden boat building. The monograph addresses two polar trends in scientific conceptualisations of craftwork: eliminating objects from skill-focused analyses of crafts and eliminating the cultural and historical potential of objects in craftwork. This study aims to move beyond general interpretations of craft revival using cultural-historical activity theory (CHAT), with the core principle of the approach being a focus on concrete activities, specifically object-orientedness. The notion of an object of activity helps to ground motivation in the objective world and facilitates an understanding of why people do things. In this study, the notion of an object is used as an entity for anchoring crafts — as a way to understand concrete cases of craft revival. CHAT was enriched with the approaches of actor-network theory and the epistemic approach proposed by Karin Knorr Cetina. The ethnographic data for the study come from three wooden shipyards in Finland, Russia and India, collected between 2012 and 2014. All the shipyards were producing similar usable wooden vessels at the time. The potential of the object in craft is that the object of activity instantiates differently in various concrete cultural and historical circumstances, specifically through cultural and historical features accumulated across time and space. Study of the object of activity offers the possibility to compress human efforts into a certain point of time and cultural moment, and thus, to expand activities across temporal and cultural boundaries. The unifying factor of the object in craft resides precisely in its diversity, in its cultural and historical features or differences, formed by specific local circumstances. The primary contradiction in the craft of wooden boat building is the movement between adhering to old ways (following the ancient craft or even replicating history) and responding to new practices (building a boat that satisfies market demands). This constant back-and-forth movement becomes visible in the everyday work of craftsmen as certain tensions and struggles arise. Wooden boats mediate the relationships both within and across communities of craft workers. They are a way to make history and culture tangible and alive, transferring it further into the future.Tämä tutkimus keskittyy kohteen käsitteen mahdollisuuksiin käsityössä, erityisesti puuveneiden rakentamisessa. Tässä monografiassa käsitellään kahta vastakkaista kehityssuuntaa käsityön tieteellisessä käsitteellistämisessä: kohteen käsitteen häviämistä taitoihin keskittyvistä analyyseista ja kohteen kulttuurisen ja historiallisen potentiaalin karsiutumista analyyseista. Tutkimuksen tavoite on mennä yleistysten taakse tarkastelemaan käsityön elpymistä konkreettisten toimintojen kautta käyttäen kulttuurihistoriallisen toiminnan teorian lähestymistapaa. Teoriasuuntauksen pääperiaate on toiminnan kohteellisuus. Käsitys toiminnan kohteesta auttaa kiinnittämään motivaation objektiiviseen maailmaan ja ymmärtämään miksi ihmiset tekevät asioita. Tässä tutkimuksessa kohteen käsitettä käytettiin kokonaisuutena, joka ankkuroi käsityön - sekä keinona ymmärtää käsityön elpymistä konkreettisissa tapauksissa. Kulttuurihistoriallista toiminnan teoriaa tarkasteltiin rinnakkain kahden muun teoreettisen lähestymistavan kanssa: toimijaverkkoteoria Karin Knorr-Cetinan episteeminen lähestymistapa. Etnografinen tutkimusaineisto on kerätty kolmelta puuvenetelakalta Suomesta, Venäjältä ja Intiasta vuosina 2012 – 2014. Kaikki telakat valmistivat puualuksia käyttöä varten. Kohteen potentiaali käsityön kannalta oli se, että toiminnan kohde, joka ilmeni eri tavoin konkreeteissa kulttuurisissa ja historiallisissa olosuhteissa, etenkin kulttuuristen ja historiallisten ominaisuuksien kasaantumana ajassa ja paikassa, tarjoaa mahdollisuuden tiivistää inhimilliset pyrkimykset tietyssä historiallisessa hetkessä ja tietyssä kulttuurissa, ja tämän kautta laajentaa toimintoja läpi ajallisten ja kulttuuristen rajojen. Käsityön kohteen yhdistävä tekijä on sen monimuotoisuus – erojen kulttuuriset ja historialliset piirteet tai erot, jotka tietyt, paikalliset olosuhteet ovat muokanneet. Ensisijainen ristiriita puisen veneenrakennuksen käsityössä on liike, joka tapahtuu vanhassa pitäytymisen (entisaikaisen käsityön seuraaminen tai jopa historian jäljentäminen) ja uuteen vastaamisen (käyttöön tarkoitetun ja markkinoiden tarpeeseen vastaavan veneen rakentaminen) välillä. Tämä jatkuva liike tulee näkyväksi jokapäiväisessä työssä tietynlaisina jännitteinä ja kamppailuina. Puuveneet välittävät yhteisöjen sisäisiä ja yhteisöjen välisiä suhteita. Ne ovat keino tehdä historiaa ja kulttuuria eläväksi ja käsin kosketeltavaksi, välittäen niitä eteenpäin. Jatkotutkimuksen kannalta kiinnostavaa olisi analysoida kuinka digitaalisia teknologioita käytetään käsityössä ja kuinka ne muuttavat tarkoituksellisuutta ja sosiomateriaalisuutta perinteisillä käsityöaloilla

Changing tack : defining a strategic direction for innovation in the United Kingdom shipping industry

In the early 1980s technology presented the shipping community with an opportunity to offload its moribund communications infrastructure in favour of a satellite based electronic umbilical that promised to revolutionise communications with ships at sea. The development received less than enthusiastic support.Towards the end of the last century, twenty years after satellite communications offered a viable alternative, the vast majority of ships were still using Morse code as their primary means of communication. Despite attempts to delay its mandatory introduction the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) was the catalyst that ultimately led to the demise of this antiquated system of communication. A similar scenario exists in the navigation arena, where shipping organisations invariably wait for legislation to compel them to change.This culture of innovation resistance is ubiquitous in the shipping industry and its origins seem to lie mainly in historical traditions and in the isolation that has for centuries been intrinsic to life at sea. Competitive challenges driven by shrinking innovation life-cycles, increasing globalisation, and growing demands for improved customer service creates new opportunities for flexible organisations but presents serious threats to traditionalists.Cultural change in the UK shipping industry is an essential precursor to creating a climate in which innovation can flourish. The route to cultural change however demands a holistic approach and necessitates a fundamental understanding of the iterative processes of change. After illustrating this concept in a model I draw on empirical evidence and relevant theories to support my argument that a culture of innovation in the shipping industry can best be achieved through the development and adoption of organisational structures based on a virtual learning organisation