Systematic Literature Review on Ontology-based Indonesian Question Answering System

Question-Answering (QA) systems at the intersection of natural language processing, information retrieval, and knowledge representation aim to provide efficient responses to natural language queries. These systems have seen extensive development in English and languages like Indonesian present unique challenges and opportunities. This literature review paper delves into the state of ontology-based Indonesian QA systems, highlighting critical challenges. The first challenge lies in sentence understanding, variations, and complexity. Most systems rely on syntactic analysis and struggle to grasp sentence semantics. Complex sentences, especially in Indonesian, pose difficulties in parsing, semantic interpretation, and knowledge extraction. Addressing these linguistic intricacies is pivotal for accurate responses. Secondly, template-based SPARQL query construction, commonly used in Indonesian QA systems, suffers from semantic gaps and inflexibility. Advanced techniques like semantic matching algorithms and dynamic template generation can bridge these gaps and adapt to evolving ontologies. Thirdly, lexical gaps and ambiguity hinder QA systems. Bridging vocabulary mismatches between user queries and ontology labels remains a challenge. Strategies like synonym expansion, word embedding, and ontology enrichment must be explored further to overcome these challenges. Lastly, the review discusses the potential of developing multi-domain ontologies to broaden the knowledge coverage of QA systems. While this presents complex linguistic and ontological challenges, it offers the advantage of responding to various user queries across various domains. This literature review identifies crucial challenges in developing ontology-based Indonesian QA systems and suggests innovative approaches to address these challenges

Remodeling in kuwaiti newspaper commentary titles

The paper examines remodeling as a discourse mechanism in two Kuwaiti newspaper commentary titles, in an attempt to shed light on their thematic, phraseological and linguistic resources and to see whether ideology or policy making plays a role in the choice between a remodeled title and a commonplace one. It argues that remodeled titles inhere a semiotic power that far exceeds their ordinary counterparts due to their possessing properties such as appeal, amusingness and informativeness. In terms of phraseology, collocations and clichéd expressions emerge as the most exploited material for creating remodeled titles. As for linguistic resources,writers fall back on semantic, structural, and prosodic strategies in the process of remodeling titles

International-Cultural Communication of the Saman Dance Performance by Indonesian Students in Nanjing

This study aims to find out how Indonesian students in China can become ambassadors to introduce and promote Indonesian names in a cultural frame. Saman dance, which is a typical dance of the people of Aceh, can be performed well by Indonesian students even though, on average, those who become dancers are not Aceh residents. This research is field research, where the author follows and observes Indonesian students while they are performing Saman. The results of this study show that foreign nationals abroad welcomed the saman dance performed by Indonesian students in China

A comparative study of some English translations of parts of three Mu'allaqat

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Open-source resources and standards for Arabic word structure analysis: Fine grained morphological analysis of Arabic text corpora

Morphological analyzers are preprocessors for text analysis. Many Text Analytics applications need them to perform their tasks. The aim of this thesis is to develop standards, tools and resources that widen the scope of Arabic word structure analysis - particularly morphological analysis, to process Arabic text corpora of different domains, formats and genres, of both vowelized and non-vowelized text. We want to morphologically tag our Arabic Corpus, but evaluation of existing morphological analyzers has highlighted shortcomings and shown that more research is required. Tag-assignment is significantly more complex for Arabic than for many languages. The morphological analyzer should add the appropriate linguistic information to each part or morpheme of the word (proclitic, prefix, stem, suffix and enclitic); in effect, instead of a tag for a word, we need a subtag for each part. Very fine-grained distinctions may cause problems for automatic morphosyntactic analysis – particularly probabilistic taggers which require training data, if some words can change grammatical tag depending on function and context; on the other hand, finegrained distinctions may actually help to disambiguate other words in the local context. The SALMA – Tagger is a fine grained morphological analyzer which is mainly depends on linguistic information extracted from traditional Arabic grammar books and prior knowledge broad-coverage lexical resources; the SALMA – ABCLexicon. More fine-grained tag sets may be more appropriate for some tasks. The SALMA –Tag Set is a theory standard for encoding, which captures long-established traditional fine-grained morphological features of Arabic, in a notation format intended to be compact yet transparent. The SALMA – Tagger has been used to lemmatize the 176-million words Arabic Internet Corpus. It has been proposed as a language-engineering toolkit for Arabic lexicography and for phonetically annotating the Qur’an by syllable and primary stress information, as well as, fine-grained morphological tagging

Getting Past the Language Gap: Innovations in Machine Translation

In this chapter, we will be reviewing state of the art machine translation systems, and will discuss innovative methods for machine translation, highlighting the most promising techniques and applications. Machine translation (MT) has benefited from a revitalization in the last 10 years or so, after a period of relatively slow activity. In 2005 the field received a jumpstart when a powerful complete experimental package for building MT systems from scratch became freely available as a result of the unified efforts of the MOSES international consortium. Around the same time, hierarchical methods had been introduced by Chinese researchers, which allowed the introduction and use of syntactic information in translation modeling. Furthermore, the advances in the related field of computational linguistics, making off-the-shelf taggers and parsers readily available, helped give MT an additional boost. Yet there is still more progress to be made. For example, MT will be enhanced greatly when both syntax and semantics are on board: this still presents a major challenge though many advanced research groups are currently pursuing ways to meet this challenge head-on. The next generation of MT will consist of a collection of hybrid systems. It also augurs well for the mobile environment, as we look forward to more advanced and improved technologies that enable the working of Speech-To-Speech machine translation on hand-held devices, i.e. speech recognition and speech synthesis. We review all of these developments and point out in the final section some of the most promising research avenues for the future of MT

Discourse analysis models in the training of translators : an emperical approach

Abstract unavailable please refer to PD

Acquisition of Verbal Aspect in L2 English by advanced learners with L1 Russian and L1 Norwegian: A web-based eye tracking study

It is well known that the similarities between L1 and L2 (also L3, etc.) facilitate language acquisition, whereas significant differences between them result in non-facilitating effects. These effects are known as Cross-Linguistic Influence (CLI). The main objective of the current study is to investigate the CLI, experienced by high proficient L2 English speakers when the grammatical aspect is being acquired. In order to investigate and compare different L2 processing patterns, I tested L1 speakers of a language with an obligatory contrast between perfective and imperfective aspect (Russian) and a language without such distinction (Norwegian). The participants recruited for this experiment were university students with advanced level of proficiency in English, and the groups were closely matched by proficiency. From the perspective of grammatical aspect, none of these languages bears complete similarity to English. Moreover, these languages differ dramatically in how they encode aspectual semantics in their grammar, hence we hoped to find substantial differences in processing and acquisition of the English system due to CLI. In Russian, with its perfective/imperfective contrast, aspectual information is obligatorily encoded in the verb form. Speakers of Russian link imperfective aspect with ongoing events and perfective aspect with completed events. In Norwegian, on the other hand, there is no grammatical way of encoding aspectual differences, i.e., the same verbal forms are employed to refer to either ongoing or completed events. As for English, there exist specialized forms that encode progressive meaning (e.g., Present and Past Progressive), but the jury is still out as to whether the Simple Past forms encode perfectivity or should be treated as neutral aspect. The goal of this thesis is thus to investigate semantic acquisition and processing of the English Past Progressive and Simple Past forms by studying online changes in gaze patterns by L2 listeners with L1 Russian and L1 Norwegian. The thesis aims to answer the following research questions: RQ 1: Do native speakers of Russian have strong opposition between Simple Past and Progressive Past in L2 English due to the transfer of similar opposition from their L1 on the processing level? RQ 2: How will Norwegian L1 speakers behave in the online eye-tracking Picture-Sentence Matching task? RQ 3: Is there any difference between online and offline results in the L1 Norwegian or the L1 Russian group? The methodology used to answer these research questions was web-based eye tracking. The experiment was implemented on JATOS platform using Webgazer.js software. The participants were asked to perform a sentence-picture matching task: they viewed visual displays with two pictures on the screen and listened to pre-recorded audio stimuli while their eye movements were tracked. This setup allowed for collecting both processing and conscious choice data performed after each sentence. The task contained audio stimuli of sentences with the Past Simple and Past Progressive verbal forms, and visual stimuli, depicting ongoing and completed events. The results of the experiment show that: 1) Both groups have a strong preference for an ongoing event picture when they listen to sentences involving the verb in the Past Progressive form. The offline responses also reflect this preference. This corresponds to the pattern exhibited by L1 speakers of English. 2) L1 speakers of Russian have a strong preference for a completed event picture when they listen to sentences involving the verb in the Past Simple form. The offline responses also reflect this preference. This doesn’t correspond to the pattern exhibited by L1 speakers of English, who had no preference for either completed or ongoing event picture in this condition. 3) L1 speakers of Norwegian have a weaker, but still sunstantial preference for an ongoing event picture when they listen to sentences involving the verb in the Past Simple form. The offline responses also reflect this preference. This doesn’t correspond to the pattern exhibited by L1 speakers of English, who had no preference for either completed or ongoing event picture in this condition. Taken together, the results indicate that while learners from both L1s converge on target-like interpretation of the Past Progressive form, their interpretation of the Past Simple form is deviant from that of the native speakers even at advanced levels of proficiency. We argue that this is likely due to CLI, with L1 Russian speakers mapping the semantic opposition between imperfective and perfective aspect onto English, and L1 Norwegians making a link between the English and the Norwegian Simple Past tense forms