557 research outputs found
Multi-hop Byzantine reliable broadcast with honest dealer made practical
We revisit Byzantine tolerant reliable broadcast with honest dealer algorithms in multi-hop networks. To tolerate Byzantine faulty nodes arbitrarily spread over the network, previous solutions require a factorial number of messages to be sent over the network if the messages are not authenticated (e.g., digital signatures are not available). We propose modifications that preserve the safety and liveness properties of the original unauthenticated protocols, while highly decreasing their observed message complexity when simulated on several classes of graph topologies, potentially opening to their employment
A framework for proving the self-organization of dynamic systems
This paper aims at providing a rigorous definition of self- organization, one
of the most desired properties for dynamic systems (e.g., peer-to-peer systems,
sensor networks, cooperative robotics, or ad-hoc networks). We characterize
different classes of self-organization through liveness and safety properties
that both capture information re- garding the system entropy. We illustrate
these classes through study cases. The first ones are two representative P2P
overlays (CAN and Pas- try) and the others are specific implementations of
\Omega (the leader oracle) and one-shot query abstractions for dynamic
settings. Our study aims at understanding the limits and respective power of
existing self-organized protocols and lays the basis of designing robust
algorithm for dynamic systems
Byzantine fault-tolerant agreement protocols for wireless Ad hoc networks
Tese de doutoramento, Informática (Ciências da Computação), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2010.The thesis investigates the problem of fault- and intrusion-tolerant consensus
in resource-constrained wireless ad hoc networks. This is a fundamental
problem in distributed computing because it abstracts the need
to coordinate activities among various nodes. It has been shown to be a
building block for several other important distributed computing problems
like state-machine replication and atomic broadcast.
The thesis begins by making a thorough performance assessment of existing
intrusion-tolerant consensus protocols, which shows that the performance
bottlenecks of current solutions are in part related to their system
modeling assumptions. Based on these results, the communication failure
model is identified as a model that simultaneously captures the reality
of wireless ad hoc networks and allows the design of efficient protocols.
Unfortunately, the model is subject to an impossibility result stating that
there is no deterministic algorithm that allows n nodes to reach agreement
if more than n2 omission transmission failures can occur in a communication
step. This result is valid even under strict timing assumptions (i.e.,
a synchronous system).
The thesis applies randomization techniques in increasingly weaker variants
of this model, until an efficient intrusion-tolerant consensus protocol
is achieved. The first variant simplifies the problem by restricting the
number of nodes that may be at the source of a transmission failure at
each communication step. An algorithm is designed that tolerates f dynamic
nodes at the source of faulty transmissions in a system with a total
of n 3f + 1 nodes.
The second variant imposes no restrictions on the pattern of transmission
failures. The proposed algorithm effectively circumvents the Santoro-
Widmayer impossibility result for the first time. It allows k out of n nodes
to decide despite dn
2 e(nk)+k2 omission failures per communication
step. This algorithm also has the interesting property of guaranteeing
safety during arbitrary periods of unrestricted message loss.
The final variant shares the same properties of the previous one, but relaxes
the model in the sense that the system is asynchronous and that a
static subset of nodes may be malicious. The obtained algorithm, called
Turquois, admits f < n
3 malicious nodes, and ensures progress in communication
steps where dnf
2 e(n k f) + k 2. The algorithm is
subject to a comparative performance evaluation against other intrusiontolerant
protocols. The results show that, as the system scales, Turquois
outperforms the other protocols by more than an order of magnitude.Esta tese investiga o problema do consenso tolerante a faltas acidentais
e maliciosas em redes ad hoc sem fios. Trata-se de um problema fundamental
que captura a essência da coordenação em actividades envolvendo
vários nós de um sistema, sendo um bloco construtor de outros importantes
problemas dos sistemas distribuídos como a replicação de máquina
de estados ou a difusão atómica.
A tese começa por efectuar uma avaliação de desempenho a protocolos
tolerantes a intrusões já existentes na literatura. Os resultados mostram
que as limitações de desempenho das soluções existentes estão em parte
relacionadas com o seu modelo de sistema. Baseado nestes resultados, é
identificado o modelo de falhas de comunicação como um modelo que simultaneamente
permite capturar o ambiente das redes ad hoc sem fios e
projectar protocolos eficientes. Todavia, o modelo é restrito por um resultado
de impossibilidade que afirma não existir algoritmo algum que permita
a n nós chegaram a acordo num sistema que admita mais do que n2
transmissões omissas num dado passo de comunicação. Este resultado é
válido mesmo sob fortes hipóteses temporais (i.e., em sistemas síncronos)
A tese aplica técnicas de aleatoriedade em variantes progressivamente
mais fracas do modelo até ser alcançado um protocolo eficiente e tolerante
a intrusões. A primeira variante do modelo, de forma a simplificar
o problema, restringe o número de nós que estão na origem de transmissões
faltosas. É apresentado um algoritmo que tolera f nós dinâmicos na
origem de transmissões faltosas em sistemas com um total de n 3f + 1
nós.
A segunda variante do modelo não impõe quaisquer restrições no padrão
de transmissões faltosas. É apresentado um algoritmo que contorna efectivamente
o resultado de impossibilidade Santoro-Widmayer pela primeira
vez e que permite a k de n nós efectuarem progresso nos passos de comunicação
em que o número de transmissões omissas seja dn
2 e(n
k) + k 2. O algoritmo possui ainda a interessante propriedade de tolerar
períodos arbitrários em que o número de transmissões omissas seja
superior a .
A última variante do modelo partilha das mesmas características da variante
anterior, mas com pressupostos mais fracos sobre o sistema. Em particular,
assume-se que o sistema é assíncrono e que um subconjunto estático
dos nós pode ser malicioso. O algoritmo apresentado, denominado
Turquois, admite f < n
3 nós maliciosos e assegura progresso nos passos
de comunicação em que dnf
2 e(n k f) + k 2. O algoritmo é
sujeito a uma análise de desempenho comparativa com outros protocolos
na literatura. Os resultados demonstram que, à medida que o número de
nós no sistema aumenta, o desempenho do protocolo Turquois ultrapassa
os restantes em mais do que uma ordem de magnitude.FC
Design and performance study of algorithms for consensus in sparse, mobile ad-hoc networks
PhD ThesisMobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are self-organizing wireless networks that consist
of mobile wireless devices (nodes). These networks operate without the aid
of any form of supporting infrastructure, and thus need the participating nodes to
co-operate by forwarding each other’s messages. MANETs can be deployed when
urgent temporary communications are required or when installing network infrastructure
is considered too costly or too slow, for example in environments such as
battlefields, crisis management or space exploration.
Consensus is central to several applications including collaborative ones which a
MANET can facilitate for mobile users. This thesis solves the consensus problem in
a sparse MANET in which a node can at times have no other node in its wireless
range and useful end-to-end connectivity between nodes can just be a temporary
feature that emerges at arbitrary intervals of time for any given node pair.
Efficient one-to-many dissemination, essential for consensus, now becomes a challenge:
enough number of destinations cannot deliver a multicast unless nodes retain
the multicast message for exercising opportunistic forwarding. Seeking to keep storage
and bandwidth costs low, we propose two protocols. An eventually relinquishing
(}RC) protocol that does not store messages for long is used for attempting at consensus,
and an eventually quiescent (}QC) one that stops forwarding messages
after a while is used for concluding consensus. Use of }RC protocol poses additional
challenges for consensus, when the fraction, f
n, of nodes that can crash is:
1
4 f
n < 1
2 .
Consensus latency and packet overhead are measured through simulation indicating
that they are not too high to be feasible in MANETs. They both decrease
considerably even for a modest increase in network density.Damascus University
Optimistic fair transaction processing in mobile ad-hoc networks
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are unstable. Link errors, which are
considered as an exception in fixed-wired networks must be assumed to be the
default case in MANETs. Hence designing fault tolerant systems efficiently
offering transactional guarantees in these unstable environments is
considerably more complex. The efficient support for such guarantees is
essential for business applications, e.g. for the exchange of electronic
goods. This class of applications demands for transactional properties such as
money and goods atomicity. Within this technical report we present an
architecture, which allows for fair and atomic transaction processing in
MANETs, together with an associated application that enables exchange of
electronic tokens
Tractable reliable communication in compromised networks
Reliable communication is a fundamental primitive in distributed systems prone to Byzantine (i.e. arbitrary, and possibly malicious) failures to guarantee the integrity, delivery, and authorship of the messages exchanged between processes. Its practical adoption strongly depends on the system assumptions. Several solutions have been proposed so far in the literature implementing such a primitive, but some lack in scalability and/or demand topological network conditions computationally hard to be verified.
This thesis aims to investigate and address some of the open problems and challenges implementing such a communication primitive. Specifically, we analyze how a reliable communication primitive can be implemented in 1) a static distributed system where a subset of processes is compromised, 2) a dynamic distributed system where part of the processes is Byzantine faulty, and 3) a static distributed system where every process can be compromised and recover.
We define several more efficient protocols and we characterize alternative network conditions guaranteeing their correctness
Multi-hop Byzantine Reliable Broadcast with Honest Dealer Made Practical
We revisit Byzantine tolerant reliable broadcast with honest dealer algorithms in multi-hop networks. To tolerate Byzantine faulty nodes arbitrarily spread over the network, previous solutions require a factorial number of messages to be sent over the network if the messages are not authenticated (e.g. digital signatures are not available). We propose modifications that preserve the safety and liveness properties of the original unauthenticated protocols, while highly decreasing their observed message complexity when simulated on several classes of graph topologies, potentially opening to their employment
Protocolos de pertenencia a grupos para entornos dinámicos
Los sistemas distribuidos gozan hoy de fundamental importancia entre los sistemas de información, debido a sus potenciales capacidades de tolerancia a fallos y escalabilidad, que permiten su adecuación a
las aplicaciones actuales, crecientemente exigentes. Por otra parte, el desarrollo de aplicaciones distribuidas presenta también dificultades específicas, precisamente para poder ofrecer la escalabilidad, tolerancia a fallos y alta disponibilidad que constituyen sus ventajas. Por eso es de gran utilidad contar con componentes distribuidas específicamente diseñadas para proporcionar, a más bajo nivel, un conjunto de servicios bien definidos, sobre los cuales las aplicaciones de más alto nivel puedan construir su propia semántica más fácilmente.
Es el caso de los servicios orientados a grupos, de uso muy extendido por las aplicaciones distribuidas, a las que permiten abstraerse de los detalles de las comunicaciones. Tales servicios proporcionan primitivas básicas para la comunicación entre dos miembros del grupo o, sobre todo, las transmisiones de mensajes a todo el grupo, con garantías
concretas. Un caso particular de servicio orientado a grupos lo constituyen los servicios de pertenencia a grupos, en los cuales se centra esta tesis. Los servicios de pertenencia a grupos proporcionan a sus usuarios una imagen del conjunto de procesos o máquinas del sistema que permanecen simultáneamente conectados y correctos. Es más, los diversos participantes reciben esta información con garantías concretas de consistencia. Así pues, los servicios de pertenencia constituyen una componente fundamental para el desarrollo de sistemas de comunicación a grupos y otras aplicaciones distribuidas.
El problema de pertenencia a grupos ha sido ampliamente tratado en la literatura tanto desde un punto de vista teórico como práctico, y existen múltiples realizaciones de servicios de pertenencia utilizables. A pesar de ello, la definición del problema no es única.
Por el contrario, dependienBañuls Polo, MDC. (2006). Protocolos de pertenencia a grupos para entornos dinámicos [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1886Palanci
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