Biosensors for European zoonotic agents: a current Portuguese perspective

Emerging and recurrent outbreaks caused by zoonotic agents pose a public health risk. They result in morbidity and mortality in humans and significant losses in the livestock and food industries. This highlights the need for rapid surveillance methods. Despite the high reliability of conventional pathogen detection methods, they have high detection limits and are time-consuming and not suitable for on-site analysis. Furthermore, the unpredictable spread of zoonotic infections due to a complex combination of risk factors urges the development of innovative technologies to overcome current limitations in early warning and detection. Biosensing, in particular, is highlighted here, as it offers rapid and cost-effective devices for use at the site of infection while increasing the sensitivity of detection. Portuguese research in biosensors for zoonotic pathogens is the focus of this review. This branch of research produces exciting and innovative devices for the study of the most widespread pathogenic bacteria. The studies presented here relate to the different classes of pathogens whose characteristics and routes of infection are also described. Many advances have been made in recent years, and Portuguese research teams have increased publications in this field. However, biosensing still needs to be extended to other pathogens, including potentially pandemic viruses. In addition, the use of biosensors as part of routine diagnostics in hospitals for humans, in animal infections for veterinary medicine, and food control has not yet been achieved. Therefore, a convergence of Portuguese efforts with global studies on biosensors to control emerging zoonotic diseases is foreseen for the future.Centro de Investigação Desenvolvimento e Inovação da Academia Militar (CINAMIL) from Academia Militar/Instituto Universitário Militar by project SIPA (Sistema Integrado de Proteção Alimentar)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Development of electrochemical biosensors for the detection of biological warfare agents

En aquesta tesi, s’ha desenvolupat un sensitiu bio-sensor electroquímic, amb capacitat de multiplexió, simple, de baix cost i portable, per a la detecció ràpida i fiable d’agents de guerra biològica en diferents situacions com la seguretat nacional, operacions militars i seguretat en instal•lacions dels transports públics. En el desenvolupament de l’immuno-sensor es van explorar diferents superfícies químiques, utilitzant fragments d’anticossos o anticossos sencers per a la detecció de cèl•lules bacterianes. També es va explorar la detecció d’anticossos d’anti-Francisella tularensis en mostres de sèrum animal infectades amb tularemia. Els resultats van mostrar un bon grau de correlació en ésser comparats amb els obtinguts mitjançant mètodes ELISA. En el desenvolupament del bio-sensor d’ADN, es va dur a terme la detecció simultània de vuit (8) espècies virulentes, emprant un conjunt de sensors, amb diferents dissenys de sondes. El conjunt de bio-sensors i l’immuno-sensor van ser integrats amb micro-fluids localitzats en un dispositiu de testeig. Utilitzant un mètode de nano-plantilles (diferents fases de surfactant octaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether) per a una millor distribució de les sondes, es va aconseguir millorar la sensibilitat i el límit inferior de detecció del bio-sensor d’ADN, millorant l’eficiència d’hibridació. Les superfícies modificades d’elèctrode d’or van ser avaluades mitjançant fluorescència i força atòmica microscòpica i electroquímica. En general, aquest treball constitueix una completa visió del desenvolupament de bio-sensors electroquímics per a la detecció de cèl•lules bacterianes de F. tularensis, anticossos anti-F. Tularensis, així com d’un conjunt de bio-sensors d’ADN multiplexats, altament sensitius i selectius per a la detecció de productes RCP.n esta tesis, se desarrolló un sensitivo bio-sensor electroquímico, con capacidad de multiplexión, simple, de bajo coste y portable, para la detección rápida y fiable de agentes de guerra biológica en diferentes situaciones como la seguridad nacional, operaciones militares y seguridad en instalaciones de los transportes públicos. En el desarrollo del inmuno-sensor, se exploraron diferentes superficies químicas usando fragmentos de anticuerpos o anticuerpos enteros para la detección de células bacterianas. También se exploró la detección de anticuerpos de anti-Francisella tularensis en muestras de suero animal infectadas con tularemia. Los resultados mostraron un buen grado de correlación al ser comparados con los obtenidos mediante métodos ELISA. En el desarrollo del bio-sensor de ADN se llevó a cabo la detección simultánea de ocho (8) especies virulentas utilizando un conjunto de sensores, con diferentes diseños de sondas. El conjunto de bio-sensores i el inmuno-sensor fueron integrados con micro-fluidos localizados en un dispositivo de testeo. Usando un método de nano-plantillas (diferentes fases de surfactante octaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether) para una mejor distribución de las sondas, se consiguió mejorar la sensibilidad y el límite inferior de detección del bio-sensor de ADN, mejorando la eficiencia de hibridación. Las superficies modificadas de electrodo de oro fueron evaluadas mediante fluorescencia y fuerza atómica microscópica y electroquímica. En general, este trabajo constituye una completa visión del desarrollo de bio-sensores electroquímicos para la detección de células bacterianas de F. tularensis, anticuerpos anti-F. Tularensis, así como de un conjunto de bio-sensores de ADN multiplexados altamente sensitivos y selectivos para la detección de productos RCP.In this thesis, a simple, low cost, portable, multiplexing capable and sensitive electrochemical biosensor was developed for rapid and reliable detection of biowarfare agents for different situations like homeland security, military operations, public transportation securities such as airports, metro and railway stations. In the development of immunosensor, different surface chemistry using antibody fragments or whole antibodies were explored for bacterial cells detection. The detection of anti-Francisella tularensis antibodies in animal serum samples known to be infected with tularemia was also explored. The results obtained were compared to that obtained using ELISA methods with a good degree of correlation. In the development of multiplexed DNA biosensor, simultaneous detection of eight (8) virulent species using a sensor array was developed using different designs of capture probes. The developed multiplexed biosensor array and immunosensor for detecting bacterial cells were integrated with microfluidics housed in a tester set-up device. The search to improve sensitivity and lower limit of detection of a DNA biosensor was achieved using a nanotemplating method for a better probe distribution enhancing hybridisation efficiency. Different phases of the surfactant octaethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether were used as templates. Fluorescence and atomic force microscopy as well as electrochemistry were used to evaluate the modified surfaces of gold electrode. Overall, this work constitutes a complete overview of the development of electrochemical biosensors for the detection of bacterial cells of F. tularensis, anti-F. tularensis antibodies as well a highly sensitive and selective multiplexed DNA biosensor array for the detection of PCR products

Preparation, characterisation and application of printed medical diagnostic biosensors

Over the past two decades, more accurate, convenient and earlier diagnoses have become a key strategy to reduce health care costs. The application of electronics to biology and medicine has enabled advanced technology of lab-on-a-chip biomedical diagnoses. The aim of this study was to explore possible interface or surfaces which could be printed and utilised to fabricate biosensor for the detection of potential diseases. Overall, the research work was carried out into two dimensions, and therefore, this thesis has been divided into two major sections. The first section (Chapters 1-3) comprises studies carried out on Quantum Tunnelling Composite (QTC) vapour sensors for the detection of potential biomarkers acetone and ammonia in breath. Recent developments in gas-sensing technology and pattern recognition methods made electronic nose technology an interesting alternative for health care devices. Therefore, initial experiments were carried out to evaluate QTC potential as vapour sensing material for an electronic nose. The second section (Chapters 4-10) comprises design, preparation and characterisation of labelless immunosensors for Neisseria gonorrhoea and Chlamydia trachomatis. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to investigate detection of analytes via impedimetric transduction. The successful construction of an immunosensor depends on effective immobilising of bio-recognition element onto the transducer surface. Thus, conducting polymers having amine functional groups were developed, utilised and evaluated as a suitable matrix for the covalent entrapment of antibodies. Fragments of antibodies were immobilised onto four different functionalised conducting surfaces which included polyaniline, poly (4-amino methyl) pyridine, polytyramine and 3-amino propyl pyrrole, respectively. Fully fabricated sensors were interrogated against various concentrations of Neisseria gonorrhoea and Chlamydia trachomatis. EIS was used to measure the charge transfer resistance of the sensors across a range of frequencies. These sensors were found to specifically detect the intended analytes with a limit of detection of 102 bacterial particles per ml in general. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was employed to study the surface morphologies of a sensor whereas FTIR spectroscopy was employed for the characterisation of all polymers

A Novel Prototype Biosensor Array Electrode System for Detecting the Bacterial Pathogen Salmonella typhimurium.

Publication history: Accepted - 2 June 2022: Published online - 4 June 2022Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella sp. has long been reported all over the world. Despite the availability of various diagnostic methods, easy and effective detection systems are still required. This report describes a dialysis membrane electrode interface disc with immobilized specific antibodies to capture antigenic Salmonella cells. The interaction of a specific Salmonella antigen with a mouse anti-Salmonella monoclonal antibody complexed to rabbit anti-mouse secondary antibody conjugated with HRP and the substrate o-aminophenol resulted in a response signal output current measured using two electrode systems (cadmium reference electrode and glassy carbon working electrode) and an agilent HP34401A 6.5 digital multimeter without a potentiostat or applied potential input. A maximum response signal output current was recorded for various concentrations of Salmonella viz., 3, 30, 300, 3000, 30,000 and 300,000 cells. The biosensor has a detection limit of three cells, which is very sensitive when compared with other detection sensors. Little non-specific response was observed using Streptococcus, Vibrio, and Pseudomonas sp. The maximum response signal output current for a dialysis membrane electrode interface disc was greater than that for gelatin, collagen, and agarose. The device and technique have a range of biological applications. This novel detection system has great potential for future development and application in surveillance for microbial pathogens.This research work was financially supported by DRDE (DRDE-P1-2003/Task-11)

Novel biorecognition elements against pathogens in the design of state-of-the-art diagnostics

Infectious agents, especially bacteria and viruses, account for a vast number of hospitalisations and mortality worldwide. Providing effective and timely diagnostics for the multiplicity of infectious diseases is challenging. Conventional diagnostic solutions, although technologically advanced, are highly complex and often inaccessible in resource-limited settings. An alternative strategy involves convenient rapid diagnostics which can be easily administered at the point-of-care (POC) and at low cost without sacrificing reliability. Biosensors and other rapid POC diagnostic tools which require biorecognition elements to precisely identify the causative pathogen are being developed. The effectiveness of these devices is highly dependent on their biorecognition capabilities. Naturally occurring biorecognition elements include antibodies, bacteriophages and enzymes. Recently, modified molecules such as DNAzymes, peptide nucleic acids and molecules which suffer a selective screening like aptamers and peptides are gaining interest for their biorecognition capabilities and other advantages over purely natural ones, such as robustness and lower production costs. Antimicrobials with a broad-spectrum activity against pathogens, such as antibiotics, are also used in dual diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Other successful pathogen identification strategies use chemical ligands, molecularly imprinted polymers and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-associated nuclease. Herein, the latest developments regarding biorecognition elements and strategies to use them in the design of new biosensors for pathogens detection are reviewed.This research is affiliated with the VibrANT project that received funding from the EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklowdowska-Curie Grant, agreement no 765042. In addition, the authors acknowledge the financial support from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2020 unit. Débora Ferreira (DF) is the recipient of a fellowship supported by a doctoral advanced training (call NORTE-69-2015-15) funded by the European Social Fund under the scope of Norte2020.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Biodétection de Legionella pneumophila par biocapteur à photocorrosion digitale à base de peptide antimicrobien

La détection de bactéries pathogènes par culture microbienne est lente, nécessite un milieu de culture spécifique pour garantir la croissance de certaines souches bactériennes fastidieuses telle que Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) et en plus pourrait ne pas déceler les bactéries viables mais non cultivables mais restant dangereuse en termes de pathogénicité. Par conséquent, l’usage de biocapteurs pour la détection de L. pneumophila serait, potentiellement, une approche attrayante permettant une détection précise et rapide. Cependant, la sensibilité et la spécificité des biocapteurs dépendent fortement des molécules de bioreconnaissance utilisées. Jusqu'à présent, différents ligands tels que les anticorps, les enzymes, les acides nucléiques fonctionnels (aptamères) et les bactériophages ont été utilisés comme éléments de bioreconnaissance. En raison de leur haute spécificité, Les anticorps de mammifères ont été largement employés pour le développement de divers biocapteurs. Cependant, les anticorps sont connus pour souffrir de la variabilité des lots produits et d'une stabilité limitée, ce qui réduit l'usage et la constance des performances des biocapteurs à base d'anticorps. Au cours des dernières années, les peptides antimicrobiens (PAM) ont été de plus en plus investigués pour des applications thérapeutiques en plus d’être considérés comme des ligands de bioreconnaissance prometteurs en raison de leur grande stabilité et leurs fortes réactivités aux bactéries. Dans le but d’améliorer les performances du biocapteur à DIP, notre hypothèse reposait sur l’usage de bioarchitectures à base de PAM à courte séquence pour une capture efficace des bactéries et une détection considérablement améliorée en raison du transfert de charge plus facilitée vers dans la biopuce à base de semiconducteur III-V. Dans la première phase du projet, nous avons évalué un biocapteur à DIP consistant en une puce d’arséniure de gallium/arséniure de gallium aluminium (GaAs/AlGaAs) fonctionnalisée par le warnericine RK pour la détection directe in situ de L. pneumophila dans l’eau. Nous avons démontré une détection linéaire de L. pneumophila pour des concentrations allant de 103 à 106 CFU/mL. De plus, le nombre relativement important d'interfaces constituant la bioarchitecture d’un tel biocapteur pourrait affecter sa reproductibilité et sa sensibilité. Dans ce cas, la couche de bioreconnaissance est plus mince (~ 2 nm) permettant une distance plus courte entre les bactéries et la surface du biocapteur, ce qui pourrait jouer un rôle important dans la promotion du transfert de charge entre les bactéries et la biopuce, et ainsi nous avons pu démontrer une détection efficace de L. pneumophila à une concentration de 2 x 102 CFU/mL. Cette configuration a permis d’atteindre des LODs de 50 et 100 UFC/mL, respectivement pour de légionnelle dans du PBS et collectées d’échantillons d’eau de tour de refroidissement. Nous avons observé une détection sélective de L. pneumophila sérogroupe 1 (SG1) comparé au sérogroupe 5 (SG 5). Les biocapteurs à photocorrosion digitale (DIP) en configuration sandwich PAM et Ab pourraient être une approche prometteuse pour développer un biocapteur à faible coût, hautement sensible et spécifique pour la détection rapide de L. pneumophila dans l’eau.Abstract: Culture based detection of pathogenic bacteria is time consuming, and needs specific culture medium to identify bacterial strains such as Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) which does not flourish in typical growth medium. Culture based methods cannot detect viable but unculturable bacteria. Therefore, the detection of L. pneumophila with biosensors potentially could be an attractive approach enabling accurate and rapid detection. The sensitivity and specificity of biosensors depend critically on the biorecognition probes employed for the detection. Until now, different elements such as antibodies, enzymes, functional nucleic acids (aptamers) and bacteriophages have been utilized as biorecognition elements. Due to high specificity of antibodies, and the advanced technology of their production, mammalian antibodies have been widely investigated for the development of various biosensors. However, mammalian antibodies are known to suffer from batch-to-batch variation, as well as limited stability, which could reduce the consistent utility of the proposed biosensors. In recent years, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been increasingly investigated for their therapeutic applications. At the same time, AMPs are considered as promising biorecognition ligands due to their high stability and multiple niches for capturing bacteria. The hypothesis was that AMP-based bioarchitectures allows for highly efficient capturing of bacteria, and the short length of the AMP would significantly enhance detection due to limited obstructive charge transfer in the charge sensing biosensor. In the first phase of the project, we investigated a warnericin RK AMP functionalized gallium arsenide/aluminum gallium arsenide (GaAs/AlGaAs) photonic biosensor for direct detection of L. pneumophila in water environments. This approach allowed for detecting a low to high concentration of L. pneumophila (103 to 106 CFU/mL) with a 103 CFU/mL limit of detection (LOD). In addition, a relatively large number of interfaces constituting the architecture of such biosensors could affect their reproducibility and sensitivity. A thinner biorecognition layer (~2 nm) resulted in a shorter distance between bacteria and the biosensor surface, which played important role in promoting charge transfer between bacteria and biochip. L. pneumophila was detected at concentrations as low of 2 x 102 CFU/mL. This configuration allowed the detection sensitivity of L. pneumophila as low as 50 CFU/mL and 100 CFU/mL in clean water and water originated from cooling tower, respectively, along with the selective detection of whole cell L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (SG1) and serogroup 5 (SG5). The proposed AMP and Ab conjugated sandwich architecture with digital photocorrosion (DIP) biosensors is a promising approach for developing low cost, highly sensitive and specific biosensors for rapid detection of L. pneumophila in water environments

NANOELECTRONIC DEVICES FOR SENSITIVE DETECTION OF BIOMARKERS IN HEALTHCARE MONITORING

In recent years, biosensors have seen an exponential rise of their applications in a number of fields including the field of health care monitoring, particularly in point-of-care diagnostics. With the contemporary rise of nanotechnology, these biosensors have experienced an ever-growing inclusion of nano scale electronic devices or nanoelectronic devices to exploit the plethora of advantages of nanoelectronics. The performances of these nanoelectronic devices, however, largely depend on the nanomaterials used. Especially, carbon-based nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene have proven to be superior candidates compared to others because of their multitude of electronic and mechanical properties suitable for biosensing. In particular, graphene-based FET (GFET) that combines the favorable material properties of graphene as well as the device properties of field-effect transistor have demonstrated its potential in biosensing with high sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Though GFETs have been applied for sensitive detection of a number of analytes, there are still areas for further development in a number of ways—application of the platform for sensing new biomarkers, developing an integrated microfluidics platform, etc. in order to improve the sensing performances as well as applicability in real-world setting. Therefore, in this seminar, I will discuss the current states and challenges of the GFET-based sensing and present my work to further advance this platform. Moreover, development of a flexible GFET biosensor compatible with wearable platform will also be discussed. To provide the biosensors with the required selectivity, DNA-based aptamers with specific affinity towards the target analyte are used. However, conventional techniques for functionalization of aptamers suffer from several challenges including low throughput, poor control, and long turnaround time. To address these challenges, I will present my efforts on the development of new strategies to address these challenges both on CNT and graphene-based platforms

Biosensors for Diagnosis and Monitoring

Biosensor technologies have received a great amount of interest in recent decades, and this has especially been the case in recent years due to the health alert caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The sensor platform market has grown in recent decades, and the COVID-19 outbreak has led to an increase in the demand for home diagnostics and point-of-care systems. With the evolution of biosensor technology towards portable platforms with a lower cost on-site analysis and a rapid selective and sensitive response, a larger market has opened up for this technology. The evolution of biosensor systems has the opportunity to change classic analysis towards real-time and in situ detection systems, with platforms such as point-of-care and wearables as well as implantable sensors to decentralize chemical and biological analysis, thus reducing industrial and medical costs. This book is dedicated to all the research related to biosensor technologies. Reviews, perspective articles, and research articles in different biosensing areas such as wearable sensors, point-of-care platforms, and pathogen detection for biomedical applications as well as environmental monitoring will introduce the reader to these relevant topics. This book is aimed at scientists and professionals working in the field of biosensors and also provides essential knowledge for students who want to enter the field