An enhanced fingerprint template protection scheme

Fingerprint template protection (FTP) is required to secure authentication due to fingerprint has been widely used for user authentication systems. Fingerprint authentication consists of a microcontroller, fingerprint sensor, secure access control, and human interface. However, as many users frequently assess the systems, fingerprints could be replicated and modified by attackers. Currently, most existing FTP schemes fail to meet the properties of fingerprint authentication systems, namely diversity, revocability, security, and match/recognition performance, due to intra-user variability in fingerprint identifiers and matching issues in unencrypted domains. Therefore, this study aims to enhance the existing schemes by using chaos-based encryption and hash functions to meet the specified properties by securing users’ fingerprint templates (FT) within the embedded systems. Furthermore, an improved chaos-based encryption algorithm was proposed for encrypting FT. The MATLAB simulation with Fingerprint Verification Competition (FVC) 2002 database was used to measure the encryption results, secret key spaces, key sensitivity, histogram, correlation, differential, entropy information, matching/recognition analysis, and revocability. The proposed FTP scheme was also evaluated using Burrows–Abadi– Needham (BAN) logic analysis for protocol robustness with resistance to replay attacks, stolen-verifier attacks, and perfect forward secrecy. The results demonstrate that the enhanced chaos-based encryption algorithm for FTP improves its encryption time, which is 0.24 seconds faster than the selected benchmark study. The enhanced FTP scheme also achieved security, revocability, diversity, and matching/recognition performance properties. The matching/recognition performance evaluation produced higher verification rates and a low false rejection rate. The rates were 99.10 % and 0.90%, respectively. The equal error rate decreased from 2.10% to 1.05%. As a conclusion, the enhanced FTP scheme could be an alternative to the existing FTP for embedded system authentication to withstand various possible attacks and provides the desired security features. The scheme also can be a reference to comprehensive security analysis

MAN-IN-THE-MIDDLE-ATTACK: UNDERSTANDING IN SIMPLE WORDS

These days cyber-attack is a serious criminal offense and it is a hot debated issue moreover. A man-in-the-middle-attack is a kind of cyberattack where an unapproved outsider enters into an online correspondence between two users, remains escaped the two parties. The malware that is in the middle-attack often monitors and changes individual/classified information that was just realized by the two users. A man-in-the-middle-attack as a protocol is subjected to an outsider inside the system, which can access, read and change secret information without keeping any tress of manipulation. This issue is intense, and most of the cryptographic systems without having a decent authentication security are threatened to be hacked by the malware named ‘men-in-the-middle-attack’ (MITM/MIM). This paper essentially includes the view of understanding the term of ‘men-in-the-middle-attack’; the current work is mainly emphasized to accumulate related data/information in a single article so that it can be a reference to conduct research further on this topic at college/undergraduate level. This paper likewise audits most cited research and survey articles on ‘man-in-the-middle-attack’ recorded on 'Google Scholar'. The motivation behind this paper is to help the readers for understanding and familiarizing the topic 'man-in-the-middle attack'

Recent Application in Biometrics

In the recent years, a number of recognition and authentication systems based on biometric measurements have been proposed. Algorithms and sensors have been developed to acquire and process many different biometric traits. Moreover, the biometric technology is being used in novel ways, with potential commercial and practical implications to our daily activities. The key objective of the book is to provide a collection of comprehensive references on some recent theoretical development as well as novel applications in biometrics. The topics covered in this book reflect well both aspects of development. They include biometric sample quality, privacy preserving and cancellable biometrics, contactless biometrics, novel and unconventional biometrics, and the technical challenges in implementing the technology in portable devices. The book consists of 15 chapters. It is divided into four sections, namely, biometric applications on mobile platforms, cancelable biometrics, biometric encryption, and other applications. The book was reviewed by editors Dr. Jucheng Yang and Dr. Norman Poh. We deeply appreciate the efforts of our guest editors: Dr. Girija Chetty, Dr. Loris Nanni, Dr. Jianjiang Feng, Dr. Dongsun Park and Dr. Sook Yoon, as well as a number of anonymous reviewers

Interdomain User Authentication and Privacy

This thesis looks at the issue of interdomain user authentication, i.e. user authentication in systems that extend over more than one administrative domain. It is divided into three parts. After a brief overview of related literature, the first part provides a taxonomy of current approaches to the problem. The taxonomy is first used to identify the relative strengths and weaknesses of each approach, and then employed as the basis for putting into context four concrete and novel schemes that are subsequently proposed in this part of the thesis. Three of these schemes build on existing technology; the first on 2nd and 3rd-generation cellular (mobile) telephony, the second on credit/debit smartcards, and the third on Trusted Computing. The fourth scheme is, in certain ways, different from the others. Most notably, unlike the other three schemes, it does not require the user to possess tamper-resistant hardware, and it is suitable for use from an untrusted access device. An implementation of the latter scheme (which works as a web proxy) is also described in this part of the thesis. As the need to preserve one’s privacy continues to gain importance in the digital world, it is important to enhance user authentication schemes with properties that enable users to remain anonymous (yet authenticated). In the second part of the thesis, anonymous credential systems are identified as a tool that can be used to achieve this goal. A formal model that captures relevant security and privacy notions for such systems is proposed. From this model, it is evident that there exist certain inherent limits to the privacy that such systems can offer. These are examined in more detail, and a scheme is proposed that mitigates the exposure to certain attacks that exploit these limits in order to compromise user privacy. The second part of the thesis also shows how to use an anonymous credential system in order to facilitate what we call ‘privacy-aware single sign-on’ in an open environment. The scheme enables the user to authenticate himself to service providers under separate identifier, where these identifiers cannot be linked to each other, even if all service providers collude. It is demonstrated that the anonymity enhancement scheme proposed earlier is particularly suited in this special application of anonymous credential systems. Finally, the third part of the thesis concludes with some open research questions

Privacy-aware Biometric Blockchain based e-Passport System for Automatic Border Control

In the middle of 1990s, World Wide Web technology initially steps into our life. Now, 30 years after that, widespread internet access and established computing technology bring embodied real life into Metaverse by digital twin. Internet is not only blurring the concept of physical distance, but also blurring the edge between the real and virtual world. Another breakthrough in computing is the blockchain, which shifts the root of trust attached to a system administrator to the computational power of the system. Furthermore, its favourable properties such as immutable time-stamped transaction history and atomic smart contracts trigger the development of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs). Combining above two, this thesis presents a privacy-aware biometric Blockchain based e-passport system for automatic border control(ABC), which aims for improving the efficiency of existing ABC system. Specifically, through constructing a border control Metaverse DAO, border control workload can be autonomously self-executed by atomic smart contracts as transaction and then immutably recorded on Blockchain. What is more, to digitize border crossing documentation, biometric Blockchain based e-passport system(BBCVID) is created to generate an immutable real-world identity digital twin in the border control Metaverse DAO through Blockchain and biometric identity authentication. That is to say, by digitizing border crossing documentation and automatizing both biometric identity authentication and border crossing documentation verification, our proposal is able to significantly improve existing border control efficiency. Through system simulation and performance evaluation by Hyperledger Caliper, the proposed system turns out to be able to improve existing border control efficiency by 3.5 times more on average, which is remarkable. What is more, the dynamic digital twin constructed by BBCVID enables computing techniques such as machine learning and big data analysis applicable to real-world entity, which has a huge potential to create more value by constructing smarter ABC systems

A practical application of a text-independent speaker authentication system on mobile devices

The growing market of mobile devices forces to question about how to protect users’ credentials and data stored on such devices. Authentication mechanisms remain the first layer of security in the use of mobile devices. However, several of such mechanisms that have been already proposed were designed in a machine point of view. As a matter of fact, they are not compatible with behaviors human have while using their mobile devices in the daily life. Consequently, users adopted unsafe habits that may compromise the proper functioning of authentication mechanisms according to the safety aspect. The first main objective of this research project is to highlight strengths and weaknesses of current authentication systems, from the simpler ones such as PIN (Personal Identification Number) to the more complex biometric systems such as fingerprint. Then, this thesis offers an exhaustive evaluation of existing schemes. For this evaluation, we rely on some existing criteria and we also propose some new ones. Suggested criteria are chiefly centered on the usability of these authentica-tion systems. Secondly, this thesis presents a practical implementation of a text-independent speaker au-thentication system for mobile devices. We place a special attention in the choice of algorithms with low-computational costs since we want that the system operates without any network communication. Indeed, the enrollment, as well as the identification process are achieved onto the device itself. To this end, our choice was based on the extraction of Linear Prediction Cepstral Coefficients (LPCCs) (Furui 1981; O'Shaughnessy 1988) to obtain relevant voice features and the Naïve Bayes classifier (Zhang 2004) to predict at which speaker a given utterance corresponds. Furthermore, the authenti-cation decision was enhanced in order to overcome misidentification. In that sense, we introduced the notion of access privileges (i.e. public, protected, private) that the user has to attribute to each appli-cation installed on his/her mobile device. Then, the safest authority is granted through the result of the speaker identification decision as well as the analysis of the user’s location and the presence of a headset. In order to evaluate the proposed authentication system, eleven participants were involved in the experiment, which was conducted in two different environments (i.e. quiet and noisy). Moreover, we also employed public speech corpuses to compare this implementation to existing methods. Results obtained have shown that our system is a relevant, accurate and efficient solution to authenticate users on their mobile devices. Considering acceptability issues which were pointed out by some users, we suggest that the proposed authentication system should be either employed as part of a multilayer authentication, or as a fallback mechanism, to cover most of the user needs and usages. La croissance du marché des dispositifs mobiles implique de se questionner au sujet de comment protéger l’identité ainsi que les données personnelles des utilisateurs qui sont stockées sur ces appareils. En ce sens, les mécanismes d’authentification demeurent la première couche de sécurité dans l’utilisation des mobiles. Cependant, il apparaît que la plupart des mécanismes d’authentification qui ont été proposés, ont été conçus suivant un point de vue orienté machine plutôt qu’humain. En effet, ceux-ci ne s’adaptent généralement pas avec l’usage quotidien qu’ont les utilisateurs lorsqu’ils se servent leur téléphone. En conséquence, ils ont adopté des habitudes dangereuses qui peuvent compromettre le bon fonctionnement des systèmes d’authentification. Celles-ci peuvent alors remettre en question la sécurité de leur identité ainsi que la confidentialité de leur contenu numérique. Le premier objectif principal de ce projet de recherche est de faire ressortir les forces et les faiblesses des méthodes d’authentification qui existent actuellement, des plus simples comme le NIP (Numéro d’Identification Personnel) aux solutions biométriques plus complexes comme l’empreinte digitale. Par la suite, ce mémoire offre une évaluation exhaustive de ces solutions, basée sur des critères existant ainsi que de nouveaux critères que nous suggérons. Ces derniers sont majoritairement centrés sur l’utilisabilité des mécanismes d’authentification qui ont été examinés. Dans un second temps, ce mémoire présente une implémentation pratique, pour périphériques mobiles, d’un système d’authentification d’orateur indépendant de ce qui est prononcé par l’utilisateur. Pour concevoir un tel système, nous avons porté une attention particulière dans le choix d’algorithmes admettant un faible temps d’exécution afin de se prémunir des communications réseau. En effet, ceci nous permet alors de réaliser le processus d’entraînement ainsi que la reconnaissance, directement sur le mobile. Les choix technologiques se sont arrêtés sur l’extraction de coefficients spectraux (Linear Prediction Cepstral Coefficients) (Furui 1981; O'Shaughnessy 1988) afin d’obtenir des caractéristiques vocales pertinentes, ainsi que sur une classification naïve bayésienne (Zhang 2004) pour prédire à quel utilisateur correspond un énoncé donné. La décision finale, quant à elle, a été améliorée afin de se prémunir des mauvaises identifications. En ce sens, nous avons introduit la notion de droits d’accès spécifiques (i.e. publique, protégé ou privé) que l’utilisateur doit attribuer à chacune des applications installées sur son mobile. Ensuite, l’autorisation d’accès la plus adaptée est accordée, grâce au résultat retournée par l’identification de l’orateur, ainsi que par l’analyse de la localisation de l’utilisateur et de l’emploi d’un micro-casque. Pour réaliser l’évaluation du système que nous proposons ici, onze participants ont été recrutés pour la phase d’expérimentation. Cette dernière a été menée dans deux types d’environnements différents (i.e. silencieux et bruyant). De plus, nous avons aussi exploité des corpus de voix publiques afin de comparer notre implémentation à celles qui ont été proposées par le passé. Par conséquent, les résultats que nous avons obtenus ont montré que notre système constitue une solution pertinente, précise et efficace pour authentifier les utilisateurs sur leurs périphériques mobiles. Compte tenu des problèmes d’acceptabilité qui ont été mis en avant par certains testeurs, nous suggérons qu’un tel système puisse être utilisé comme faisant part d’une authentification à plusieurs facteurs, mais aussi comme une solution de repli, en cas d’échec du mécanisme principal, afin de couvrir la majorité des besoins et des usages des utilisateurs

Electronic Evidence and Electronic Signatures

In this updated edition of the well-established practitioner text, Stephen Mason and Daniel Seng have brought together a team of experts in the field to provide an exhaustive treatment of electronic evidence and electronic signatures. This fifth edition continues to follow the tradition in English evidence text books by basing the text on the law of England and Wales, with appropriate citations of relevant case law and legislation from other jurisdictions. Stephen Mason (of the Middle Temple, Barrister) is a leading authority on electronic evidence and electronic signatures, having advised global corporations and governments on these topics. He is also the editor of International Electronic Evidence (British Institute of International and Comparative Law 2008), and he founded the innovative international open access journal Digital Evidence and Electronic Signatures Law Review in 2004. Daniel Seng (Associate Professor, National University of Singapore) is the Director of the Centre for Technology, Robotics, AI and the Law (TRAIL). He teaches and researches information technology law and evidence law. Daniel was previously a partner and head of the technology practice at Messrs Rajah & Tann. He is also an active consultant to the World Intellectual Property Organization, where he has researched, delivered papers and published monographs on copyright exceptions for academic institutions, music copyright in the Asia Pacific and the liability of Internet intermediaries

Electronic Evidence and Electronic Signatures

In this updated edition of the well-established practitioner text, Stephen Mason and Daniel Seng have brought together a team of experts in the field to provide an exhaustive treatment of electronic evidence and electronic signatures. This fifth edition continues to follow the tradition in English evidence text books by basing the text on the law of England and Wales, with appropriate citations of relevant case law and legislation from other jurisdictions. Stephen Mason (of the Middle Temple, Barrister) is a leading authority on electronic evidence and electronic signatures, having advised global corporations and governments on these topics. He is also the editor of International Electronic Evidence, and he founded the innovative international open access journal Digital Evidence and Electronic Signatures Law Review in 2004. Daniel Seng (Associate Professor, National University of Singapore) is the Director of the Centre for Technology, Robotics, AI and the Law (TRAIL). He teaches and researches information technology law and evidence law. Daniel was previously a partner and head of the technology practice at Messrs Rajah & Tann. He is also an active consultant to the World Intellectual Property Organization, where he has researched, delivered papers and published monographs on copyright exceptions for academic institutions, music copyright in the Asia Pacific and the liability of Internet intermediaries