Authentication Protocols for Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey

In this paper, a comprehensive survey of authentication protocols for Internet of Things (IoT) is presented. Specifically more than forty authentication protocols developed for or applied in the context of the IoT are selected and examined in detail. These protocols are categorized based on the target environment: (1) Machine to Machine Communications (M2M), (2) Internet of Vehicles (IoV), (3) Internet of Energy (IoE), and (4) Internet of Sensors (IoS). Threat models, countermeasures, and formal security verification techniques used in authentication protocols for the IoT are presented. In addition a taxonomy and comparison of authentication protocols that are developed for the IoT in terms of network model, specific security goals, main processes, computation complexity, and communication overhead are provided. Based on the current survey, open issues are identified and future research directions are proposed

Cognitive Machine Individualism in a Symbiotic Cybersecurity Policy Framework for the Preservation of Internet of Things Integrity: A Quantitative Study

This quantitative study examined the complex nature of modern cyber threats to propose the establishment of cyber as an interdisciplinary field of public policy initiated through the creation of a symbiotic cybersecurity policy framework. For the public good (and maintaining ideological balance), there must be recognition that public policies are at a transition point where the digital public square is a tangible reality that is more than a collection of technological widgets. The academic contribution of this research project is the fusion of humanistic principles with Internet of Things (IoT) technologies that alters our perception of the machine from an instrument of human engineering into a thinking peer to elevate cyber from technical esoterism into an interdisciplinary field of public policy. The contribution to the US national cybersecurity policy body of knowledge is a unified policy framework (manifested in the symbiotic cybersecurity policy triad) that could transform cybersecurity policies from network-based to entity-based. A correlation archival data design was used with the frequency of malicious software attacks as the dependent variable and diversity of intrusion techniques as the independent variable for RQ1. For RQ2, the frequency of detection events was the dependent variable and diversity of intrusion techniques was the independent variable. Self-determination Theory is the theoretical framework as the cognitive machine can recognize, self-endorse, and maintain its own identity based on a sense of self-motivation that is progressively shaped by the machine’s ability to learn. The transformation of cyber policies from technical esoterism into an interdisciplinary field of public policy starts with the recognition that the cognitive machine is an independent consumer of, advisor into, and influenced by public policy theories, philosophical constructs, and societal initiatives

Scaling up VoIP: Transport Protocols and Controlling Unwanted Communication Requests

Millions of people worldwide use voice over IP (VoIP) services not only as cost-effective alternatives to long distance and international calls but also as unified communication tools, such as video conferencing. Owing to the low cost of new user accounts, each person can easily obtain multiple accounts for various purposes. Rich VoIP functions combined with the low cost of new accounts and connections attract many people, resulting in a dramatic increase in the number of active user accounts. Internet telephony service providers (ITSPs), therefore, need to deploy VoIP systems to accommodate this growing demand for VoIP user accounts. Attracted people also include bad actors who make calls that are unwanted to callees. Once ITSPs openly connect with each other, unwanted bulk calls will be at least as serious a problem as email spam. This dissertation studies how we can reduce load both on ITSPs and end users to ensure continuing the success of VoIP services. From ITSPs' perspective, the scalability of VoIP servers is of importance and concern. Scalability depends on server implementation and the transport protocol for SIP, VoIP signaling. We conduct experiments to understand the impact of connection-oriented transport protocols, namely, TCP and SCTP, because of the additional costs of handling connections. Contradicting the negative perception of connection-oriented transport protocols, our experimental results demonstrate that the TCP implementation in Linux can maintain comparable capacity to UDP, which is a lightweight connection-less transport protocol. The use of SCTP, on the other hand, requires improving the Linux implementation since the not-well-tested implementation makes a server less scalable. We establish the maximum number of concurrent TCP or SCTP connections as baseline data and suggest better server configurations to minimize the negative impact of handling a large number of connections. Thus, our experimental analysis will also contribute to the design of other servers with a very large number of TCP or SCTP connections. From the perspective of end users, controlling unwanted calls is vital to preserving the VoIP service utility and value. Prior work on preventing unwanted email or calls has mainly focused on detecting unwanted communication requests, leaving many messages or calls unlabeled since false positives during filtering are unacceptable. Unlike prior work, we explore approaches to identifying a "good" call based on signaling messages rather than content. This is because content-based filtering cannot prevent call spam from disturbing callees since a ringing tone interrupts them before content is sent. Our first approach uses "cross-media relations.'' Calls are unlikely to be unwanted if two parties have been previously communicated with each other through other communication means. Specifically, we propose two mechanisms using cross-media relations. For the first mechanism, a potential caller offers her contact addresses which might be used in future calls to the callee. For the second mechanism, a callee provides a potential caller with weak secret for future use. When the caller makes a call, she conveys the information to be identified as someone the callee contacted before through other means. Our prototype illustrates how these mechanisms work in web-then-call and email-then-call scenarios. In addition, our user study of received email messages, calls, SMS messages demonstrates the potential effectiveness of this idea. Another approach uses caller's attributes, such as organizational affiliation, in the case where two parties have had no prior contact. We introduce a lightweight mechanism for validating user attributes with privacy-awareness and moderate security. Unlike existing mechanisms of asserting user attributes, we design to allow the caller to claim her attributes to callees without needing to prove her identity or her public key. To strike the proper balance between the ease of service deployment and security, our proposed mechanism relies on transitive trust, through an attribute validation server, established over transport layer security. This mechanism uses an attribute reference ID, which limits the lifetime and restricts relying parties. Our prototype demonstrates the simplicity of our concept and the possibility of practical use

Animating the Ethical Demand:Exploring user dispositions in industry innovation cases through animation-based sketching

This paper addresses the challenge of attaining ethical user stances during the design process of products and services and proposes animation-based sketching as a design method, which supports elaborating and examining different ethical stances towards the user. The discussion is qualified by an empirical study of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) in a Triple Helix constellation. Using a three-week long innovation workshop, UCrAc, involving 16 Danish companies and organisations and 142 students as empirical data, we discuss how animation-based sketching can explore not yet existing user dispositions, as well as create an incentive for ethical conduct in development and innovation processes. The ethical fulcrum evolves around Løgstrup's Ethical Demand and his notion of spontaneous life manifestations. From this, three ethical stances are developed; apathy, sympathy and empathy. By exploring both apathetic and sympathetic views, the ethical reflections are more nuanced as a result of actually seeing the user experience simulated through different user dispositions. Exploring the three ethical stances by visualising real use cases with the technologies simulated as already being implemented makes the life manifestations of the users in context visible. We present and discuss how animation-based sketching can support the elaboration and examination of different ethical stances towards the user in the product and service development process. Finally we present a framework for creating narrative representations of emerging technology use cases, which invite to reflection upon the ethics of the user experience.</jats:p

Smart Monitoring and Control in the Future Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) and related technologies have the promise of realizing pervasive and smart applications which, in turn, have the potential of improving the quality of life of people living in a connected world. According to the IoT vision, all things can cooperate amongst themselves and be managed from anywhere via the Internet, allowing tight integration between the physical and cyber worlds and thus improving efficiency, promoting usability, and opening up new application opportunities. Nowadays, IoT technologies have successfully been exploited in several domains, providing both social and economic benefits. The realization of the full potential of the next generation of the Internet of Things still needs further research efforts concerning, for instance, the identification of new architectures, methodologies, and infrastructures dealing with distributed and decentralized IoT systems; the integration of IoT with cognitive and social capabilities; the enhancement of the sensing–analysis–control cycle; the integration of consciousness and awareness in IoT environments; and the design of new algorithms and techniques for managing IoT big data. This Special Issue is devoted to advancements in technologies, methodologies, and applications for IoT, together with emerging standards and research topics which would lead to realization of the future Internet of Things

Semantic discovery and reuse of business process patterns

Patterns currently play an important role in modern information systems (IS) development and their use has mainly been restricted to the design and implementation phases of the development lifecycle. Given the increasing significance of business modelling in IS development, patterns have the potential of providing a viable solution for promoting reusability of recurrent generalized models in the very early stages of development. As a statement of research-in-progress this paper focuses on business process patterns and proposes an initial methodological framework for the discovery and reuse of business process patterns within the IS development lifecycle. The framework borrows ideas from the domain engineering literature and proposes the use of semantics to drive both the discovery of patterns as well as their reuse

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Towards Our Common Digital Future. Flagship Report.

In the report “Towards Our Common Digital Future”, the WBGU makes it clear that sustainability strategies and concepts need to be fundamentally further developed in the age of digitalization. Only if digital change and the Transformation towards Sustainability are synchronized can we succeed in advancing climate and Earth-system protection and in making social progress in human development. Without formative political action, digital change will further accelerate resource and energy consumption, and exacerbate damage to the environment and the climate. It is therefore an urgent political task to create the conditions needed to place digitalization at the service of sustainable development