Зарубежные судебно-экспертные технологии: концепция релевантности

The article addresses the concept of relevance concerning foreign criminal proceedings, in particular those applying forensic technologies. The author emphasizes that the variety of parties involved in the trial leads to the anticipated pluralism of relevance evaluation. For forensic experts, the relevance assessment is determined by data describing the cognitive object, perceived by the cognizing subject in different object’s reflections.Foreign criminal systems take great interest in recognizing the importance of the concept of relevance. From examining the crime scene to a court ruling, the understanding of the argumentation process in assessing the relevance of the evidence is a part of the information control procedure that will be used to justify court decisions.Рассмотрена концепция релевантности применительно к зарубежным уголовным процессам, в частности к используемым в них судебно-экспертным технологиям. Подчеркивается, что разнообразие заинтересованных сторон в рамках судопроизводства приводит к вполне ожидаемой множественности оценки релевантности. Для судебных экспертов оценка релевантности определяется данными, характеризующими объект познания, воспринимаемые познающим субъектом при различных отражениях познаваемого объекта.В уголовной системе зарубежных стран проявляется большой интерес к признанию важности концепции релевантности. От осмотра места происшествия до вынесения судебного решения понимание процесса аргументации при оценке релевантности доказательств является частью процедуры контроля информации, которая будет использоваться для обоснования судебных решений

RELIEFS : un système d'inspiration cognitive pour le filtrage adaptatif de documents textuels

International audienceL'objet de cet article est la présentation d'un nouveau système nommé RELIEFS (pour RELevance Information Extraction Fuzzy System) pour le filtrage adaptatif de documents textuels. Les grands principes de fonctionnement de ce système s'inspirent de mécanismes cognitifs intervenant dans les processus de sélection de l'information. Plus précisément, notre recherche part de l'analyse de modèles de la mémoire sémantique (accès et organisation des connaissances en mémoire) et de modèles qui rendent compte de phénomènes attentionnels (sélection des informations provenant de l'environnement). Des liens forts sont tissés entre ces modèles et des modèles traditionnellement utilisés en RI. Une nouvelle interprétation de la notion de pertinence est proposée. L'analyse nous conduit à extraire un ensemble de mécanismes de base renvoyant aux notions d'activation et de propagation d'activation pour la sélection d'information " pertinentes ". Ces mécanismes sont implémentés et testés avec succès dans la tâche de filtrage adaptatif de TREC9

Theory and practice in visual interfaces for semi-structured document discovery and selection

With the increase in electronic publications, and indeed the availability of existing publications in digital form, as well as the encouragement of open access publication, comes a challenge. That challenge is to create assistive software to aid in the discovery and selection of relevant documents to one’s information need. Visual interfaces have begun to address the need of information seekers in finding publications and wading through the large result sets that are returned from search engines. There is currently, little evidence to suggest that these interfaces are based on systematic research on requirements. In this article, we examine areas which contribute to the theory and practice of visual interfaces directly relating to the discovery and selection of publications. We bring together work from different fields in a targeted approach to assist the future creation of these interfaces

The use of relevance criteria in partially relevant documents

This study investigates the use of relevance criteria in partially relevant documents by comparing it to the use of relevance criteria in relevant and not relevant documents. Participants, 12 social science graduate students, selected relevant and not relevant passages within 20 document representations and judged each document representation as a whole to be: relevant, partially relevant or non-relevant to their information need. Content analysis revealed 31 criteria, discussed positively and negatively, used by the participants when selecting passages and determining the document's relevance. Results indicate that partially relevant documents are selected based on the same criteria as relevant documents; they just do not meet as many criteria or do not satisfy the criteria to the same degree. Additionally, fewer than 50% of the documents judged relevant or not relevant were totally relevant or totally not relevant. These findings suggest possible solutions to problems with relevance feedback in information retrieval systems

A model of argument quality for information adoption in e-commerce review platform

The viral nature the content of the Web has transformed the landscape of e-Commerce review platforms to be in a state of constant growth. Similarly, the prominent features of these platforms have been recognized to be among the dominant factors in shaping online consumer behavior. Nonetheless, in this regard, if the review platform returns too many reviews, and the reviews are presented in non-relevant manner, in which this may be cumbersome and time-consuming for consumers. Therefore, identifying credible reviews that contain valuable information has becomes increasingly important for online businesses. The main research question to be addressed in this study is to determine on how can a model be developed to improve the argument quality perceptions in the adoption of online reviews across e-Commerce review platform. Subsequently, the main objective to be achieved is to develop a model of argument quality for review‘s adoption in the e-Commerce review platform. The potential effects of consumer relevance judgment from information retrieval perspective have been considered, which include perceived informative and affective relevance in developing the research model by using Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM). A quantitative research method has been applied to test and validate the propose research model. The response data from 238 valid respondents was analyzed using the Partial Least Square Structural Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique. The findings from the results indicate that content novelty, content topicality, content similarity, content tangibility and content sentimentality could positively influence the perception of argument quality which lead to information adoption behavior. Finally, the importance of information relevancy was also highlighted in this study, which reveals some appropriate features that can be utilized by e-Commerce practitioners to better refine their information search criteria in the online review platforms

Relevance and how it was studied

Relevantnost je jedan od pojmova u informacijskoj znanosti općenito, može se čak reći i najvažniji, a u pretraživanju informacija, posebno. Ovaj kritički pregled prati razvoj i daje sintezu istraživanja relevantnosti tijekom proteklih trideset godina s naglaskom na podacima eksperimentalnih istraživanja i istraživanja metodama promatranja. U svrhu logičke povezanosti, povijesne napomene sažimaju zanimanje za relevantnost u informacijskoj znanosti, a potom slijedi rasprava o intuitivnom značenju relevantnosti i o njenom značenju u informacijskoj znanosti. U glavnom dijelu daje se sinteza eksperimenata o ponašanju relevantnosti. Taj dio završava zaključcima koji ustvari daju pojašnjenje i sintezu suvremenih promišljanja o relevantnosti kao i hipoteze za buduća istraživanja. Analize nekih glavnih smjerova koji definiraju relevantnost iznesene su u epilogu.Relevance is a, if not even the, key notion in information science in general and information retrieval in particular. This critical review traces and synthesizes the scholarship on relevance over the past 30 years with the concentration on experimental and observational studies that report data. For context, a historical note summarizes relevance concerns in information science, followed by discussion of the meaning of relevance intuitively and in information science. In the major section, the experiments related to relevance behavior are synthesized. The section concludes with summaries that in effect provide an interpretation and synthesis of contemporary thinking on the topic treated or suggests hypotheses for future research. Analyses of some of the major trends that shape relevance work are offered in the epilogue

Relevance Thresholds: A Conjunctive/Disjunctive Model of End-User Cognition as an Evaluative Process

This investigation identifies end-user cognitive heuristics that facilitate judgment and evaluation during information retrieval (IR) system interactions. The study extends previous research surrounding relevance as a key construct for representing the value end-users ascribe to items retrieved from IR systems and the perceived effectiveness of such systems. The Lens Model of user cognition serves as the foundation for design and interpretation of the study; earlier research in problem solving, decision making, and attitude formation also contribute to the model and analysis. A self reporting instrument collected evaluative responses from 32 end-users related to 1432 retrieved items in relation to five characteristics of each item: topical, pertinence, utility, systematic, and motivational levels of relevance. The nominal nature of the data collected led to non-parametric statistical analyses that indicated that end-user evaluation of retrieved items to resolve an information problem at hand is most likely a multi-stage process. That process appears to be a cognitive progression from topic to meaning (pertinence) to functionality (use). Each step in end-user evaluative processing engages a cognitive hierarchy of heuristics that includes consideration (of appropriate cues), differentiation (the positive or negative aspects of those cues considered), and aggregation (the combination of differentiated cue aspects needed to render an evaluative label of the item in relation to the information problem at hand). While individuals may differ in their judgments and evaluations of retrieved items, they appear to make those decisions by using consistent heuristic approaches

Understanding and conceptualising the document triage process through information seekers' visual and navigational attention

Information, is a valuable commodity and its effective use is a vital part of everyday life. With the advancements of the internet and the increasing accessibility to it, the location of information is no longer the primary concern of information seekers. Digitisation techniques have made a wide variety of documents available on-line, and more and more publications are being published in electronic form simultaneously to their physical counterpart. The largest challenge currently facing information seekers is that of locating the correct information from the abundance available to them. Whenever a search query is made, the user is inundated with multiple options of documents to choose from. These documents are all deemed to have some relevance to the query produced by using an information retrieval algorithm. Thus far, automatic support has only been provided until the document retrieval level. The user is then left to search through the result set, mostly unaided, by the system he is using. In order to facilitate support for the users, a solid understanding of the information seeker's behaviours during this triage process is vital. Thus far, research into the behaviour of information seekers during the specific triage behaviour is limited. Even more limited however, is the evidence reporting the visual attention of the users. Since the triage process is highly visual, this important element need to be thoroughly evidence before accurately conceptualising the entire process. For this reason, this thesis aims to investigate the visual attention of information seekers during the document triage process. This will inform the modelling and conceptualisation of information seekers' behaviour during triage. In turn, this can be used to inform the design of supportive software. The thesis contains a review of related research and identifies the gaps that needs further investigation. From these, a series of user studies are then conducted on document triage. These in turn, facilitate the formulation and discussion of 2 document triage models and measurements to record the effectiveness of document triage. We study the visual attention of information seekers in four lab based studies, eliciting their exact gaze and focus details. We expand current research in the information seeking domain by reporting on findings from users' triage activities on small screen devices and when under time constraints. Furthermore, a high level diary study, gives us richer data on participants' triage activities over a larger period of time in their natural surroundings. All the studies are brought together to elicit requirements and measurements to understand system and user efficiency during each stage of the triage process

Relevance Criteria when Searching and Evaluating Online Video for Informational Use

Relevance is a core concept in the field of Information Science and a common term in everyday vernacular that generally refers to the usefulness of information. However, relevance has not been sufficiently or consistently defined or explored in the information science literature. Relevance criteria are the factors that information users employ when determining whether information they encounter is relevant. Identifying relevance criteria is a crucial step to understanding relevance. Relevance criteria employed with newer information formats like online video are especially important to study. Online video is now widespread, and people are increasingly likely to rely on video for information. This study identifies relevance criteria employed during relevance assessments of online video through a explanatory sequential mixed-methods study of frequent online video users including students, faculty, librarians, and video professionals. Methods included an online survey and interviews