Multiphase PMSM and PMaSynRM flux map model with space harmonics and multiple plane cross harmonic saturation

© 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.Multiphase Synchronous Machines vary in rotor construction and winding distribution leading to non-sinusoidal inductances along the rotor periphery. Moreover, saturation and cross-saturation effects make the precise modeling a complex task. This paper proposes a general model of multi-phase magnet-excited synchronous machines considering multi-dimensional space modeling and revealing cross-harmonic saturation. The models can predict multiphase motor behavior in any transient state, including startup. They are based on flux maps obtained from static 2D Finite-Element (FE) analysis. FE validations have been performed to confirm authenticity of the dynamic models of multiphase PMaSynRMs. Very close to FE precision is guaranteed while computation time is incomparably lower.Postprint (author's final draft

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors are Globally Asymptotically Stabilizable with PI Current Control

This note shows that the industry standard desired equilibrium for permanent magnet synchronous motors (i.e., maximum torque per Ampere) can be globally asymptotically stabilized with a PI control around the current errors, provided some viscous friction (possibly small) is present in the rotor dynamics and the proportional gain of the PI is suitably chosen. Instrumental to establish this surprising result is the proof that the map from voltages to currents of the incremental model of the motor satisfies some passivity properties. The analysis relies on basic Lyapunov theory making the result available to a wide audience

Production of biogas using biomass

There is a great deal of environment pressure in many parts of the world to as certain how livestock waste can best be handled. Livestock manure, like cow dung, food waste, kitchen waste in the absence of appropriate disposal methods can cause adverse environmental and health problems such as pathogen contaminants, odor, air borne ammonia, greenhouse gases. Anaerobic digestion has been considered as waste to energy technology, and is widely used in the treatment of different organic wastes for example: organic fraction of municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, food waste, animal manure. Anaerobic treatment comprises of decomposition of organic material in the absence of free oxygen and production of methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia and traces of other gases and organic acids of low molecular weight

Magnetic noise reduction of in-wheel permanent magnet synchronous motors for light-duty electric vehicles

This paper presents study of a multi-slice subdomain model (MS-SDM) for persistent low-frequency sound, in a wheel hub-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor (WHM-PMSM) with a fractional-slot non-overlapping concentrated winding for a light-duty, fully electric vehicle applications. While this type of winding provides numerous potential benefits, it has also the largest magnetomotive force (MMF) distortion factor, which leads to the electro-vibro-acoustics production, unless additional machine design considerations are carried out. To minimize the magnetic noise level radiated by the PMSM, a skewing technique is targeted with consideration of the natural frequencies under a variable-speed-range analysis. To ensure the impact of the minimization technique used, magnetic force harmonics, along with acoustic sonograms, is computed by MS-SDM and verified by 3D finite element analysis. On the basis of the studied models, we derived and experimentally verified the optimized model with 5 dBA reduction in A-weighted sound power level by due to the choice of skew angle. In addition, we investigated whether or not the skewing slice number can be of importance on the vibro-acoustic objectives in the studied WHM-PMSM.Postprint (published version

The investigation of electromagnetic radial force and associated vibration in permanent magnet synchronous machines

The rising public awareness of climate change and urban air pollution has been one of the key drivers for transport electrification. Such trend drastically accelerates the quest for high-power-and-torque-density electric drive systems. The rare-earth permanent magnet synchronous machine, with its excellent steady-state and dynamic characteristics, has been the ideal candidate for these applications. Specifically, the fractional-slot and concentrated-winding configuration is widely adopted due to its distinctive merits such as short end winding, low torque pulsation, and high efficiency. The vibration and the associated acoustic noise become one of the main parasitic issues of high-performance permanent magnet synchronous drives. These undesirable features mainly arise from mechanical connection failure, imperfect assembly, torque pulsation, and electromagnetic radial and axial force density waves. The high-power-and-torque-density requirement will only be ultimately fulfilled by the reduction of both electromagnetic active material and passive support structure. This results in inflated electromagnetic force density inside the electric machine. Besides, the sti.ness of the machine parts can be compromised and the resultant natural frequencies are significantly brought down. Therefore, the vibration and acoustic noise that are associated with the electromagnetic radial and axial force density waves become a burden for large deployment of these drives. This study is mainly dedicated to the investigation of the electromagnetic radial forced density and its associated vibration and acoustic noise in radial-flux permanent magnet synchronous machines. These machines are usually powered by voltage source inverter with pulse width modulation techniques and various control strategies. Consequently, the vibration problem not only lies on the permanent magnet synchronous machine but also highly relates to its drive and controller. Generally, the electromagnetic radial force density and its relevant vibration can be divided into low-frequency and high-frequency components based on their origins. The low-frequency electromagnetic radial force density waves stem from the magnetic field components by the permanent magnets and armature reaction of fundamental and phase-belt current harmonic components, while the high-frequency ones are introduced by the interactions between the main low-frequency and sideband highfrequency magnetic field components. Both permanent magnets and armature reaction current are the main sources of magnetic field in electric machines. Various drive-level modeling techniques are first reviewed, explored, and developed to evaluate the current harmonic components of the permanent magnet synchronous machine drive. Meanwhile, a simple yet e.ective analytical model is derived to promptly estimate the sideband current harmonic components in the drive with both sinusoidal and space-vector pulse width modulation techniques. An improved analytical method is also proposed to predict the magnetic field from permanent magnets in interior permanent magnet synchronous machines. Moreover, a universal permeance model is analytically developed to obtain the corresponding armature-reaction magnetic field components. With the permanent magnet and armature-reaction magnetic field components, the main electromagnetic radial force density components can be identified and estimated based on Maxwell stress tensor theory. The stator tooth structure has large impacts on both electromagnetic radial force density components and mechanical vibration behaviors. The stator tooth modulation e.ect has been comprehensively demonstrated and explained by both finite element analysis and experimental results. Analytical models of such e.ect are developed for prompt evaluation and insightful revelation. Based on the proposed models, multi-physics approaches are proposed to accurately predict low-frequency and high-frequency electromagnetic radial vibration. Such method is quite versatile and applicable for both integral-slot and fractional-slot concentrated-winding permanent magnet synchronous machines. Comprehensive experimental results are provided to underpin the validity of the proposed models and methods. This study commences on the derivations of the drive parameters such as torque angle, modulation index, and current harmonic components from circuit perspective and further progresses to evaluate and decouple the air-gap magnetic field components from field perspective. It carries on to dwell on the analytical estimations of the main critical electromagnetic radial force density components and stator tooth modulation e.ect. Based on the stator mechanical structure, the corresponding electromagnetic radial vibration and acoustic noise can be accurately predicted. Various analytical models have been developed throughout this study to provide a systematic tool for quick and e.ective investigation of electromagnetic radial force density, the associated vibration and acoustic noise in permanent magnet synchronous machine drive. They have all been rigorously validated by finite element analysis and experimental results. Besides, this study reveals not only a universal approach for electromagnetic radial vibration analysis but also insightful correlations from both machine and drive perspectives

Overview of Sensitivity Analysis Methods Capabilities for Traction AC Machines in Electrified Vehicles

© 2021 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.A robust design in electrified powertrains substantially helps to enhance the vehicle's overall efficiency. Robustness analyses come with complexity and computational costs at the vehicle level. The use of sensitivity analysis (SA) methods in the design phase has gained popularity in recent years to improve the performance of road vehicles while optimizing the resources, reducing the costs, and shortening the development time. Designers have started to utilize the SA methods to explore: i) how the component and vehicle level design options affect the main outputs i.e. energy efficiency and energy consumption; ii) observing sub-dependent parameters, which might be influenced by the variation of the targeted controllable (i.e. magnet thickness) and uncontrollable (i.e. magnet temperature) variables, in nonlinear dynamic systems; and iii) evaluating the interactions, of both dependent, and sub-dependent controllable/uncontrollable variables, under transient conditions. Hence the aim of this study is to succinctly review recent utilization of SA methods in the design of AC electric machines (EM)s used in vehicle powertrains, to evaluate and discuss the findings presented in recent research papers while summarizing the current state of knowledge. By systematically reviewing the literature on applied SAs in electrified powertrains, we offer a bibliometric analysis of the trends of application-oriented SA studies in the last and next decades. Finally, a numerical-based case study on a third-generation TOYOTA Prius EM will be given, to verify the SA-related findings of this article, alongside future works recommendations.Peer reviewe

Neural-Network Vector Controller for Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives: Simulated and Hardware-Validated Results

This paper focuses on current control in a permanentmagnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The paper has two main objectives: The first objective is to develop a neural-network (NN) vector controller to overcome the decoupling inaccuracy problem associated with conventional PI-based vector-control methods. The NN is developed using the full dynamic equation of a PMSM, and trained to implement optimal control based on approximate dynamic programming. The second objective is to evaluate the robust and adaptive performance of the NN controller against that of the conventional standard vector controller under motor parameter variation and dynamic control conditions by (a) simulating the behavior of a PMSM typically used in realistic electric vehicle applications and (b) building an experimental system for hardware validation as well as combined hardware and simulation evaluation. The results demonstrate that the NN controller outperforms conventional vector controllers in both simulation and hardware implementation

Computer Simulation of PMSM Motor with Five Phase Inverter Control using Signal Processing Techniques

The signal processing techniques and computer simulation play an important role in the fault diagnosis and tolerance of all types of machines in the first step of design. Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and five phase inverter with sine wave pulse width modulation (SPWM) strategy is developed. The PMSM speed is controlled by vector control. In this work, a fault tolerant control (FTC) system in the PMSM using wavelet switching is introduced. The feature extraction property of wavelet analysis used the error as obtained by the wavelet de-noised signal as input to the mechanism unit to decide the healthy system. The diagnosis algorithm, which depends on both wavelet and vector control to generate PWM as current based manage any parameter variation. An open-end phase PMSM has a larger range of speed regulation than normal PMSM. Simulation results confirm the validity and effectiveness of the switching strategy

Field oriented control of permanent magnet synchronous motor with third-harmonic injection pulse width modulation to reduce quadrotors’ speed ripples

The world’s commercial unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) industry has witnessed unprecedented boom in recent years. Delighted with an ample supply of this excellent high-tech product, global consumers are paying more attention on UAVs. Civilian UAVs now vastly outnumber military ones, with the estimate of over a million sold by 2016. An UAV has various degrees of autonomy as enabled by the use and precise control of motors. Traditional Direct Current (DC) motors are replaced by permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) associated with the new power electronic inverters. Because of a PMSM’s higher power density than a DC motor, it reduces the rotor losses, thus improving its efficiency. The other improvement comes from the advanced control methods. The simple drive system based on a DC motor with open-loop control is outdated. High frequency switches in power electronic inverters offer an opportunity to change motor input voltage values and frequencies faster than ever before. Vector control approaches are employed with closed-loop feedback control, which brings high precision and good dynamics. Integrated inverter-motor drive systems are in progress. This thesis focuses on how to control PMSM installed in the UVAs with a high performance of dynamic response and fewer speed ripples. Field Oriented Control (FOC) is one type of vector controls to control a PMSM in a quadrotor. FOC of PMSM and Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) are introduced. The simulation results of FOC of PMSM with third-harmonic injection PWM and traditional FOC are compared. This comparison proves that FOC of PMSM with third-harmonic injection provides a better dynamic response for a quadrotor’s movement in vertical direction. In addition, since PWM is helpful to reduce the speed ripples, PMSM has a better steady-state response during operations

Extended Kalman filter based sliding mode control of parallel-connected two five-phase PMSM drive system

This paper presents sliding mode control of sensor-less parallel-connected two five-phase permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) fed by a single five-leg inverter. For both machines, the rotor speeds and rotor positions as well as load torques are estimated by using Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) scheme. Fully decoupled control of both machines is possible via an appropriate phase transposition while connecting the stator windings parallel and employing proposed speed sensor-less method. In the resulting parallel-connected two-machine drive, the independent control of each machine in the group is achieved by controlling the stator currents and speed of each machine under vector control consideration. The effectiveness of the proposed Extended Kalman Filter in conjunction with the sliding mode control is confirmed through application of different load torques for wide speed range operation. Comparison between sliding mode control and PI control of the proposed two-motor drive is provided. The speed response shows a short rise time, an overshoot during reverse operation and settling times is 0.075 s when PI control is used. The speed response obtained by SMC is without overshoot and follows its reference and settling time is 0.028 s. Simulation results confirm that, in transient periods, sliding mode controller remarkably outperforms its counterpart PI controller. 2018 by the authors.Scopu