5,666 research outputs found

    KYT2022 Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Waste Management 2019–2022 : Final Report

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    KYT2022 (Finnish Research Programme on Nuclear Waste Management 2019–2022), organised by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment, was a national research programme with the objective to ensure that the authorities have sufficient levels of nuclear expertise and preparedness that are needed for safety of nuclear waste management. The starting point for public research programs on nuclear safety is that they create the conditions for maintaining the knowledge required for the continued safe and economic use of nuclear energy, developing new know-how and participating in international collaboration. The content of the KYT2022 research programme was composed of nationally important research topics, which are the safety, feasibility and acceptability of nuclear waste management. KYT2022 research programme also functioned as a discussion and information-sharing forum for the authorities, those responsible for nuclear waste management and the research organizations, which helped to make use of the limited research resources. The programme aimed to develop national research infrastructure, ensure the continuing availability of expertise, produce high-level scientific research and increase general knowledge of nuclear waste management

    Conscience and Consciousness: British Theatre and Human Rights.

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    This research project investigates a paradigm of human rights theatre. Through the lens of performance and theatre-making, this thesis explores how we came to represent, speak about, discuss, and own human rights in Britain. My framework of ‘human rights theatre’ proposes three distinctive features: firstly, such works dramatise real-world issues and highlights the role of the state in endangering its citizens; secondly, ethical ruptures are encountered within and without the drama, and finally, these performances characteristically aspire to produce an activist effect on the collective behaviours of the audience. This thesis interrogates the strategies theatre-makers use to articulate human rights concerns or to animate human rights intent. The selected case-studies for this investigation are ice&fire’s testimonial project, Actors for Human Rights; Badac Theatre; Jonathan Holmes’ work as director of Jericho House; Cardboard Citizens’ youth participation programme, ACT NOW; and Tony Cealy’s Black Men’s Consortium. Deliberately selecting companies and performance events that have received limited critical attention, my methodology constellates case-studies through original interviews, durational observation of creative working methods and proximate descriptions of practice. The thesis is interested in the experience of coming to ‘consciousness’ through human rights theatre, an awakening to the impacts of rights infringements and rights claiming. I explore consciousness as a processual, procedural, and durational happening in these performance events. I explore the ‘æffect’ of activist art and examine the ways in which makers of human rights theatre aim to amplify both affective and effective qualities in their work. My thesis also considers the articulation of activist purpose and the campaigning intent of the selected theatre-makers and explores how their activism is animated in their productions. Through the rich seam of discussion generated by the identification and exploration of the traits of a distinctive human rights theatre, I affirm the generative value of this typological enquiry

    Ion interactions in ionic liquids

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    Ionic liquids are being intensively investigated as more sustainable chemicals for many applications due to their advantageous physicochemical properties. The main reason for this interest is the synthetic flexibility associated with them, as there is a never-ending number of different possible combinations of anions and cations, which can lead to compounds with very distinct properties. However, the research interest has progressed fast into developing ionic liquids for specific applications, while we are still lacking fundamental knowledge on the interactions taking place inside of them. As a result of this, many models fail to provide accurate predictions about the properties or reactivity of ionic liquids. This thesis presents fundamental research on the structure-property relationships of ionic liquids, emphasising on aspects like the effects of specific functional groups or symmetry on their physical properties. Furthermore, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy is introduced as a versatile tool for characterising the chemical environment inside of an ionic liquid. Using nitroxide spin probes as ‘spies’, we are trying to identify the relationship between the bulk properties (e.g. viscosity) and the interactions the radicals feel in their immediate environment. The results indicate that depending on the examined ionic liquid and the used spin probe there is a plethora of microscale interactions which are in no way deduced from the physicochemical studies of bulk properties.Open Acces

    Hunting Wildlife in the Tropics and Subtropics

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    The hunting of wild animals for their meat has been a crucial activity in the evolution of humans. It continues to be an essential source of food and a generator of income for millions of Indigenous and rural communities worldwide. Conservationists rightly fear that excessive hunting of many animal species will cause their demise, as has already happened throughout the Anthropocene. Many species of large mammals and birds have been decimated or annihilated due to overhunting by humans. If such pressures continue, many other species will meet the same fate. Equally, if the use of wildlife resources is to continue by those who depend on it, sustainable practices must be implemented. These communities need to remain or become custodians of the wildlife resources within their lands, for their own well-being as well as for biodiversity in general. This title is also available via Open Access on Cambridge Core

    Graphical scaffolding for the learning of data wrangling APIs

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    In order for students across the sciences to avail themselves of modern data streams, they must first know how to wrangle data: how to reshape ill-organised, tabular data into another format, and how to do this programmatically, in languages such as Python and R. Despite the cross-departmental demand and the ubiquity of data wrangling in analytical workflows, the research on how to optimise the instruction of it has been minimal. Although data wrangling as a programming domain presents distinctive challenges - characterised by on-the-fly syntax lookup and code example integration - it also presents opportunities. One such opportunity is how tabular data structures are easily visualised. To leverage the inherent visualisability of data wrangling, this dissertation evaluates three types of graphics that could be employed as scaffolding for novices: subgoal graphics, thumbnail graphics, and parameter graphics. Using a specially built e-learning platform, this dissertation documents a multi-institutional, randomised, and controlled experiment that investigates the pedagogical effects of these. Our results indicate that the graphics are well-received, that subgoal graphics boost the completion rate, and that thumbnail graphics improve navigability within a command menu. We also obtained several non-significant results, and indications that parameter graphics are counter-productive. We will discuss these findings in the context of general scaffolding dilemmas, and how they fit into a wider research programme on data wrangling instruction

    Flexographic printed nanogranular LBZA derived ZnO gas sensors: Synthesis, printing and processing

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    Within this document, investigations of the processes towards the production of a flexographic printed ZnO gas sensor for breath H2 analysis are presented. Initially, a hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) based, microwave assisted, synthesis method of layered basic zinc acetate (LBZA) nanomaterials was investigated. Using the synthesised LBZA, a dropcast nanogranular ZnO gas sensor was produced. The testing of the sensor showed high sensitivity towards hydrogen with response (Resistanceair/ Resistancegas) to 200 ppm H2 at 328 °C of 7.27. The sensor is highly competitive with non-catalyst surface decorated sensors and sensitive enough to measure current H2 guideline thresholds for carbohydrate malabsorption (Positive test threshold: 20 ppm H2, Predicted response: 1.34). Secondly, a novel LBZA synthesis method was developed, replacing the HMTA by NaOH. This resulted in a large yield improvement, from a [OH-] conversion of 4.08 at% to 71.2 at%. The effects of [OH-]/[Zn2+] ratio, microwave exposure and transport to nucleation rate ratio on purity, length, aspect ratio and polydispersity were investigated in detail. Using classical nucleation theory, analysis of the basal layer charge symmetries, and oriented attachment theory, a dipole-oriented attachment reaction mechanism is presented. The mechanism is the first theory in literature capable of describing all observed morphological features along length scales. The importance of transport to nucleation rate ratio as the defining property that controls purity and polydispersity is then shown. Using the NaOH derived LBZA, a flexographic printing ink was developed, and proof-of-concept sensors printed. Gas sensing results showed a high response to 200 ppm H2 at 300 °C of 60.2. Through IV measurements and SEM analysis this was shown to be a result of transfer of silver between the electrode and the sensing layer during the printing process. Finally, Investigations into the intense pulsed light treatment of LBZA were conducted. The results show that dehydration at 150 °C prior to exposure is a requirement for successful calcination, producing ZnO quantum dots (QDs) in the process. SEM measurements show mean radii of 1.77-2.02 nm. The QDs show size confinement effects with the exciton blue shifting by 0.105 eV, and exceptionally low defect emission in photoluminescence spectra, indicative of high crystalline quality, and high conductivity. Due to the high crystalline quality and amenity to printing, the IPL ZnO QDs have numerous potential uses ranging from sensing to opto-electronic devices

    Buddhist Poetics, Beat “Cosmo-Politics,” and the Maker Ethos: Asian Americanist Critiques of Whiteness in Midcentury American Beat Writing

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    Buddhist Poetics, Beat “Cosmo-Politics,” and the Maker Ethos: Asian Americanist Critiques of Whiteness in Midcentury American Beat Writing employs Walter Benjamin’s notion of the “ruin”—which is not just a noun or notion, but also a verb, a mode of criticism—to intervene in the ostensibly well-trodden ground of what is known as “Beat literature.” The project broadly argues for the “ruination” of Beat literature, where ruination means not destruction or annihilation, but a return to an unkempt state (as in the image of a ruined building) that more accurately reflects this literature’s many layers of cultural, interpersonal, and transpacific exchange and extraction. Though many have rightly suggested that Beat literature is broadly Orientalist and transpacific in nature, I reveal the specific cultural appropriations, adaptations, and translations that occurred in this period and in these literary texts: the broadly East Asian cultural materials (like Zen Buddhism) so valued in Beat literature and its social communities were derived not solely from “the East” nor from translated Chinese and Japanese texts, but also from the Asians in America with whom Euro Americans were friends and worked alongside. My chapters on Asian diasporic poetry, letters, and autobiographical writing highlight Beat literature’s connections to ethnic studies, settler colonial studies, gender studies, and critical race theory, applying an interdisciplinary approach to text and culture and bringing forward the cultural productions and expertise of Asian/Americans during this midcentury period. Because I am suggesting the work of Asian/Americans be read alongside other canonical Beat texts, their work destabilizes or “ruins” Beat literature, which has been seen as a body of texts that articulate a political, anticapitalist critique of post-WWII and Cold War-era America, but which I show to be reflective of a specific, European American identity grounded in a politics that does not accommodate the effects of settler colonialism and imperialism. The seeming stability and coherence of the category of “Beat” has only been possible because the work of Asian/Americans in this period was erased, unacknowledged. My project’s major intervention may be found in its combination of critique—where I show how whiteness influenced Euro Americans’ artistic choices and cultural appropriations—and recovery, where I reveal from whom and how these appropriations occurred. Further, I suggest that we begin to analyze American Buddhist writing beyond the limited rubrics formerly available to us in “Beat” and avant-garde literatures and in their communities of reception

    Study, development and improvement of MCM-41-type MSN synthesis oriented to biomedical applications

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    [ES] La presente tesis doctoral, titulada "Estudio, desarrollo y mejora de la síntesis de nanopartículas mesoporosas de sílice (MSN) tipo MCM-41 orientada a aplicaciones biomédicas" se centra en la síntesis, caracterización, estudio y evaluación de diferentes MSN tipo MCM-41, con el objetivo de ampliar el conocimiento de las MSN como nanomateriales implicados en aplicaciones biomédicas. El primer capítulo de este trabajo es una introducción general sobre los temas que se van a tratar a lo largo de la tesis. Por un lado, se introducen los principales conceptos sobre las nanopartículas de sílice mesoporosas, y en particular las MSN de tipo MCM-41, como su descubrimiento, sus propiedades, ventajas y aplicaciones, su síntesis y la química implicada, y la posibilidad de ser funcionalizadas o dopadas para adquirir propiedades adicionales y únicas. Por otro lado, se presenta un amplio abanico de técnicas de caracterización de MSN, destacando su importancia en la presente tesis. Por último, se revisan los conceptos de nanomedicina y nanomateriales, incluyendo el conjunto de requisitos que deben cumplir los nanomateriales para ser validados, los tipos de nanomateriales desarrollados hasta el momento y los principales cuellos de botella encontrados en la traslación clínica de los nanomateriales. En este contexto, se revisan los estudios de las MSN en nanomedicina, señalando los retos de las mismas dentro de esta especialidad y la oportunidad que ofrecen a la ciencia de los materiales. En el segundo capítulo se exponen los objetivos generales de la presente tesis doctoral, que son abordados en los siguientes capítulos. El tercer capítulo se basa en un estudio en profundidad del mecanismo de síntesis de las MSN de tipo MCM-41, considerando el mecanismo de estructuración de la sílice, la nucleación, el crecimiento y los procesos de envejecimiento. En particular, se analizan detalladamente las primeras etapas de la síntesis de MSN. Además, se revisan los diferentes modelos descritos sobre el mecanismo de estructuración de la sílice, que han sido ampliamente estudiados. El cuarto capítulo se centra en la investigación del efecto de algunos parámetros tradicionalmente poco estudiados en la síntesis y formación de MSN de tipo MCM-41, como el tiempo de síntesis, la velocidad de agitación, el núcleo de agitación magnética utilizado, la velocidad de adición del TEOS y el método de neutralización una vez formadas las nanopartículas. También se introduce una revisión de la influencia de los parámetros de síntesis más estudiados en las MSN tipo MCM-41. El quinto capítulo se basa en el estudio de la obtención, caracterización y manipulación de MSN de tipo MCM-41 coloidales. En primer lugar, se presenta una revisión crítica de los trabajos que informan sobre la obtención de MSN coloidales, correctamente suspendidas o discretas. En segundo lugar, se introduce una metodología para caracterizar la estabilidad coloidal de las MSN. En tercer lugar, se estudia y compara el comportamiento coloidal de diferentes nanopartículas en diferentes condiciones. Y, por último, se desarrolla un marco conceptual y de trabajo sobre los principios que rigen la estabilidad coloidal de las nanopartículas. El sexto capítulo es un estudio exhaustivo de las implicaciones del uso de diferentes procedimientos de eliminación de surfactantes en las MSN de tipo MCM-41, como la calcinación a diferentes temperaturas y la extracción con disolventes. Las propiedades fisicoquímicas de las MSN estudiadas son la eficiencia de eliminación de surfactantes, el grado de condensación de la sílice, la porosidad, la estabilidad coloidal y la reactividad superficial. Además, se comprobó la biocompatibilidad de las nanopartículas en cuanto a su citotoxicidad y su degradación en un entorno fisiológico simulado, para validar su uso en aplicaciones biomédicas. El séptimo capítulo recoge las conclusiones generales de la presente tesis, que resumen las conclusiones obtenidas en cada capítulo.[CA] L'actual tesi doctoral, titulada "Estudi, desenvolupament i millora de la síntesi de nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice (MSN) de tipus MCM-41 orientada cap a aplicacions biomèdiques" se centra en la síntesi, caracterització, estudi i avaluació de diferents mostres de MSN de tipus MCM-41 amb l'objectiu de millorar el coneixement de les MSN com nanomaterials implicats en aplicacions biomèdiques. El primer capítol d'aquest treball és una introducció general sobre els elements que es tractaran durant tota la tesi. D'una banda, s'introdueixen els conceptes principals sobre les nanopartícules mesoporoses de sílice, i en particular les de tipus MCM-41, com el seu descobriment, les seues propietats, avantatges i aplicacions, la seua síntesi i la química implicada, i la possibilitat de ser funcionalitzades o dopades per adquirir propietats addicionals i úniques. D'altra banda, es presenta una àmplia gamma de tècniques de caracterització de MSN destacant la seua importància en la tesi actual. Finalment, es revisen els conceptes de nanomedicina i nanomaterials, incloent-hi el conjunt de requisits que els nanomaterials han d'aconseguir per ser validats, els tipus de nanomaterials desenvolupats fins ara, i els principals colls d'ampolla trobats en la translació clínica de nanomaterials. En aquest context, es revisen els estudis de les MSN en nanomedicina, assenyalant els seus reptes dins de la nanomedicina i l'oportunitat que ofereixen a la ciència dels materials. El segon capítol exposa els objectius generals de la tesi doctoral actual, que són abordats en els següents capítols. El tercer capítol es basa en un estudi en profunditat del mecanisme de síntesi de les MSN tipus MCM-41, considerant el mecanisme d'estructuració de la sílice, la nucleació, el creixement i els processos de maduració. Particularment, les primeres etapes de la síntesi de MSNs s'analitzen en detall. A més, es revisen els diferents models reportats sobre el mecanisme d'estructuració de sílice, que ja han sigut àmpliament estudiats. El quart capítol es centra en la investigació de l'efecte d'alguns paràmetres tradicionalment menys estudiats en la síntesi i formació de l'MSN de tipus MCM-41, com: el temps de síntesi, la velocitat d'agitació, el nucli d'agitació magnètica utilitzat, la velocitat d'addició de TEOS i el mètode de neutralització una vegada que es formen les nanopartícules. També s'introdueix una revisió de la influència dels paràmetres de síntesi més estudiats en les MSN de tipus MCM-41. El cinqué capítol es basa en l'estudi de l'obtenció, caracterització i manipulació de les MSN de tipus MCM-41 col·loidals. En primer lloc, es presenta una revisió crítica dels treballs que descriuen l'obtenció de MSN col·loidals, correctament suspeses o discretes. En segon lloc, s'introdueix una metodologia per caracteritzar l'estabilitat col·loidal de les MSN. En tercer lloc, s'estudia i compara el comportament col·loidal de diverses nanopartícules en diferents condicions. I finalment, es desenvolupa un marc conceptual i de treball sobre els principis que regeixen l'estabilitat col·loidal de les nanopartícules. El sisé capítol és un estudi exhaustiu de les implicacions de l'ús de diferents procediments d'extracció de surfactants a les MSN de tipus MCM-41, com la calcinació a diferents temperatures i l'extracció de dissolvents. Les propietats fisicoquímiques de les MSN estudiades són l'eficiència d'extracció de surfactant, el grau de condensació de sílice, la mesoporositat, l'estabilitat col·loidal i la reactivitat de la superfície. A més, la biocompatibilitat de les nanopartícules es va provar pel que fa a la seua citotoxicitat i la seua degradació en un entorn fisiològic simulat, per validar el seu ús en aplicacions biomèdiques. El seté capítol recull les conclusions generals de la tesi actual, que resumeix les conclusions obtingudes en cada capítol, però també proporciona noves perspectives i una visió global de la matèria estudiada.[EN] The present PhD thesis, entitled "Study, development and improvement of MCM-41-type mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) synthesis oriented to biomedical applications" is focused on the synthesis, characterisation, study and evaluation of different MCM-41-type MSN samples to improve the knowledge of MSN as nanomaterials involved in biomedical applications. The first chapter of this work is a general introduction about the items that are going to be treated throughout the thesis. On the one hand, the main concepts about the mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and in particular MCM-41-type MSN, are introduced, such as their discovery, their properties, advantages, and applications, their synthesis and the chemistry involved, and the possibility of being functionalised or doped to acquire additional and unique properties. On the other hand, a wide range of MSN characterisation techniques are presented highlighting their importance in the current thesis. Finally, the concepts of nanomedicine and nanomaterials are reviewed, including the set of requirements the nanomaterials must accomplish to be validated, the types of nanomaterials developed thus far, and the main bottlenecks found in clinical translation of nanomaterials. In this context, the studies of MSN in nanomedicine are reviewed, illustrating the challenges of MSN within the nanomedicine and the opportunity their offer to material science. Second chapter exposes the general objectives of present PhD thesis, which are addressed in the following chapters. Third chapter is based on an in-depth study of the synthesis mechanism of MCM-41-type MSN, considering the silica templating mechanism, the nucleation, the growth and the aging processes. Particularly, the early stages of the MSNs synthesis are substantially analysed. In addition, the different models reported about the silica templating mechanism, which are widely studied, are reviewed. Fourth chapter is focused on the investigation of the effect of some disregarded parameters on the synthesis and formation of MCM-41-type MSN, such as synthesis time, stirring rate, the magnetic stir bar used, TEOS addition rate and the neutralisation method once nanoparticles are formed. A review of the influence of the most studied synthesis parameters on MCM-41-type MSN is also introduced. Fifth chapter is based on the study of the obtaining, characterisation and manipulation of colloidal MCM-41-type MSN. First, a critical review of works that report the obtaining of colloidal, well-suspended or discrete MSN is presented. Second, a methodology to characterise the colloidal stability of MSN is introduced. Third, the colloidal behaviour of several nanoparticles under different conditions is studied and compared. And finally, a conceptual and operational framework about the principles governing the colloidal stability of nanoparticles is developed. Sixth chapter is a comprehensive study of the implications of the use of different surfactant removal procedures on standard MCM-41-type MSN, such as calcination at different temperatures and solvent extraction. The physicochemical properties of MSN studied are the surfactant removal efficiency, the silica condensation degree, the mesostructured framework, the colloidal stability and the surface reactivity. Additionally, the biocompatibility of nanoparticles was tested regarding their cytotoxicity and their degradation in a simulated physiological environment, to validate their use in biomedical applications. Finally, seventh chapter gathers the general conclusions of the current thesis, which summarise the conclusions obtained in each chapter, but also provide new perspectives and the big picture of the studied matter.Candela Noguera, V. (2022). Study, development and improvement of MCM-41-type MSN synthesis oriented to biomedical applications [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/182386TESI

    FPGA acceleration of DNA sequence alignment: design analysis and optimization

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    Existing FPGA accelerators for short read mapping often fail to utilize the complete biological information in sequencing data for simple hardware design, leading to missed or incorrect alignment. In this work, we propose a runtime reconfigurable alignment pipeline that considers all information in sequencing data for the biologically accurate acceleration of short read mapping. We focus our efforts on accelerating two string matching techniques: FM-index and the Smith-Waterman algorithm with the affine-gap model which are commonly used in short read mapping. We further optimize the FPGA hardware using a design analyzer and merger to improve alignment performance. The contributions of this work are as follows. 1. We accelerate the exact-match and mismatch alignment by leveraging the FM-index technique. We optimize memory access by compressing the data structure and interleaving the access with multiple short reads. The FM-index hardware also considers complete information in the read data to maximize accuracy. 2. We propose a seed-and-extend model to accelerate alignment with indels. The FM-index hardware is extended to support the seeding stage while a Smith-Waterman implementation with the affine-gap model is developed on FPGA for the extension stage. This model can improve the efficiency of indel alignment with comparable accuracy versus state-of-the-art software. 3. We present an approach for merging multiple FPGA designs into a single hardware design, so that multiple place-and-route tasks can be replaced by a single task to speed up functional evaluation of designs. We first experiment with this approach to demonstrate its feasibility for different designs. Then we apply this approach to optimize one of the proposed FPGA aligners for better alignment performance.Open Acces
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