Desenvolvimento econômico e territorial em Karl Polanyi: uma revisão sistemática

This work consists of a systematic review of the literature on the territory and economic development from the perspective of the works of Karl Polanyi. For this, all the bibliographic production of Karl Polanyi was searched and organized based on the details of the life of this author to the time of the productions. After this organization, a systematic review of works that used Karl Polanyi, from the perspective of the territory and the development, was carried out centrally in his approaches. For this, a search was made for a set of words associated with these themes in the journal platform of the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior, an institution linked to the Ministry of Education of Brazil. About 100 papers were found that met the protocol of the systematic review. All these works have been read and their details and characteristics can be found throughout the text and the annexes of this dissertation. Once three major work objects of Karl Polanyi's works were identified from the perspective of economic development - economic history, embeddedness and double movement - these approaches were detailed in the text. In addition, Karl Polanyi's vision for the territory was identified, and the articles that use this approach were put into reports in this text. Finally, at the end of the text is presented an analysis that groups the perspective of economic development and territory in Karl Polanyi perspective.Este trabalho consiste em uma revisão sistemática da literatura acerca do território e o desenvolvimento econômico na perspectiva das obras de Karl Polanyi. Para isso, foi buscada e organizada toda produção bibliográfica de Karl Polanyi e os detalhes da vida desse autor ao tempo das produções. Após essa organização, foi realizada a revisão sistemática de trabalhos que utilizassem Karl Polanyi, na perspectiva do território e do desenvolvimento, de modo central em suas abordagens, para isso, foi efetuada busca por um conjunto de palavras associadas a esses temas na plataforma de periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Ensino Superior, instituição vinculada ao Ministério da Educação do Brasil. Foram encontrados cerca de 100 (cem) trabalhos que atenderam ao protocolo da revisão sistemática. Todos esses trabalhos foram lidos e seus detalhes e características podem ser encontradas no decorrer do texto e nos anexos desta dissertação. Uma vez que foi identificado três grandes objetos de trabalho das obras de Karl Polanyi na perspectiva do desenvolvimento econômico – a história econômica, o enraizamento e o duplo movimento – essas abordagens foram detalhadas no texto. Ademais, foi identificada a visão de Karl Polanyi quanto ao território, e os artigos que utilizam essa abordagem foram postos em relatórios no presente texto. Por fim, ao final do texto é apresentada uma análise que agrupa a perspectiva do desenvolvimento econômico e do território em Karl Polanyi

Território e Desenvolvimento em Karl Polanyi: uma revisão sistemática

This paper consists of a systematic review of the literature on territorial economic development from the perspective of Karl Polanyi's works. For this, a protocol was created to order the selection of scientific articles, after this step, an analysis of the main works that used Karl Polanyi ideas, on the perspective from territorial development, in a central way in their approaches was performed. The main databases used were SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE and SCIELO, from 1990 to 2018. About 100 (one hundred) papers were found that met the protocol of the systematic review. All these works have been read and their details and characteristics can be found in this text. It was identified that Karl Polanyi has a classical approach to territory, and his most discussed ideas are the double movement, embeddedness, and economic history. The main results point to the strength of Karl Polanyi thought in research on development in several territorial scales, allowing to think these issues in interdisciplinary and plural terms.Este artículo consiste en una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre desarrollo económico territorial desde la perspectiva de las obras de Karl Polanyi. Para esto, se creó un protocolo para ordenar la selección de artículos científicos, después de lo cual se realizó un análisis de los principales trabajos que han utilizado Karl Polanyi, desde la perspectiva del del desarrollo territorial, de una manera central en sus enfoques. Las principales bases de datos utilizadas fueron SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE y SCIELO, de 1990 a 2018. Se encontraron alrededor de 100 (cien) artículos que cumplían con el protocolo de la revisión sistemática. Todos estos trabajos han sido leídos y sus detalles y características están disponibles en este texto. Se identificó el enfoque clásico de Karl Polanyi al territorio, así como sus ideas más discutidas: el doble movimiento, el enraizamiento y la historia económica. Los principales resultados apuntan a la fuerza del pensamiento de Karl Polanyi en la investigación sobre el desarrollo en varias escalas territoriales, lo que permite pensar estas en términos interdisciplinarios y plurales.Este trabalho consiste em uma revisão sistemática da literatura acerca do desenvolvimento econômico territorial na perspectiva das obras de Karl Polanyi. Primeiramente, foi criado um protocolo para ordenar a seleção dos artigos científicos, para então ser realizada uma análise dos principais trabalhos que usaram Karl Polanyi, na perspectiva do desenvolvimento territorial, de modo central em suas abordagens. As principais bases de dados utilizadas foram SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE e SCIELO, no período de 1990 a 2018. Foram encontrados cerca de 100 (cem) trabalhos que atenderam ao protocolo da revisão sistemática. Todos esses trabalhos foram lidos e seus detalhes podem ser encontrados no presente texto. Foi identificado que Karl Polanyi utiliza a abordagem clássica do território, e suas ideias mais abordadas são o duplo movimento, o enraizamento e a história econômica. Os principais resultados apontam para força do pensamento polanyiano em pesquisas sobre desenvolvimento em diversas escalas territoriais, permitindo pensar essas questões em termos interdisciplinares e plurais

Planetary Improvement: Discourses and Practices of Green Capitalism in the Cleantech Space

There is money to be made in saving the planet. A whole host of actors, such as investors, entrepreneurs, engineers, and policy makers have mobilized around our ecological problems, seeking to innovate new `green\u27 and `clean\u27 technologies that can serve a rapidly changing environment. The presumption that such technologies are both necessary and necessarily profitable anchors visions of a `green\u27 capitalism that can and must be brought into existence. However, just as free markets have never been all that free, why should we presume that green capitalism would be all that green? Instead of attempting to arbit whether or not the greening of capital is or can `work\u27 - this work seeks to understand whether and how `green capitalism\u27 coheres around new justificatory frames, or what Boltanski and Chiapello call a new spirit of capitalism. The emerging spirit of green capitalism is positioned somewhere between the maintenance of the current neoliberal form of accumulation and a desire to return to romanticized visions of more stable, centrally coordinated economic systems. It is an attempt to make sense of capitalism in crisis, and a crisis caused by capitalism. This research focuses specifically upon individuals within the broad field of green capitalism who are actively grappling with the ways in which the infrastructure of global capitalism has irrevocably shaped world ecology, and who are experimenting, in thought and practice, with a wide range of new techno-social configurations intended to mitigate, or even reverse, these negative ecological effects. The project is divided into two parts. The first is grounded by a critical discourse analysis of mass-market texts published over the past 25 years that advocate for green capitalism. Four distinct `motifs\u27 can be found in this literature, each of which is analyzed in turn. These are: Planetary Improvement; Eco-Utopian Socialism; EcoFordism; and Green Developmentalism. This critical discourse analysis then connects with an ethnographic investigation of the `cleantech space\u27 in New York City. Through my ethnographic work I explore the performativity of abstract market imperatives in this field, which encompasses a wide array of technologies that boast some form of material or energetic efficiency over prevailing norms. The cleantech space is filled with innovative entrepreneurs, inventors and investors, all of whom want to see new technologies succeed. And yet, in the eyes of capital (or the fiduciary responsibility of investors) not all innovations are created equal. Only those innovations that promise sizeable and rapid returns are likely to receive support. In other words, there are many good technologies out there that make for bad investments. And so, while it may be the case that we will need new technologies to provide the infrastructure for any ecologically viable future economy, it is not so clear that the specific technologies being produced by the prevailing funding streams will ever be able to get us there

Networks and navigation in the knowledge economy: Studies on the structural conditions and consequences of path-dependent and relational action

In the wake of a relational turn, economic geographers have begun to scrutinize the relationships and interactions between people and organizations as a driving force behind economic processes at both global and local scales. Through a focus on contingent contextuality and path dependence, relational economic geography and network thinking have provided the necessary conceptual toolbox for untangling the structural effects and drivers of these relationships and their spatial embeddedness. However, despite the conceptual richness of the relational approach, empirical studies have often fallen short of capturing its core tenets: First, there is a prevalence to focus on places, infrastructures, and similarities as aggregate proxies for actors and their socio-economic relationships as the unit of geographical network analysis; While often convenient, this approach misses out on the capacity of networks to represent spatially embedded social contexts as enablers or constraints of economic action. Second, while path dependence is at the heart of evolutionary approaches towards economic geography, few studies actually trace how path-dependent and interrelated innovation shapes the long-term emergence of fields. Relational processes are especially salient when outcomes are opaque, decisions are interdependent, and when formal rules and roles are weak or absent. In this thesis, I ask how actors navigate such contexts and investigate the structural conditions and consequences of their navigation efforts. In my pursuit of this question, I draw on literatures from sociology, economics, and organization studies and build on novel methods of network analysis capable of empirically capturing contextuality and path dependence to investigate relational processes at three levels of economic activity: The thesis first looks towards a localized and informal trade platform to demonstrate how consumers rely on their former transactions to navigate exchange uncertainty and how such an exchange system can become liable to personal lock-in. It then moves on to show how the geographically and organizationally diversified search for innovation opportunities structures the transfer of knowledge across a globalized and partially informal corporate scouting community. Finally, the thesis shows how the linkage of distinct knowledge domains drives the long-term emergence of heterogeneous technological fields. In its endeavor to trace these processes, the thesis contributes a set of distinct relational research designs that demonstrate how advances in methods and data can be employed to empirically exploit the conceptual richness of relational economic geography

The Age of Sustainability

With transitions to more sustainable ways of living already underway, this book examines how we understand the underlying dynamics of the transitions that are unfolding. Without this understanding, we enter the future in a state of informed bewilderment. Every day we are bombarded by reports about ecosystem breakdown, social conflict, economic stagnation and a crisis of identity. There is mounting evidence that deeper transitions are underway that suggest we may be entering another period of great transformation equal in significance to the agricultural revolution some 13,000 years ago or the Industrial Revolution 250 years ago. This book helps readers make sense of our global crisis and the dynamics of transition that could result in a shift from the industrial epoch that we live in now to a more sustainable and equitable age. The global renewable energy transition that is already underway holds the key to the wider just transition. However, the evolutionary potential of the present also manifests in the mushrooming of ecocultures, new urban visions, sustainability-oriented developmental states and new ways of learning and researching. Shedding light on the highly complex challenge of a sustainable and just transition, this book is essential reading for anyone concerned with establishing a more sustainable and equitable world. Ultimately, this is a book about hope but without easy answers

Unmet goals of tracking: within-track heterogeneity of students' expectations for

Educational systems are often characterized by some form(s) of ability grouping, like tracking. Although substantial variation in the implementation of these practices exists, it is always the aim to improve teaching efficiency by creating homogeneous groups of students in terms of capabilities and performances as well as expected pathways. If students’ expected pathways (university, graduate school, or working) are in line with the goals of tracking, one might presume that these expectations are rather homogeneous within tracks and heterogeneous between tracks. In Flanders (the northern region of Belgium), the educational system consists of four tracks. Many students start out in the most prestigious, academic track. If they fail to gain the necessary credentials, they move to the less esteemed technical and vocational tracks. Therefore, the educational system has been called a 'cascade system'. We presume that this cascade system creates homogeneous expectations in the academic track, though heterogeneous expectations in the technical and vocational tracks. We use data from the International Study of City Youth (ISCY), gathered during the 2013-2014 school year from 2354 pupils of the tenth grade across 30 secondary schools in the city of Ghent, Flanders. Preliminary results suggest that the technical and vocational tracks show more heterogeneity in student’s expectations than the academic track. If tracking does not fulfill the desired goals in some tracks, tracking practices should be questioned as tracking occurs along social and ethnic lines, causing social inequality

Systemic Accumulation and Cost Re-Externalizations in the Green Economy

This thesis seeks to understand the repercussions of increasing ecological constraints and of the imperative of “greening” for the future of global capitalism. It engages in depth with the Green Economy (or green growth) approach developed by major international institutions (OECD, World Bank and UNEP) and focuses on the centrality, conditions, feasibility and by-effects of systemic accumulation in a green-capitalist economy. To theorize these, a conceptual framework is developed that distinguishes between political-economic and structural-economic constraints and comprises a set of functional and normative criteria for “green” capitalism (economic, ecological and social), potentially available “green” systemic accumulation strategies and empirically observable green-capitalist macro-strategies. This framework draws on a wide range of critical theory, including Marxian economics, regulation theory, world-systems analysis, Jason W. Moore’s world-ecology approach and further writings in political ecology. It is found that a combination of political-economic and structural-economic constraints renders the market-oriented Green Economy approach largely ineffectual with respect to its declared intentions. Its non-confrontational politics are too passive even to realize a minimal “passive revolution” in the Gramscian sense. Instead, the “actually emerging” Green Economy assumes the form of an Economy of Additionality that leaves the fossil-fueled infrastructure of global capitalism in place and develops little transformative power. Prevalent “green” strategies partially internalize socio-ecological costs only to re-externalize these to vulnerable populations and ecosystems, in violation of the Green Economy’s normative standards and “win-win-win” promise. Generally, most “greening” measures do not contribute positively to systemic accumulation but merely attempt, by rationalizing the maintenance of capital’s conditions of (re)production, to reduce the drag on accumulation exerted by ecological degradation and resource depletion. Against this background, the pressure for a “green-tech revolution” to resolve the fundamental capital—ecology contradiction is enormous, but the unprecedented absolute decoupling of systemic accumulation from environmental consumption remains physically and politically extremely unlikely, and “green” capitalism’s dependence on its realization is a very risky wager. These structural constraints equally apply to more politically balanced alternative green-capitalist projects such as neo-Keynesian proposals for a Green New Deal, suggesting systemic limits to the “greening” of capitalism. The hypothetical full internalization of socio-ecological costs, while not precisely quantifiable, might well render further systemic accumulation impossible by pushing down profit rates. Global capitalism is approaching planetary limits, the potential for the appropriation of “cheap nature” is increasingly exhausted – and “win-win-win” scenarios for nature, society and capital are not on the horizon.Diese Dissertation versucht die Folgen sich zuspitzender ökologischer Einschränkungen und des Imperativs der Nachhaltigkeit für die Zukunft des globalen Kapitalismus nachzuvollziehen. Sie beschäftigt sich eingehend mit den „Green Economy“- (bzw. „green growth”-)Modellen wichtiger internationaler Institutionen (OECD, Weltbank und UNEP) und konzentriert sich auf die Zentralität, Bedingungen, Machbarkeit und und Nebeneffekte systemischer Akkumulation in einer grün-kapitalistischen Ökonomie. Um diese theoretisch zu umreißen, wird ein konzeptuelles Gerüst entwickelt, das zwischen polit-ökonomischen und strukturell-ökonomischen Beschränkungen unterscheidet sowie einen Satz funktionaler und normativer Kriterien für einen „grünen“ Kapitalismus (ökonomisch, ökologisch und sozial), potentiell verfügbare „grüne“ systemische Akkumulationsstrategien und empirisch feststellbare grün-kapitalistische Makro-Strategien umfasst. Dieser theoretische Rahmen schöpft aus einer breiten Spanne an kritischer Theorie, darunter marxistische Wirtschaftstheorie, regulationstheoretische Ansätze, Weltsystemtheorie, Jason W. Moores world ecology-Ansatz und weitere Schriften in Politischer Ökologie. Im Ergebnis sorgt eine Verbindung aus polit-ökonomischen und strukturell-ökonomischen Beschränkungen dafür, dass der „Green Economy“-Ansatz im Hinblick auf seine erklärten Zielsetzungen größtenteils wirkungslos bleibt. Seine nichtkonfrontativen politischen Strategien sind zu passiv, um auch nur eine minimale „passive Revolution“ in Gramscis Sinne zu erwirken. Stattdessen entwickelt sich die tatsächlich entstehende Green Economy als eine Ökonomie der Zusätzlichkeit (Economy of Additionality), die die fossil betriebene Infrastruktur des globalen Kapitalismus unangetastet lässt und wenig transformative Kraft entfacht. Vorherrschende „grüne“ Strategien internalisieren sozial-ökologische Kosten partiell, nur um diese dann auf anfällige Bevölkerungsgruppen und Ökosysteme abzuwälzen (Re-Externalization), im Widerspruch zu den normativen Standards und den „Win-win-win“-Versprechen der „Green Economy“. Grundsätzlich tragen die meisten „grünen“ Maßnahmen nicht positiv zu systemischer Kapitalakkumulation bei, sondern versuchen lediglich, durch die rationalisierte Erhaltung der Grundlagen kapitalistischer (Re-)Produktion die negativen Auswirkungen ökologischer Beeinträchtigungen und schwindender Ressourcen auf den Akkumulationsprozess zu vermindern. Vor diesem Hintergrund besteht enormer Druck, durch eine „grüne technologische Revolution“ den fundamentalen Kapital/Ökologie-Widerspruch aufzulösen, doch die historisch beispiellose absolute Entkopplung systemischer Akkumulation von Umweltbeanspruchung bleibt physisch und politisch extrem unwahrscheinlich, und die Abhängigkeit des „grünen“ Kapitalismus von ihrer Realisierung bedeutet eine äußerst riskante Wette. Diese strukturellen Beschränkungen gelten ebenso für politisch ausgewogenere grün-kapitalistische Alternativprojekte wie die neo-keynesianischen Vorschläge für einen Green New Deal, was systemische Grenzen für eine „Ergrünung“ des Kapitalismus andeutet. Die vollständige Internalisierung sozio-ökologischer Kosten, wenngleich nicht genau quantifizierbar, könnte weitere systemische Akkumulation durch das Herabdrücken der Profitraten unmöglich machen. Der globale Kapitalismus nähert sich planetaren Grenzen, Potenziale für die Aneignung „billiger Natur“ (Cheap Nature) sind zunehmend ausgereizt – und “win win win”-Lösungen für Natur, Gesellschaft und Kapital sind nicht in Aussicht

Esa 12th Conference: Differences, Inequalities and Sociological Imagination: Abstract Book

Esa 12th Conference: Differences, Inequalities and Sociological Imagination: Abstract Boo