123,280 research outputs found
Variable Resolution Sampling and Deep Learning-Based Image Recovery for Faster Multi-Spectral Imaging Near Metal Implants
Purpose: In multi-spectral imaging (MSI), several fast spin echo volumes with
discrete Larmor frequency offsets are acquired in an interleaved fashion with
multiple concatenations. Here, a variable resolution (VR) method to nearly
halve scan time is proposed by only acquiring low resolution autocalibrating
signal in half of the concatenations.
Methods: Knee MSI datasets were retrospectively undersampled with the
proposed variable resolution sampling scheme. A U-Net model was trained to
predict the full-resolution images from the VR input. Image quality was
assessed in 10 test subjects.
Results: Spectral bin-combined images produced with the proposed variable
resolution sampling with deep learning reconstruction appear to be of high
quality and exhibited a median structural image similarity of 0.984 across test
subjects and slices.
Conclusion: The proposed variable resolution sampling method shows promise
for drastically reducing the time it takes to collect multi-spectral imaging
data near metallic implants. Further studies will rigorously examine its
clinical utility across multiple implant scenarios
Tilted black hole accretion disc models of Sagittarius A*: time-variable millimetre to near-infrared emission
High-resolution, multi-wavelength, and time-domain observations of the
Galactic centre black hole candidate, Sgr A*, allow for a direct test of
contemporary accretion theory. To date, all models have assumed alignment
between the accretion disc and black hole angular momentum axes, but this is
unjustified for geometrically thick accretion flows like that onto Sgr A*.
Instead, we calculate images and spectra from a set of simulations of accretion
flows misaligned ('tilted') by 15 degrees from the black hole spin axis and
compare them with millimetre (mm) to near-infrared (NIR) observations.
Non-axisymmetric standing shocks from eccentric fluid orbits dominate the
emission, leading to a wide range of possible image morphologies. These effects
invalidate previous parameter estimates from model fitting, including estimates
of the dimensionless black hole spin, except possibly at low values of spin or
tilt. At 1.3mm, the images have crescent morphologies, and the black hole
shadow may still be accessible to future mm-VLBI observations. Shock heating
leads to high energy electrons (T > 10^12 K), which can naturally produce the
observed NIR flux, spectral index, and rapid variability ('flaring'). This NIR
emission is uncorrelated with that in the mm, which also agrees with
observations.
These are the first models to self-consistently explain the time-variable mm
to NIR emission of Sgr A*. Predictions of the model include significant
structural changes observable with mm-VLBI on both the dynamical (hour) and
Lense-Thirring precession (day-year) timescales; and ~30-50 microarcsecond
changes in centroid position from extreme gravitational lensing events during
NIR flares, detectable with the future VLT instrument GRAVITY. If the observed
NIR emission is caused by shock heating in a tilted accretion disc, then the
Galactic centre black hole has a positive, non-zero spin parameter (a > 0).Comment: 17 pages, 18 figures, submitted to MNRAS; for movies and version with
high-res figures see http://astro.berkeley.edu/~jdexter/tiltedsgr
High temporal resolution arterial spin labeling MRI with whole-brain coverage by combining time-encoding with Look-Locker and simultaneous multi-slice imaging
PurposeThe goal of this study was to achieve high temporal resolution, multiâtime point pseudoâcontinuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) MRI in a timeâefficient manner, while maintaining wholeâbrain coverage.MethodsA Hadamard 8âmatrix was used to dynamically encode the pCASL labeling train, thereby providing the first source of temporal information. The second method for obtaining dynamic arterial spin labeling (ASL) signal consisted of a LookâLocker (LL) readout of 4 phases that are acquired with a flipâangle sweep to maintain constant sensitivity over the phases. To obtain wholeâbrain coverage in the short LL interval, 4 slices were excited simultaneously by multiâbanded radiofrequency pulses. After subtraction according to the Hadamard scheme, the ASL signal was corrected for the use of the flipâangle sweep and background suppression pulses. The BASIL toolkit of the Oxford Centre for FMRIB was used to quantify the ASL signal.ResultsBy combining a timeâencoded pCASL labeling scheme with an LL readout and simultaneous multiâslice acquisition, 28 time points of 16 slices with a 75â or 150âms time resolution were acquired in a total scan time of 10 minutes 20 seconds, from which cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps, arterial transit time maps, and arterial blood volume could be determined.ConclusionWholeâbrain ASL images were acquired with a 75âms time resolution for the angiography and 150âms resolution for the perfusion phase by combining the proposed techniques. Reducing the total scan time to 1 minute 18 seconds still resulted in reasonable CBF maps, which demonstrates the feasibility of this approach for practical studies on brain hemodynamics
A multi-inversion multi-echo spin and gradient echo echo planar imaging sequence with low image distortion for rapid quantitative parameter mapping and synthetic image contrasts
© 2021 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in MedicinePurpose: Brain imaging exams typically take 10-20 min and involve multiple sequential acquisitions. A low-distortion whole-brain echo planar imaging (EPI)-based approach was developed to efficiently encode multiple contrasts in one acquisition, allowing for calculation of quantitative parameter maps and synthetic contrast-weighted images. Methods: Inversion prepared spin- and gradient-echo EPI was developed with slice-order shuffling across measurements for efficient acquisition with T1, T2, and (Formula presented.) weighting. A dictionary-matching approach was used to fit the images to quantitative parameter maps, which in turn were used to create synthetic weighted images with typical clinical contrasts. Dynamic slice-optimized multi-coil shimming with a B0 shim array was used to reduce B0 inhomogeneity and, therefore, image distortion by >50%. Multi-shot EPI was also implemented to minimize distortion and blurring while enabling high in-plane resolution. A low-rank reconstruction approach was used to mitigate errors from shot-to-shot phase variation. Results: The slice-optimized shimming approach was combined with in-plane parallel-imaging acceleration of 4à to enable single-shot EPI with more than eight-fold distortion reduction. The proposed sequence efficiently obtained 40 contrasts across the whole-brain in just over 1 min at 1.2 à 1.2 à 3 mm resolution. The multi-shot variant of the sequence achieved higher in-plane resolution of 1 à 1 à 4 mm with good image quality in 4 min. Derived quantitative maps showed comparable values to conventional mapping methods. Conclusion: The approach allows fast whole-brain imaging with quantitative parameter maps and synthetic weighted contrasts. The slice-optimized multi-coil shimming and multi-shot reconstruction approaches result in minimal EPI distortion, giving the sequence the potential to be used in rapid screening applications.11Nsciescopu
Turbo-FLASH based arterial spin labeled perfusion MRI at 7 T.
Motivations of arterial spin labeling (ASL) at ultrahigh magnetic fields include prolonged blood T1 and greater signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). However, increased B0 and B1 inhomogeneities and increased specific absorption ratio (SAR) challenge practical ASL implementations. In this study, Turbo-FLASH (Fast Low Angle Shot) based pulsed and pseudo-continuous ASL sequences were performed at 7T, by taking advantage of the relatively low SAR and short TE of Turbo-FLASH that minimizes susceptibility artifacts. Consistent with theoretical predictions, the experimental data showed that Turbo-FLASH based ASL yielded approximately 4 times SNR gain at 7T compared to 3T. High quality perfusion images were obtained with an in-plane spatial resolution of 0.85Ă1.7 mm(2). A further functional MRI study of motor cortex activation precisely located the primary motor cortex to the precentral gyrus, with the same high spatial resolution. Finally, functional connectivity between left and right motor cortices as well as supplemental motor area were demonstrated using resting state perfusion images. Turbo-FLASH based ASL is a promising approach for perfusion imaging at 7T, which could provide novel approaches to high spatiotemporal resolution fMRI and to investigate the functional connectivity of brain networks at ultrahigh field
Advanced magneto-optical microscopy: Imaging from picoseconds to centimeters - imaging spin waves and temperature distributions (invited)
© 2016 Author(s).Recent developments in the observation of magnetic domains and domain walls by wide-field optical microscopy based on the magneto-optical Kerr, Faraday, Voigt, and Gradient effect are reviewed. Emphasis is given to the existence of higher order magneto-optical effects for advanced magnetic imaging. Fundamental concepts and advances in methodology are discussed that allow for imaging of magnetic domains on various length and time scales. Time-resolved imaging of electric field induced domain wall rotation is shown. Visualization of magnetization dynamics down to picosecond temporal resolution for the imaging of spin-waves and magneto-optical multi-effect domain imaging techniques for obtaining vectorial information are demonstrated. Beyond conventional domain imaging, the use of a magneto-optical indicator technique for local temperature sensing is shown
Shape modeling technique KOALA validated by ESA Rosetta at (21) Lutetia
We present a comparison of our results from ground-based observations of
asteroid (21) Lutetia with imaging data acquired during the flyby of the
asteroid by the ESA Rosetta mission. This flyby provided a unique opportunity
to evaluate and calibrate our method of determination of size, 3-D shape, and
spin of an asteroid from ground-based observations. We present our 3-D
shape-modeling technique KOALA which is based on multi-dataset inversion. We
compare the results we obtained with KOALA, prior to the flyby, on asteroid
(21) Lutetia with the high-spatial resolution images of the asteroid taken with
the OSIRIS camera on-board the ESA Rosetta spacecraft, during its encounter
with Lutetia. The spin axis determined with KOALA was found to be accurate to
within two degrees, while the KOALA diameter determinations were within 2% of
the Rosetta-derived values. The 3-D shape of the KOALA model is also confirmed
by the spectacular visual agreement between both 3-D shape models (KOALA pre-
and OSIRIS post-flyby). We found a typical deviation of only 2 km at local
scales between the profiles from KOALA predictions and OSIRIS images, resulting
in a volume uncertainty provided by KOALA better than 10%. Radiometric
techniques for the interpretation of thermal infrared data also benefit greatly
from the KOALA shape model: the absolute size and geometric albedo can be
derived with high accuracy, and thermal properties, for example the thermal
inertia, can be determined unambiguously. We consider this to be a validation
of the KOALA method. Because space exploration will remain limited to only a
few objects, KOALA stands as a powerful technique to study a much larger set of
small bodies using Earth-based observations.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in P&S
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