Passively mode-locked laser using an entirely centred erbium-doped fiber

This paper describes the setup and experimental results for an entirely centred erbium-doped fiber laser with passively mode-locked output. The gain medium of the ring laser cavity configuration comprises a 3 m length of two-core optical fiber, wherein an undoped outer core region of 9.38 μm diameter surrounds a 4.00 μm diameter central core region doped with erbium ions at 400 ppm concentration. The generated stable soliton mode-locking output has a central wavelength of 1533 nm and pulses that yield an average output power of 0.33 mW with a pulse energy of 31.8 pJ. The pulse duration is 0.7 ps and the measured output repetition rate of 10.37 MHz corresponds to a 96.4 ns pulse spacing in the pulse train

A Framework for Medical Images Classification Using Soft Set

AbstractMedical images classification is a significant research area that receives growing attention from both the research community and medicine industry. It addresses the problem of diagnosis, analysis and teaching purposes in medicine. For these several medical imaging modalities and applications based on data mining techniques have been proposed and developed. Thus, the primary objective of medical images classification is not only to achieve good accuracy but to understand which parts of anatomy are affected by the disease to help clinicians in early diagnosis of the pathology and in learning the progression of a disease. This furnishes motivation from the advancement in data mining techniques and particularly in soft set, to propose a classification algorithm based on the notions of soft set theory. As a result, a new framework for medical imaging classification consisting of six phases namely: data acquisition, data pre-processing, data partition, soft set classifier, data analysis and performance evolution is presented. It is expected that soft set classifier will provide better results in terms of sensitivity, specificity, running time and overall classifier accuracy

Medical diagnosis of atherosclerosis from Carotid Artery Doppler Signals using principal component analysis (PCA), k-NN based weighting pre-processing and Artificial Immune Recognition System (AIRS)

In this study, we proposed a new medical diagnosis system based on principal component analysis (PCA), k-NN based weighting preprocessing, and Artificial Immune Recognition System (AIRS) for diagnosis of atherosclerosis from Carotid Artery Doppler Signals. The suggested system consists of four stages. First, in the feature extraction stage, we have obtained the features related with atherosclerosis disease using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) modeling and by calculating of maximum frequency envelope of sonograms. Second, in the dimensionality reduction stage, the 61 features of atherosclerosis disease have been reduced to 4 features using PCA. Third, in the pre-processing stage, we have weighted these 4 features using different values of k in a new weighting scheme based on k-NN based weighting pre-processing. Finally, in the classification stage, AIRS classifier has been used to classify subjects as healthy or having atherosclerosis. Hundred percent of classification accuracy has been obtained by the proposed system using 10-fold cross validation. This success shows that the proposed system is a robust and effective system in diagnosis of atherosclerosis disease. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Integrasi Metode Sample Bootstrapping dan Weighted Principal Component Analysis untuk Meningkatkan Performa K Nearest Neighbor pada Dataset Besar

Algoritma k Nearest Neighbor (kNN) merupakan metode untuk melakukan klasifikasi terhadap objek baru berdasarkan k tetangga terdekatnya. Algoritma kNN memiliki kelebihan karena sederhana, efektif dan telah banyak digunakan pada banyak masalah klasifikasi. Namun algoritma kNN memiliki kelemahan jika digunakan pada dataset yang besar karena membutuhkan waktu komputasi cukup tinggi. Pada penelitian ini integrasi metode Sample Bootstrapping dan Weighted Principal Component Analysis (PCA) diusulkan untuk meningkatkan akurasi dan waktu komputasi yang optimal pada algoritma kNN. Metode Sample Bootstrapping digunakan untuk mengurangi jumlah data training yang akan diproses. Metode Weighted PCA digunakan dalam mengurangi atribut. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan dataset yang memiliki dataset training yang besar yaitu Landsat Satellite sebesar 4435 data dan Tyroid sebesar 3772 data. Dari hasil penelitian, integrasi algoritma kNN dengan Sample Bootstrapping dan Weighted PCA pada dataset Landsat Satellite akurasinya meningkat 0.77% (91.40%-90.63%) dengan selisih waktu 9 (1-10) detik dibandingkan algoritma kNN standar. Integrasi algoritma kNN dengan Sample Bootstrapping dan Weighted PCA pada dataset Thyroid akurasinya meningkat 3.10% (89.31%-86.21%) dengan selisih waktu 11 (1-12) detik dibandingkan algoritma kNN standar. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa integrasi algoritma kNN dengan Sample Bootstrapping dan Weighted PCA menghasilkan akurasi dan waktu komputasi yang lebih baik daripada algoritma kNN standar

Automated Prediction of Hepatic Arterial Stenosis

Title from PDF of title page viewed June 20, 2017Thesis advisor: Deendayal DinakarpandianVitaIncludes bibliographical references (pages 41-43)Thesis (M.S.)--School of Computing and Engineering. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2017Several thousand life-saving liver transplants are performed each year. One of the causes of early transplant failure is arterial stenosis of the anastomotic junction. Early detection of transplant arterial stenosis can help prevent transplant failure and the need to re-transplant. Doppler ultrasound with manual measurements is the most common screening method, but it suffers from poor specificity when thresholded to reduce false negatives. Positive screening cases proceed to angiography, which is an invasive and expensive procedure. A more accurate test could decrease the number of normal patients who would have to undergo this invasive diagnostic procedure. Machine learning models have shown promise in determining stenosis in the carotid artery; however, they have yet to be tested on the less ideal data hepatic arteries generate. Software has been created to extract liver artery Doppler ultrasound information in an automated fashion to predict stenosis. A turnkey approach is utilized to refine the region prior to extraction. Current methods of extraction generate waveforms with an average percent error per pixel of 6.5 percent from a human drawn waveform. Single feature models and machine learning models performed similarly when predicting stenosis; however, when thresholded for high sensitivity (greater than 0.90), random forest models had the highest specificity at 1.0 sensitivity and 0.60 specificity.Introduction -- Literature review -- Methodology -- Results -- Future wor

Decision support continuum paradigm for cardiovascular disease: Towards personalized predictive models

Clinical decision making is a ubiquitous and frequent task physicians make in their daily clinical practice. Conventionally, physicians adopt a cognitive predictive modelling process (i.e. knowledge and experience learnt from past lecture, research, literature, patients, etc.) for anticipating or ascertaining clinical problems based on clinical risk factors that they deemed to be most salient. However, with the inundation of health data and the confounding characteristics of diseases, more effective clinical prediction approaches are required to address these challenges. Approximately a few century ago, the first major transformation of medical practice took place as science-based approaches emerged with compelling results. Now, in the 21st century, new advances in science will once again transform healthcare. Data science has been postulated as an important component in this healthcare reform and has received escalating interests for its potential for ‘personalizing’ medicine. The key advantages of having personalized medicine include, but not limited to, (1) more effective methods for disease prevention, management and treatment, (2) improved accuracy for clinical diagnosis and prognosis, (3) provide patient-oriented personal health plan, and (4) cost containment. In view of the paramount importance of personalized predictive models, this thesis proposes 2 novel learning algorithms (i.e. an immune-inspired algorithm called the Evolutionary Data-Conscious Artificial Immune Recognition System, and a neural-inspired algorithm called the Artificial Neural Cell System for classification) and 3 continuum-based paradigms (i.e. biological, time and age continuum) for enhancing clinical prediction. Cardiovascular disease has been selected as the disease under investigation as it is an epidemic and major health concern in today’s world. We believe that our work has a meaningful and significant impact to the development of future healthcare system and we look forward to the wide adoption of advanced medical technologies by all care centres in the near future.Open Acces

Signal processing and machine learning techniques for Doppler ultrasound haemodynamic measurements

Haemodynamic monitoring is an invaluable tool for evaluating, diagnosing and treating the cardiovascular system, and is an integral component of intensive care units, obstetrics wards and other medical units. Doppler ultrasound provides a non-invasive, cost-effective and fast means of haemodynamic monitoring, which traditionally necessitates highly invasive methods such as Pulmonary artery catheter or transoesophageal echocardiography. However, Doppler ultrasound scan acquisition requires a highly experienced operator and can be very challenging. Machine learning solutions that quantify and guide the scanning process in an automatic and intelligent manner could overcome these limitations and lead to routine monitoring. Development of such methods is the primary goal of the presented work. In response to this goal, this thesis proposes a suite of signal processing and machine learning techniques. Among these is a new and real-time method of maximum frequency envelope estimation. This method, which is based on image-processing techniques and is highly adaptive to varying signal quality, was developed to facilitate automatic and consistent extraction of features from Doppler ultrasound measurements. Through a thorough evaluation, this method was demonstrated to be accurate and more stable than alternative state-of-art methods. Two novel real-time methods of beat segmentation, which operate using the maximum frequency envelope, were developed to enable systematic feature extraction from individual cardiac cycles. These methods do not require any additional hardware, such as an electrocardiogram machine, and are fully automatic, real-time and highly resilient to noise. These qualities are not available in existing methods. Extensive evaluation demonstrated the methods to be highly successful. A host of machine learning solutions were analysed, designed and evaluated. This led to a set of novel features being proposed for Doppler ultrasound analysis. In addition, a state of- the-art image recognition classification method, hitherto undocumented for Doppler ultrasound analysis, was shown to be superior to more traditional modelling approaches. These contributions facilitated the design of two innovative types of feedback. To reflect beneficial probe movements, which are otherwise difficult to distinguish, a regression model to quantitatively score ultrasound measurements was proposed. This feedback was shown to be highly correlated with an ideal response. The second type of feedback explicitly predicted beneficial probe movements. This was achieved using classification models with up to five categories, giving a more challenging scenario than those addressed in prior disease classification work. Evaluation of these, for the first time, demonstrated that Doppler scan information can be used to automatically indicate probe position. Overall, the presented work includes significant contributions for Doppler ultrasound analysis, it proposes valuable new machine learning techniques, and with continued work, could lead to solutions that unlock the full potential of Doppler ultrasound haemodynamic monitoring

Machine learning based data pre-processing for the purpose of medical data mining and decision support

Building an accurate and reliable model for prediction for different application domains, is one of the most significant challenges in knowledge discovery and data mining. Sometimes, improved data quality is itself the goal of the analysis, usually to improve processes in a production database and the designing of decision support. As medicine moves forward there is a need for sophisticated decision support systems that make use of data mining to support more orthodox knowledge engineering and Health Informatics practice. However, the real-life medical data rarely complies with the requirements of various data mining tools. It is often inconsistent, noisy, containing redundant attributes, in an unsuitable format, containing missing values and imbalanced with regards to the outcome class label.Many real-life data sets are incomplete, with missing values. In medical data mining the problem with missing values has become a challenging issue. In many clinical trials, the medical report pro-forma allow some attributes to be left blank, because they are inappropriate for some class of illness or the person providing the information feels that it is not appropriate to record the values for some attributes. The research reported in this thesis has explored the use of machine learning techniques as missing value imputation methods. The thesis also proposed a new way of imputing missing value by supervised learning. A classifier was used to learn the data patterns from a complete data sub-set and the model was later used to predict the missing values for the full dataset. The proposed machine learning based missing value imputation was applied on the thesis data and the results are compared with traditional Mean/Mode imputation. Experimental results show that all the machine learning methods which we explored outperformed the statistical method (Mean/Mode).The class imbalance problem has been found to hinder the performance of learning systems. In fact, most of the medical datasets are found to be highly imbalance in their class label. The solution to this problem is to reduce the gap between the minority class samples and the majority class samples. Over-sampling can be applied to increase the number of minority class sample to balance the data. The alternative to over-sampling is under-sampling where the size of majority class sample is reduced. The thesis proposed one cluster based under-sampling technique to reduce the gap between the majority and minority samples. Different under-sampling and over-sampling techniques were explored as ways to balance the data. The experimental results show that for the thesis data the new proposed modified cluster based under-sampling technique performed better than other class balancing techniques.In further research it is found that the class imbalance problem not only affects the classification performance but also has an adverse effect on feature selection. The thesis proposed a new framework for feature selection for class imbalanced datasets. The research found that, using the proposed framework the classifier needs less attributes to show high accuracy, and more attributes are needed if the data is highly imbalanced.The research described in the thesis contains the flowing four novel main contributions.a) Improved data mining methodology for mining medical datab) Machine learning based missing value imputation methodc) Cluster Based semi-supervised class balancing methodd) Feature selection framework for class imbalance datasetsThe performance analysis and comparative study show that the use of proposed method of missing value imputation, class balancing and feature selection framework can provide an effective approach to data preparation for building medical decision support

Physical science techniques for non-invasive, quantitative measurements within the living human body

The research in this thesis focuses on the use of a range of physical science techniques to perform quantitative measurements within the living human body in a non-invasive manner, for the purpose of understanding disease processes, diagnosing abnormality or monitoring therapeutic responses. The research publications cover work which has been undertaken over the last thirty years in the Universities of Edinburgh, London and Leeds. The research has not concentrated on one aspect of the physical sciences but has taken advantage of scientific and technological developments, encompassing neutron, X and y ionising radiation, laser and THz non-ionising radiation, magnetism, radio-waves and a range of mathematical and computing techniques. Clinical applications have encompassed a wide range of diseases and conditions and include osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases, cardiac disease, vascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.PUBLICATIONS • • BONE MEASUREMENT • 1. Development of apparatus to measure calcium changes in the forearm and spine by neutron activation analysis using Cf-252 (*PhD) MA Smith and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 24, 319-329, 1979 2. Measurement of spinal calcium by in vivo neutron activation analysis in osteoporosis (*PhD) MA Smith, R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, LG Mcintosh, JD Simpson, JA Strong and P Tothill Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 2, 45-48, 1981 3. Long term effect of dialysate calcuim and 1a -OHD3 on bone calcium in haemodialysis patients as measured by neutron activation analysis of the forearm (*PhD) MA Smith, RJ Winney, JA Strong and P Tothill Nephron 28, 213-217, 1981 4. Total body neutron activation analysis of calcium: calibration and normalisation NSJ Kennedy, R Eastell, CM Ferrington, JD Simpson, MA Smith, JA Strong and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 27, 697-708, 1982 5. The crossover correction in dual photon absorptiometry with Gd-153 MA Smith and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 27, 1515-1521, 1982 6. Bone demineralisation in patients with Turner's syndrome MA Smith, J Wilson and WH Price Journal of Medical Genetics 19, 100-103, 1982 7. Total body calcium in rheumatoid arthritis: effects of disease activity and corticosteroid treatment DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki British Medical Journal 285, 330-332 1982 8. Comparison between Gd-153 and Am-241, Cs-137 for dual photon absorptiometry of the spine MA Smith, D Sutton and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 28, 709-721, 1983 9. Intra-laboratory variations using dual photon absorptiometry MA Smith and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 28, 748-751, 1983 10. Dual photon absorptiometry of the spine with a low activity source of gadolinium 153 P Tothill, MA Smith and D Sutton British Journal of Radiology 56, 829-835, 1983 11. Normal levels of total body sodium and chlorine by neutron activation analysis NSJ Kennedy, R Eastell, P Tothill and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 28, 215-222, 1983 12. The assessment of postmenopausal osteoporosis by total body neutron activation analysis R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, JD Simpson, JA Strong and P Tothill Metabolic Bone Disease and Related Research 5, 65-67, 1983 13. Bone mass in nodal primary generalised osteoarthritis DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 43, 240-242, 1984 14. Changes in total body calcium after renal transplantation effect of low-dose steroid regime R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and JL Anderton Nephron 40, 139-142, 1985 15. The seasonal variation of total body calcium P Tothill, NSJ Kennedy, JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, DM Reid and G Nuki Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 7, 361-367, 1986 16. Bone mass in ankylosing spondylitis DM Reid, JJ Nicoll, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki Journal of Rheumatology 13, 932-935, 1986 17. Corticosteroids and bone mass in asthma: comparisons with rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica DM Reid, JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, B Higgins, P Tothill and G Nuki British Medical Journal 293, 1463-1466, 1986 18. Total and peripheral bone mass in patients with psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki Clinical Rheumatology 5, No 3, 372-278, 1986 19. Changes in total body calcium following surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and CRW Edwards Bone 7, 269-272 1986 20. Bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis and primary generalized osteoarthrosis: effects of corticosteroids, suppressive antirheumatic drugs drugs and calcium supplements DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, JJ Nicoll, N Brown, P Tothill and G Nuki British Journal of Rheumatology 25, 253-259, 1986 21. Measurement of hand bone mineral content using single-photon absorptiometry JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, DM Reid, E Law, N Brown, P Tothill and G Nuki Physics in Medicine and Biology 32, 697-706, 1987 22. In-vivo precision of total body calcium and sodium measurements by neutron activation analysis JJ Nicoll, P Tothill, MA Smith, DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy and G Nuki Physics in Medicine and Biology 32, 243-246, 1987 23. Prediction of fracture healing in the tibia by quantitative radionuclide imaging MA Smith, E Jones, R Strachan, P Tothill, JJK Best and SPF Hughes Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 69-B, 441-448, 1987 24. Premenopausal bone loss in the lumbar spine and neck of femur: a study of 225 Caucasian women A Rodin, B Murby, MA Smith, M Caleffi, I Fentiman, MG Chapman and I Fogelman Bone 11, 1-5, 1990 25. Bone ultrasound attenuation in women: reproducibility, normal variation and comparison woth photon absorptiometry JG Truscott, M Simpson, SP Stewart, R Milner, CF Westmacott, B Oldroyd, JA Evans, A Horsman, CM Langton and MA Smith Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 13, 29-36, 1992 26. The use of a radiation sensitive CCD camera system to measure bone mineral content in the neonatal forearm: a feasibility study JG Truscott, R Milner, S Metcalfe and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 37, 1391-1397, 1992 27. Primary Generalised Osteoarthritis and Bone Mass LD Hordon, SP Stewart, PR Troughton, V Wright, A Horsman and MA Smith British Journal of Rheumatology 32, 1059-1061, 1993 28. Variation in lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral measured by dual energy X-ray absorption: a study of 329 normal women JG Truscott, B Oldroyd, M Simpson, SP Stewart, CF Westmacott, R Milner, A Horsman and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 66, 514-521, 1993 29. A phantom for quantitative ultrasound of trabecular bone AJ Clarke, JA Evans, JG Truscott, R Milner and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 39, 1677-1687, 1994 30. Comparison of changes in bone mineral in idiopathic and secondary osteoporosis following therapy with cyclical disodium etidronate and high dose calcium supplementation SM Orme, M Simpson, SP Stewart, B Oldroyd, CF Westmacott, MA Smith and PE Belchetz Clinical Endocrinology 41(2), 245-50, 1994 31. A portable system for measuring bone mineral density in the pre-term neonatal forearm JG Truscott, R Milner, PC Holland, C Wood and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 69, 532-8, 1996 32. Assessment of renal osteodystrophy in dialysis patients: use of bone alkaline phosphatase, bone mineral density and parathyroid ultrasound in comparison with bone histology S Fletcher, RG Jones, HC Rayner, P Harnden, LD Hordon, JE Aaron, B Oldroyd, AM Brownjohn, JH Turney and MA Smith Nephron 75(4), 412-9, 1997 33. Regional bone mineral density after orthotopic liver transplantation SH Hussaini, B Oldroyd, SP Stewart, F Roman, MA Smith, S Pollard, P Lodge, JG O'Grady and MS Losowsky European Journal of Gastroenterology Hepatology 11(2), 157-63, 1999 • PATENTS (COPIES NOT INCLUDED) • 34. Material to mimic bone and its interaction with ultrasound J Clarke, JA Evans, R Milner and MA Smith 1994 35. Anthropomorphic spinal phantom R Milner, E Berry and MA Smith 1999 • STATISTICS • 36. The comparison of neutron activation analysis and photon absorptiometry at the same part body site MA Smith, RA Elton and P Tothill Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 2, 1-7, 1981 37. Survival after peptic ulcer surgery AH McLean Ross, J Anderson, WP Small and MA Smith British Medical Journal 282, 1472, 1981 38. Late mortality after surgery for peptic ulcer AH McLean Ross, MA Smith, JR Anderson and WP Small New England Journal of Medicine 307, 519-522, 1982 39. Survival after surgery WP Small, MA Smith and AH MacLean-Ross British Medical Journal 289, 108-109, 1984 40. Metabolism of sodium pentosan polysulphate in man-catabolism of iodinated derivatives IR MacGregor, J Davies, L Paton, DS Pepper, CV Prowse and MA Smith Thrombosis and Haemostasis 51, 321-325, 1984 41. Correction factors for gravimetric measurement of peritumoural oedema in man BA Bell, MA Smith, JL Tocher and JD Miller British Journal of Neurosurgery 1, 435-440, 1987 42. Inter-individual differences in the pituitary-thyroid axis influence the interpretation of thyroid function tests CA Meier, MN Maisey, A Lowry, J Muller and MA Smith Clinical Endocrinology 39, 101-107, 1993 • MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING • 43. The installation of a commercial resistive NMR imager MA Smith, JJK Best, RHB Douglas and DM Kean British Journal of Radiology 57, 1145-1158, 1984 44. Brain water in chronic alcoholic patients measured by magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith, J Chick, DM Kean, RHB Douglas, A Singer, RE Kendell and JJK Best Lancet i, 1273-1274, 1985 45. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy M Been, DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas, JJK Best, and AL Muir British Heart Journal 54, 48-52, 1985 46. Two examples of CNS lipomas demonstrated by CT and low field MRI DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas, CN Martyn and JJK Best Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 9(3), 494-496, 1985 47. Characterisation of acute myocardial infarction by gated magnetic resonance imaging M Been, MA Smith, JP Ridgway, JWE Brydon, RHB Douglas, DM Kean, JJK Best and AL Muir Lancet ii, 348-350, 1985 48. Brain water measured in volunteers after alcohol and vasopressin AJ Mander, MA Smith, DM Kean, J Chick, RHB Douglas, AU Rehman, GJ Weppner and JJK Best Lancet, ii, 1075, 1985 49. ECG gated T1 images of the heart MA Smith, JP Ridgway, JWE Brydon, M Been, RHB Douglas, DM Kean, JJK Best and AL Muir Physics in Medicine and Biology 31, 771-778, 1986 50. The absence of tissue specificity in MRI using in-vivo T1 or T2 determination - true biological variation or technical artefact? MA Smith and DG Taylor British Journal of Radiology 59, 82-83, 1986 51. A description of a low field resistive magnetic resonance imaging system and its application in imaging midline central nervous system pathology DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas and JJK Best Clinical Radiology, 37, 211-217, 1986 52. A technique for velocity imaging using magnetic resonance imaging JP Ridgway and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 59, 603-607, 1986 53. Correlation of human NMR T1 values measured in vivo and brain water content HL MacDonald, BA Bell, MA Smith, DM Kean, JL Tocher, RHB Douglas, JD Miller and JJK Best British Journal of Radiology 59, 355-357, 1986 54. A surface coil design for a vertical field MRI system and its application in imaging the breast MA Smith and DW Pye Magnetic Resonance Imaging 4, 455-560 1986 55. Cardiac gating in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology 10(6), 325-328, 1986 56. Brain water measured by magnetic resonance imaging: correlation with direct estimation and changes after mannitol and dexamethasone BA Bell, MA Smith, DM Kean, CNJ McGhee, HL MacDonald, JD Miller, GH Barnett, JL Tocher, RHB Douglas, JJK Best The Lancet (i), 66-69, 1987 57. Demonstration of pulsatile cerebrospinal-fluid using magnetic resonance phase imaging JP Ridgway, LW Turnbull and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 60, 423-427, 1987 58. Magnetic resonance flow imaging: a possible method for distinguishing communicating syringomyelia from cystic intraspinal lesions LW Turnbull, JP Ridgway, MA Smith and JJK Best British Journal of Radiology 60, 517-518, 1987 59. Cerebral and brain stem changes after ECT revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging AJ Mander, A Whitfield, DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas and RE Kendell British Journal of Psychiatry 151, 69-71, 1987 60. Serial changes in the T1 magnetic relaxation parameter after myocardial infarction in man M Been, MA Smith, JP Ridgway, RHB Douglas, DP De Bono, JJK Best and AL Muir British Heart Journal 59, 1-8, 1988 61. Myocardial involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus detected by magnetic resonance imaging M Been, BJ Thompson, MA Smith, JP Ridgway, RHB Douglas, JJK Best and AL Muir European Heart Journal 9 1250-1256, 1988 62. Brain hydration during alcohol withdrawal in alcoholics measured by magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith, JD Chick, HM Engelman, DM Kean, AJ Mander, RHB Douglas and JJK Best Drug and Alcohol Dependence 21, 25, 1988 63. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in-vivo DA Porter, MA Smith Journal of Biomedical Engineering 10, 562-567, 1988 64. Blood flow imaging by magnetic resonance DJ West, M Tarnawski, MJ Graves, MG Taylor, S Padayachee, VT Ayton and MA Smith Medicamundi 33, 101-111, 1988 65. Magnetic resonance imaging of the infant heart at 15T MA Smith, EJ Baker, VT Ayton, JM Parsons, EJ Ladusans and MN Maisey British Journal of Radiology 62, 367-370, 1989 66. High field strength magnetic resonance imaging of ventricular septal defects in infants EJ Baker, VT Ayton, MA Smith, JM Parsons, EJ Ladusans, RH Anderson, M Tynan and NLK Fagg British Heart Journal 62, 305-310, 1989 67. Magnetic resonance imaging of coarctation of the aorta in infants: use of high field strength EJ Baker, VT Ayton, MA Smith, JM Parsons, EJ Ladusans, RH Anderson, M Tynan, AK Yates and PB Deverall British Heart Journal 62, 97-101, 1989 68. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in alcoholics: cerebral atrophy, lifetime alcohol consumption and cognitive defects JD Chick, MA Smith, HM Engleman, DM Kean, AJ Mander, RHB Douglas and JJK Best Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 13, 512-517, 1989 69. Phospholipids are visible in P-31 NMR spectra of human breast tumours M Lowry, DA Porter, CJJ Twelves, PE Heasley, PB Garlick, MA Smith, RD Rubens, MN Maiseyand MA Richards Biochemical Society Transactions 17, 1053-1054, 1989 70. The measurement and visualisation of vessel blood flow by magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 11,2, 101-123, 1990 71. A method for characterising localisation techniques in volume selected nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy SF Keevil, DA Porter and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 35(7), 821-834, 1990 72. The measurement of time-averaged flow by magnetic resonance imaging using continuous acquisition in the carotid arteries and its comparison with Doppler ultrasound M Tarnawski, S Padayachee, DJ West, MJ Graves, V Ayton, MG Taylor and MA Smith Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 11(1), 27-36, 1990 73. Measurement of time-averaged flow in the middle cerebral artery by magnetic resonance imaging M Tarnawski, S Padayachee, MJ Graves, V Ayton, MG Taylor and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 64, 178-181, 1991 74. Visibility of phosholopids in 31P NMR spectra of human breast tumours in-vivo M Lowry, DA Porter, CJ Twelves, PE Heasley, MA Smith and MA Richards NMR in Biomedicine 5, 37-42, 1992 75. Experimental characterisation of the ISIS Technique for volume selected NMR spectroscopy SF Keevil, DA Porter and MA Smith NMR in Biomedicine 5, 200-208, 1992 76. Rapid dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver and portal vein J Ward, D Martinez, AG Chalmers, J Ridgway, P Robinson and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 66, 214-222, 1993 77. Phosphorus-31 metabolism of human breast - an in-vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 1,5T CJ Twelves, M Lowry, DA Porter, NA Dobbs, PE Graves, MA Smith and MA Richards British Journal of Radiology 67, 36-45, 1994 78. Phosphorus-31 metabolism of post-menopausal breast cancer studied in vivo by magnetic resonance CJ Twelves, DA Porter, M Lowry, NA Dobbs, PE Graves, MA Smith, Rubens RD and MA Richards British Journal of Cancer 69(6), 1151-6, 1994 79. Stepping-table gadolinium-enhanced digital subtraction MR angiography of the aorta and lower extremity arteries: preliminary experience JF Meaney, JP Ridgway, S Chakraverty, I Robertson, D Kessel, A Radjenovic, M Kouwenhoven, A Kassner and MA Smith Radiology 211(1), 59-67, 1999 80. Quantitative comparison of intrabrain diffusion in adults and preterm and term neonates and infants SF Tanner, LA Ramenghi, JP Ridgway, E Berry, MA Saysell, D Martinez, RJ Arthur, MA Smith and Ml Levene American Journal of Roentgenology 174(6), 1643-9, 2000 81. A systematic review of the precision and accuracy of dose measurements in photon radiotherapy using polymer and Fricke MRI gel dosimetry ND MacDougall, WG Pitchford and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 47, 107-121, 2002 Response to comments: Physics in Medicine and Biology 48, L19 - 22, 2003 82. Cerebral perfusion in infants and neonates: preliminary results obtained using dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced MRI SF Tanner, LG Cornette, LA Ramenghi, LS Miall, JP Ridgway, MA Smith and Ml Levene Archives for Disease in Childhood 88(6), F525-530, 2003 83. Evaluation of the dosimetric performance of BANG3 polymer gels ND MacDougall, ME Miquel, DJ Wilson, SF Keevil and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 50, 1717 - 1726, 2005 84. T1 measurement using a short acquisition period for quantitative cardiac applications DM Higgins, JP Ridgway, A Radjenovic, UM Sivananthan, and MA Smith Medical Physics 32, 1738-1746, 2005 85. A method for pharmacokinetic modeling of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI studies of rapidly enhancing lesions acquired in a clinical setting A Radjenovic, JP Ridgway and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 51, N187-N197, 2006 • PATENTS (COPIES NOT INCLUDED) • 86. Surface coils for magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith 1986 87. Sympathetic resonance in magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith 198