922 research outputs found

    LIPIcs, Volume 251, ITCS 2023, Complete Volume

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    LIPIcs, Volume 251, ITCS 2023, Complete Volum

    Study of Climate Variability Patterns at Different Scales – A Complex Network Approach

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    Das Klimasystem der Erde besteht aus zahlreichen interagierenden Teilsystemen, die sich ĂŒber verschiedene Zeitskalen hinweg verĂ€ndern, was zu einer Ă€ußerst komplizierten rĂ€umlich-zeitlichen KlimavariabilitĂ€t fĂŒhrt. Das VerstĂ€ndnis von Prozessen, die auf verschiedenen rĂ€umlichen und zeitlichen Skalen ablaufen, ist ein entscheidender Aspekt bei der numerischen Wettervorhersage. Die VariabilitĂ€t des Klimas, ein sich selbst konstituierendes System, scheint in Mustern auf großen Skalen organisiert zu sein. Die Verwendung von Klimanetzwerken hat sich als erfolgreicher Ansatz fĂŒr die Erkennung der rĂ€umlichen Ausbreitung dieser großrĂ€umigen Muster in der VariabilitĂ€t des Klimasystems erwiesen. In dieser Arbeit wird mit Hilfe von Klimanetzwerken gezeigt, dass die KlimavariabilitĂ€t nicht nur auf grĂ¶ĂŸeren Skalen (Asiatischer Sommermonsun, El Niño/Southern Oscillation), sondern auch auf kleineren Skalen, z.B. auf Wetterzeitskalen, in Mustern organisiert ist. Dies findet Anwendung bei der Erkennung einzelner tropischer WirbelstĂŒrme, bei der Charakterisierung binĂ€rer Wirbelsturm-Interaktionen, die zu einer vollstĂ€ndigen Verschmelzung fĂŒhren, und bei der Untersuchung der intrasaisonalen und interannuellen VariabilitĂ€t des Asiatischen Sommermonsuns. Schließlich wird die Anwendbarkeit von Klimanetzwerken zur Analyse von Vorhersagefehlern demonstriert, was fĂŒr die Verbesserung von Vorhersagen von immenser Bedeutung ist. Da korrelierte Fehler durch vorhersagbare Beziehungen zwischen Fehlern verschiedener Regionen aufgrund von zugrunde liegenden systematischen oder zufĂ€lligen Prozessen auftreten können, wird gezeigt, dass Fehler-Netzwerke helfen können, die rĂ€umlich kohĂ€renten Strukturen von Vorhersagefehlern zu untersuchen. Die Analyse der Fehler-Netzwerk-Topologie von Klimavariablen liefert ein erstes VerstĂ€ndnis der vorherrschenden Fehlerquelle und veranschaulicht das Potenzial von Klimanetzwerken als vielversprechendes Diagnoseinstrument zur Untersuchung von Fehlerkorrelationen.The Earth’s climate system consists of numerous interacting subsystems varying over a multitude of time scales giving rise to highly complicated spatio-temporal climate variability. Understanding processes occurring at different scales, both spatial and temporal, has been a very crucial problem in numerical weather prediction. The variability of climate, a self-constituting system, appears to be organized in patterns on large scales. The climate networks approach has been very successful in detecting the spatial propagation of these large scale patterns of variability in the climate system. In this thesis, it is demonstrated using climate network approach that climate variability is organized in patterns not only at larger scales (Asian Summer Monsoon, El Niño-Southern Oscillation) but also at shorter scales, e.g., weather time scales. This finds application in detecting individual tropical cyclones, characterizing binary cyclone interaction leading to a complete merger, and studying the intraseasonal and interannual variability of the Asian Summer Monsoon. Finally, the applicability of the climate network framework to understand forecast error properties is demonstrated, which is crucial for improvement of forecasts. As correlated errors can arise due to the presence of a predictable relationship between errors of different regions because of some underlying systematic or random process, it is shown that error networks can help to analyze the spatially coherent structures of forecast errors. The analysis of the error network topology of a climate variable provides a preliminary understanding of the dominant source of error, which shows the potential of climate networks as a very promising diagnostic tool to study error correlations

    Exploring space situational awareness using neuromorphic event-based cameras

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    The orbits around earth are a limited natural resource and one that hosts a vast range of vital space-based systems that support international systems use by both commercial industries, civil organisations, and national defence. The availability of this space resource is rapidly depleting due to the ever-growing presence of space debris and rampant overcrowding, especially in the limited and highly desirable slots in geosynchronous orbit. The field of Space Situational Awareness encompasses tasks aimed at mitigating these hazards to on-orbit systems through the monitoring of satellite traffic. Essential to this task is the collection of accurate and timely observation data. This thesis explores the use of a novel sensor paradigm to optically collect and process sensor data to enhance and improve space situational awareness tasks. Solving this issue is critical to ensure that we can continue to utilise the space environment in a sustainable way. However, these tasks pose significant engineering challenges that involve the detection and characterisation of faint, highly distant, and high-speed targets. Recent advances in neuromorphic engineering have led to the availability of high-quality neuromorphic event-based cameras that provide a promising alternative to the conventional cameras used in space imaging. These cameras offer the potential to improve the capabilities of existing space tracking systems and have been shown to detect and track satellites or ‘Resident Space Objects’ at low data rates, high temporal resolutions, and in conditions typically unsuitable for conventional optical cameras. This thesis presents a thorough exploration of neuromorphic event-based cameras for space situational awareness tasks and establishes a rigorous foundation for event-based space imaging. The work conducted in this project demonstrates how to enable event-based space imaging systems that serve the goals of space situational awareness by providing accurate and timely information on the space domain. By developing and implementing event-based processing techniques, the asynchronous operation, high temporal resolution, and dynamic range of these novel sensors are leveraged to provide low latency target acquisition and rapid reaction to challenging satellite tracking scenarios. The algorithms and experiments developed in this thesis successfully study the properties and trade-offs of event-based space imaging and provide comparisons with traditional observing methods and conventional frame-based sensors. The outcomes of this thesis demonstrate the viability of event-based cameras for use in tracking and space imaging tasks and therefore contribute to the growing efforts of the international space situational awareness community and the development of the event-based technology in astronomy and space science applications

    Behavior quantification as the missing link between fields: Tools for digital psychiatry and their role in the future of neurobiology

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    The great behavioral heterogeneity observed between individuals with the same psychiatric disorder and even within one individual over time complicates both clinical practice and biomedical research. However, modern technologies are an exciting opportunity to improve behavioral characterization. Existing psychiatry methods that are qualitative or unscalable, such as patient surveys or clinical interviews, can now be collected at a greater capacity and analyzed to produce new quantitative measures. Furthermore, recent capabilities for continuous collection of passive sensor streams, such as phone GPS or smartwatch accelerometer, open avenues of novel questioning that were previously entirely unrealistic. Their temporally dense nature enables a cohesive study of real-time neural and behavioral signals. To develop comprehensive neurobiological models of psychiatric disease, it will be critical to first develop strong methods for behavioral quantification. There is huge potential in what can theoretically be captured by current technologies, but this in itself presents a large computational challenge -- one that will necessitate new data processing tools, new machine learning techniques, and ultimately a shift in how interdisciplinary work is conducted. In my thesis, I detail research projects that take different perspectives on digital psychiatry, subsequently tying ideas together with a concluding discussion on the future of the field. I also provide software infrastructure where relevant, with extensive documentation. Major contributions include scientific arguments and proof of concept results for daily free-form audio journals as an underappreciated psychiatry research datatype, as well as novel stability theorems and pilot empirical success for a proposed multi-area recurrent neural network architecture.Comment: PhD thesis cop

    Digital analysis of nanoparticle sensors for single molecule point-of-care virus detection.

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    The recent pandemic has shown the vital importance of point-of-care detection of RNA in mediating harm reduction. As RNA levels in clinical samples are as low as 103 viral particles / mL, to obtain immediate sensing results without amplification sensors are required have a working range within the single molecule regime. Challenges arise within this regime due to large volumes and low target amounts – low-signal to noise results in non-specific signal from other biological analytes dwarfing specific signal and large volumes result in slower Poisson statistics dictating target movement and interaction with the sensor. The main objective of this thesis was to create a single molecule sensor which addresses these challenges to attain a sensing response within the region of clinical relevancy. The first sensor presented in this work utilised plasmonic colour changes upon an RNA-DNA hairpin interaction and is highly specific to the target analyte to address these challenges. The application of a consumer grade Canon camera and dark-field microscope makes this technique highly scalable and relevant for point-of-care. Use of digital image analysis allowed fast colour analysis of all particles within a field-of-view. The next generation of image analysis analysed individual particles before and after target addition instead of the entire field-of-view to improve the working range of the sensor towards lower concentrations. Due to uncontrollable surface variation (such as orientation of the constructs), significant care had to be taken in developing an accurate colour analysis algorithm. An unsupervised learning algorithm using LAB colour space generated image features was demonstrated and validated. Preliminary work from a secondary sandwich assay aims to further reduce uncertainties from single molecule effects these uncertainties by using more direct reporter particle binding to the target. Using particle tracking analysis single particle binding was observed. This thesis demonstrated the power of using massive repeatable arrays for single particle sensing, in both instances having huge amounts of sensor data made the results more statistically significant and thus more robust

    Robotic Burst Imaging for Light-Constrained 3D Reconstruction

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    This thesis proposes a novel input scheme, robotic burst, to improve vision-based 3D reconstruction for robots operating in low-light conditions, where existing state-of-the-art robotic vision algorithms struggle due to low signal-to-noise ratio in low-light images. We aim to improve the correspondence search stage of feature-based reconstruction using robotic burst imaging, including burst-merged images, a burst feature finder, and an end-to-end learning-based feature extractor. Firstly, we establish the use of robotic burst imaging to compute burst-merged images for feature-based reconstruction. We then develop a burst feature finder that locates features with well-defined scale and apparent motion on a burst to deal with limitations of burst-merged images such as misalignment at strong noise. To improve feature matches in burst-based reconstruction, we also present an end-to-end learning-based feature extractor that finds well-defined scale features directly on light-constrained bursts. We evaluate our methods against state-of-the-art reconstruction methods for conventional imaging that uses both classical and learning-based feature extractors. We validate our novel input scheme using burst imagery captured on a robotic arm and drones. We demonstrate progressive improvements in low-light reconstruction using our burst-based methods against conventional approaches and overall, converging 90% of all scenes captured in millilux conditions that otherwise converge with 10% success rate using conventional methods. This work opens up new avenues for applications, including autonomous driving and drone delivery at night, mining, and behavioral studies on nocturnal animals

    Security and Privacy for Modern Wireless Communication Systems

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    The aim of this reprint focuses on the latest protocol research, software/hardware development and implementation, and system architecture design in addressing emerging security and privacy issues for modern wireless communication networks. Relevant topics include, but are not limited to, the following: deep-learning-based security and privacy design; covert communications; information-theoretical foundations for advanced security and privacy techniques; lightweight cryptography for power constrained networks; physical layer key generation; prototypes and testbeds for security and privacy solutions; encryption and decryption algorithm for low-latency constrained networks; security protocols for modern wireless communication networks; network intrusion detection; physical layer design with security consideration; anonymity in data transmission; vulnerabilities in security and privacy in modern wireless communication networks; challenges of security and privacy in node–edge–cloud computation; security and privacy design for low-power wide-area IoT networks; security and privacy design for vehicle networks; security and privacy design for underwater communications networks

    Pre-Trained Driving in Localized Surroundings with Semantic Radar Information and Machine Learning

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    Entlang der Signalverarbeitungskette von Radar Detektionen bis zur Fahrzeugansteuerung, diskutiert diese Arbeit eine semantischen Radar Segmentierung, einen darauf aufbauenden Radar SLAM, sowie eine im Verbund realisierte autonome Parkfunktion. Die Radarsegmentierung der (statischen) Umgebung wird durch ein Radar-spezifisches neuronales Netzwerk RadarNet erreicht. Diese Segmentierung ermöglicht die Entwicklung des semantischen Radar Graph-SLAM SERALOC. Auf der Grundlage der semantischen Radar SLAM Karte wird eine beispielhafte autonome ParkfunktionalitĂ€t in einem realen VersuchstrĂ€ger umgesetzt. Entlang eines aufgezeichneten Referenzfades parkt die Funktion ausschließlich auf Basis der Radar Wahrnehmung mit bisher unerreichter Positioniergenauigkeit. Im ersten Schritt wird ein Datensatz von 8.2 · 10^6 punktweise semantisch gelabelten Radarpunktwolken ĂŒber eine Strecke von 2507.35m generiert. Es sind keine vergleichbaren DatensĂ€tze dieser Annotationsebene und Radarspezifikation öffentlich verfĂŒgbar. Das ĂŒberwachte Training der semantischen Segmentierung RadarNet erreicht 28.97% mIoU auf sechs Klassen. Außerdem wird ein automatisiertes Radar-Labeling-Framework SeRaLF vorgestellt, welches das Radarlabeling multimodal mittels Referenzkameras und LiDAR unterstĂŒtzt. FĂŒr die kohĂ€rente Kartierung wird ein Radarsignal-Vorfilter auf der Grundlage einer Aktivierungskarte entworfen, welcher Rauschen und andere dynamische Mehrwegreflektionen unterdrĂŒckt. Ein speziell fĂŒr Radar angepasstes Graph-SLAM-Frontend mit Radar-Odometrie Kanten zwischen Teil-Karten und semantisch separater NDT Registrierung setzt die vorgefilterten semantischen Radarscans zu einer konsistenten metrischen Karte zusammen. Die Kartierungsgenauigkeit und die Datenassoziation werden somit erhöht und der erste semantische Radar Graph-SLAM fĂŒr beliebige statische Umgebungen realisiert. Integriert in ein reales Testfahrzeug, wird das Zusammenspiel der live RadarNet Segmentierung und des semantischen Radar Graph-SLAM anhand einer rein Radar-basierten autonomen ParkfunktionalitĂ€t evaluiert. Im Durchschnitt ĂŒber 42 autonome Parkmanöver (∅3.73 km/h) bei durchschnittlicher ManöverlĂ€nge von ∅172.75m wird ein Median absoluter Posenfehler von 0.235m und End-Posenfehler von 0.2443m erreicht, der vergleichbare Radar-Lokalisierungsergebnisse um ≈ 50% ĂŒbertrifft. Die Kartengenauigkeit von verĂ€nderlichen, neukartierten Orten ĂŒber eine Kartierungsdistanz von ∅165m ergibt eine ≈ 56%-ige Kartenkonsistenz bei einer Abweichung von ∅0.163m. FĂŒr das autonome Parken wurde ein gegebener Trajektorienplaner und Regleransatz verwendet

    Optimization for Deep Learning Systems Applied to Computer Vision

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    149 p.Since the DL revolution and especially over the last years (2010-2022), DNNs have become an essentialpart of the CV field, and they are present in all its sub-fields (video-surveillance, industrialmanufacturing, autonomous driving, ...) and in almost every new state-of-the-art application that isdeveloped. However, DNNs are very complex and the architecture needs to be carefully selected andadapted in order to maximize its efficiency. In many cases, networks are not specifically designed for theconsidered use case, they are simply recycled from other applications and slightly adapted, without takinginto account the particularities of the use case or the interaction with the rest of the system components,which usually results in a performance drop.This research work aims at providing knowledge and tools for the optimization of systems based on DeepLearning applied to different real use cases within the field of Computer Vision, in order to maximizetheir effectiveness and efficiency

    Proceedings of the 8th Workshop on Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events (DCASE 2023)

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    This volume gathers the papers presented at the Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events 2023 Workshop (DCASE2023), Tampere, Finland, during 21–22 September 2023
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