The second precise levelling network of Peninsular Malaysia

The measurement of Second Precise Levelling Network (PLN) for the Peninsular Malaysia which was completed in 2000 by Department of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM) is set to replace the First Order Levelling Network of 1967. The new network consists of 113 levelling lines with more than 5000 bench marks and covers a total distance of over 5000 km. Precise levelling technique is used to establish the network where the allowable misclosure between fore and back levelling is less than 3 mm per root kilometre of length along a line. Its configuration is predominantly dictated by the land transportation pattern. The mean sea level (MSL) at Port Kelang, based upon a 10-year tidal observation (1984-93), was later being adopted as the new Peninsular Malaysia Geodetic Vertical Datum (PMGVD). A consistent and accurate set of adjusted heights of benchmarks has been achieved in the adjustment of the Precise Levelling Network of Peninsular Malaysia on the datum defined by MSL height at Port Klang. These adjusted heights are based on the Helmert orthometric height system. By fixing Port Kelang, the precision of the PLN can be expressed as 1.14 mmvkm. This implies that for any of the 5,295 first-order levelling bench mark across the nation, a height precision of better than 3 cm can be expected

A simplified levelling instrument: the A-frame

A levelling instrument has been developed which permits work in a high degree of detail without field assistance

Elastocapillary Levelling of Thin Viscous Films on Soft Substrates

A thin liquid film with non-zero curvature at its free surface spontaneously flows to reach a flat configuration, a process driven by Laplace pressure gradients and resisted by the liquid's viscosity. Inspired by recent progresses on the dynamics of liquid droplets on soft substrates, we here study the relaxation of a viscous film supported by an elastic foundation. Experiments involve thin polymer films on elastomeric substrates, where the dynamics of the liquid-air interface is monitored using atomic force microscopy. A theoretical model that describes the coupled evolution of the solid-liquid and the liquid-air interfaces is also provided. In this soft-levelling configuration, Laplace pressure gradients not only drive the flow, but they also induce elastic deformations on the substrate that affect the flow and the shape of the liquid-air interface itself. This process represents an original example of elastocapillarity that is not mediated by the presence of a contact line. We discuss the impact of the elastic contribution on the levelling dynamics and show the departure from the classical self-similarities and power laws observed for capillary levelling on rigid substrates

The development of solar irriadiation levelling system using colour contour approach

This project presents the development of solar irradiance levelling spectrum using colour contour approach. The system developed by using the General User Interface (GUI) Matlab. The advantage of the system is irradiation data being easily analysed by the user. Furthermore, the system reduces the time taken to calculate the energy of each level and the total energy of solar irradiation. The irradiance levelling is using three specific colour ranges according to three level of the system. The result from the GUI Matlab shows the data being levels into maximum, medium and minimum level. The specific colours uses are red, yellow and green. Microsoft Excel was used to prove the calculation of energy and total energy and the comparison of the graph in GUI

Multi-objective model for optimizing railway infrastructure asset renewal

Trabalho inspirado num problema real da empresa Infraestruturas de Portugal, EP.A multi-objective model for managing railway infrastructure asset renewal is presented. The model aims to optimize three objectives, while respecting operational constraints: levelling investment throughout multiple years, minimizing total cost and minimizing work start postponements. Its output is an optimized intervention schedule. The model is based on a case study from a Portuguese infrastructure management company, which specified the objectives and constraints, and reflects management practice on railway infrastructure. The results show that investment levelling greatly influences the other objectives and that total cost fluctuations may range from insignificant to important, depending on the condition of the infrastructure. The results structure is argued to be general and suggests a practical methodology for analysing trade-offs and selecting a solution for implementation.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Examination of working condition for reducing thickness variation in tube drawing with

The present research carried out a series of analyses using the finite element method (FEM). The analyses investigated the effect of working condition on thickness variation after drawing a tube with initial thickness distribution. As a result, it was notably revealed that application of dies with small half angle below 5 degrees was prominently effective for levelling the thickness variation. This effect was strengthen by employing tubes with thicker walls and larger diameters. Moreover, the mechanism of levelling the thickness variation was also examined. The small die angle affects the contact length at die approach, and the contact length at thinnest side becomes longer than that at the thickest side. The difference of the contact lengths equalizes the thicknesses of the thinnest and thickest sides. The analyses also predicted the thickness variation should almost be zero under an optimum condition

Using models of the ocean's mean dynamic topography to identify errors in coastal geodetic levelling

Identifying errors (blunders and systematic errors) in coastal geodetic levelling networks has often been problematic. This is because (1) mean sea level (MSL) at tide gauges cannot be directly compared to height differences from levelling because the geoid/quasigeoid and MSL are not parallel, being separated by the ocean’s mean dynamic topography (MDT) and (2) the lack of redundancy at the edge of the levelling network. This paper sets out a methodology to independently identify blunders and/or systematic errors (over long distances) in geodetic levelling using MDT models to account for the separation between the geoid/quasigeoid and MSL at tide gauges. This method is then tested in a case study using an oceanographic MDT model, MSL observations, GNSS data and a quasigeoid model. The results are significant because the errors found could not be detected by standard levelling misclosure checks alone, with supplementary data from an MDT model, with cross-validation from GNSS-quasigeoid allowing their detection. In addition, it appears that an oceanographic-only MDT is as effective as GNSS and a quasigeoid model for detecting levelling errors, which could be particularly useful for countries with coastal levelling errors in their levelling networks that cannot be identified by conventional levelling closure checks

Baseline survey for farmers organizations of Mirwal and Shahpur small dams, Punjab, Pakistan

Irrigation management / Dams / Farmers' associations / Surveys / Community participation / Water management / Performance evaluation / Institution building / Agronomy / Cropping systems / Farm income / Water supply / Land levelling / Pakistan / Punjab

Penjadwalan Proyek Pembangunan Gedung Yang Mengalami Keterbatasan Sumber Daya Menggunakan Metode Perataan Penuh (Full Levelling) Dengan Microsoft Excel Dan Overallocated (Levelling) Sumber Daya Dengan Microsoft Project

Perencanaan penjadwalan yang memiliki permasalahan dengan keterbatasan sumber daya tenaga kerja perlu dianalisa dengan cermat. Proyek pembangunan gedung FISIP Tahap II, Universitas Brawijaya Malang mengalami keterlambatan pada akhir pelaksanaan proyek atau pada saat tahap finishing. Hal ini disebabkan oleh tidak dapat terpenuhinya jumlah tenaga kerja seperti yang direncanakan. Tujuan skripsi ini untuk mengetahui aktifitas - aktifitas yang mengalami keterlambatan, pekerjaan yang berada pada lintasan kritis, dan melakukan pengalokasian sumber daya atau Levelling dengan Microsoft Project dan secara manual. Metode yang digunakan untuk perataan tenaga kerja terbatas dilakukan Levelling dengan bantuan Microsoft Project dan Full Levelling secara manual dengan bantuan Microsoft Excel. Perhitungan dengan kedua metode tersebut menghasilkan waktu keterlambatan yang sama sehingga durasi proyek berakhir bersamaan. Pekerjaan pada tahap finishing yang mengalami keterlambatan pada pekerjaan plafon, pengecatan dan ME. Pekerjaan pengecatan termasuk dalam lintasan kritis sehingga durasi pekerjaan akan terlambat. Setelah dilakukan analisa dengan metode Levelling dengan bantuan Microsoft Project dan metode Full Levelling dengan bantuan Microsoft Excel penjadwalan proyek menjadi terlambat. Perbedaan kedua metode tersebut terletak pada urutan pelaksanaan aktifitas. Pada metode Levelling dengan Microsoft Project dilakukan perhitungan waktu keterlambatan secara otomatis sedangkan dengan metode Full Levelling dilakukan perhitungan waktu keterlambatan secara manual dan urutan pelaksanaan aktifitas ditentukan sendiri berdasarkan perhitungan waktu tercepat