63 research outputs found
Delay measurements In live 5G cellular network
Abstract. 5G Network has many important properties, including increased bandwidth, increased data throughput, high reliability, high network density, and low latency. This thesis concentrate on the low latency attribute of the 5G Standalone (SA) mode and 5G Non-Standalone (NSA) mode.
One of the most critical considerations in 5G is to have low latency network for various delay-sensitive applications, such as remote diagnostics and surgery in healthcare, self-driven cars, industrial factory automation, and live audio productions in the music industry. Therefore, 5G employs various retransmission algorithms and techniques to meet the low latency standards, a new frame structure with multiple subcarrier spacing (SCS) and time slots, and a new cloud-native core.
For the low latency measurements, a test setup is built. A video is sent from the 5G User Equipment (UE) to the multimedia server deployed in the University of Oulu 5G test Network (5GTN) edge server. The University of Oulu 5GTN is operating both in NSA and SA modes. Delay is measured both for the downlink and the uplink direction with Qosium tool. When calculating millisecond-level transmission delays, clock synchronization is essential. Therefore, Precision Time Protocol daemon (PTPd) service is initiated on both the sending and receiving machines.
The tests comply with the specifications developed at the University of Oulu 5GTN for both the SA and the NSA mode. When the delay measurement findings were compared between the two deployment modes, it was observed that the comparison was not appropriate. The primary reason for this is that in the 5GTN, the NSA and the SA have entirely different data routing paths and configurations. Additionally, the author did not have sufficient resources to make the required architectural changes
Utilization of cloud RAN architecture with eCPRI fronthaul in 5G network
With increased reliability, massive network capacity, and extremely reduced latency, 5G expands the mobile ecosystem into new realms. 5G impacts every industry and innovation, making transportation and conveyance safer, remote healthcare, accuracy agriculture, digitized logistics, and much more. In this age, 5G calls for new levels of flexibility and broadness in architecting, scaling, and deploying telecommunication networks, which need a further step ahead in technology and enter Cloud Technology. Cloud technology provides fascinating possibilities to complement the existing tried and tested technologies in the Radio Access Network (RAN) domain. Cloud RAN (CRAN) refers to relying on RAN functions over an inclusive platform instead of a purpose-built hardware platform. It represents a progression in wireless communication technology, leveraging the Common public radio interface (CPRI) standard, Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) innovation, and millimeter wave (mmWave) propagation for extended-range signals. A CRAN network comprises of three fundamental elements. The initial element is the Distant Wireless Unit (DRU) or Remote Radio Component (RRH), utilized within a network to link wireless devices to entry points; these units are equipped with transceivers for transmitting and receiving signals. Next, a Baseband Unit (BBU) centre or hub serves as a centralized site functioning as a data processing hub. Separate BBU modules can be assembled independently or interconnected to distribute resources, adapting to the network's changing dynamics and needs. Communication among these modules boasts remarkably high bandwidth and exceptionally low latency. The BBU can be further segmented into DU (Distributed Unit) and CU (Centralized Unit). The third crucial component is a fronthaul or conveyance network – the connecting layer between a baseband unit (BBU) and a set of RRUs, utilizing optical fibres, cellular links, or mmWave communication.
The goal of this thesis is to find a way to utilize the 5G RAN Architecture as efficiently as possible and for this purpose, Enhanced Common Public Radio Interface (eCPRI) or enhanced CPRI fronthaul is adopted instead of CPRI as it is a manner of splitting up the functions performed by baseband unit and putting some of that in the RRU so it can reduce the burden on the fibre. Enhanced CPRI makes it possible to send some data packets to a virtual Distributed Unit (vDU) and others to a virtual Centralized Unit (vCU) which results in reduced data traffic on fibre.
The first part of this research paper focuses on considering and learning about the 5G Cloud RAN architecture's main components, some cloud RAN history, and important components included in the 5G Cloud RAN. In the second part, research goes in depth about the fronthaul gateway technology that is eCPRI structure, its functional split, its difference from CPRI in structure and functionality, and how it is enhanced and developed. Considering CRAN specifications, it will also include some eCPRI protocol delay management and timing studies. Finally, Test cases are developed that can authenticate the low latency and high throughput of data with eCPRI fronthaul in 5G Cloud RAN as compared to CPRI fronthaul. The inspiration behind this is to recreate the model with substantial changes that work with an ideal behaviour of a subsystem, with this a tool or an environment can be obtained that maximizes the efficiency of 5G CRAN. It will also permit network architects and designers to experiment with new features, which can reduce costs, save time, improve latency. It can also provide a tool to verification engineers that will help them to generate optimal replies of the system necessary for evaluating the practical realization of that system
Otimização do fronthaul ótico para redes de acesso de rádio (baseadas) em computação em nuvem (CC-RANs)
Doutoramento conjunto (MAP-Tele) em Engenharia Eletrotécnica/TelecomunicaçõesA proliferação de diversos tipos de dispositivos moveis, aplicações e serviços
com grande necessidade de largura de banda têm contribuído para o aumento
de ligações de banda larga e ao aumento do volume de trafego das
redes de telecomunicações moveis. Este aumento exponencial tem posto
uma enorme pressão nos mobile operadores de redes móveis (MNOs). Um
dos aspetos principais deste recente desenvolvimento, é a necessidade que as
redes têm de oferecer baixa complexidade nas ligações, como também baixo
consumo energético, muito baixa latência e ao mesmo tempo uma grande
capacidade por baixo usto. De maneira a resolver estas questões, os MNOs
têm focado a sua atenção na redes de acesso por rádio em nuvem (C-RAN)
principalmente devido aos seus benefícios em termos de otimização de performance
e relação qualidade preço. O standard para a distribuição de sinais
sem fios por um fronthaul C-RAN é o common public radio interface (CPRI).
No entanto, ligações óticas baseadas em interfaces CPRI necessitam de uma
grande largura de banda. Estes requerimentos podem também ser atingidos
com uma implementação em ligação free space optical (FSO) que é um sistema
ótico que usa comunicação sem fios. O FSO tem sido uma alternativa
muito apelativa aos sistemas de comunicação rádio (RF) pois combinam a
flexibilidade e mobilidade das redes RF ao mesmo tempo que permitem a
elevada largura de banda permitida pelo sistema ótico. No entanto, as ligações
FSO são suscetíveis a alterações atmosféricas que podem prejudicar
o desempenho do sistema de comunicação. Estas limitações têm evitado o
FSO de ser tornar uma excelente solução para o fronthaul. Uma caracterização
precisa do canal e tecnologias mais avançadas são então necessárias
para uma implementação pratica de ligações FSO. Nesta tese, vamos estudar
uma implementação eficiente para fronthaul baseada em tecnologia
á rádio-sobre-FSO (RoFSO). Propomos expressões em forma fechada para
mitigação das perdas de propagação e para a estimação da capacidade do
canal de maneira a aliviar a complexidade do sistema de comunicação. Simulações
numéricas são também apresentadas para formatos de modulação
adaptativas. São também considerados esquemas como um sistema hibrido
RF/FSO e tecnologias de transmissão apoiadas por retransmissores
que ajudam a alivar os requerimentos impostos por um backhaul/fronthaul
de C-RAN. Os modelos propostos não só reduzem o esforço computacional,
como também têm outros méritos, tais como, uma elevada precisão na estimação
do canal e desempenho, baixo requisitos na capacidade de memória
e uma rápida e estável operação comparativamente com o estado da arte
em sistemas analíticos (PON)-FSO. Este sistema é implementado num recetor
em tempo real que é emulado através de uma field-programmable gate
array (FPGA) comercial. Permitindo assim um sistema aberto, interoperabilidade,
portabilidade e também obedecer a standards de software aberto.
Os esquemas híbridos têm a habilidade de suportar diferentes aplicações,
serviços e múltiplos operadores a partilharem a mesma infraestrutura de
fibra ótica.The proliferation of different mobile devices, bandwidth-intensive applications
and services contribute to the increase in the broadband connections
and the volume of traffic on the mobile networks. This exponential growth
has put considerable pressure on the mobile network operators (MNOs). In
principal, there is a need for networks that not only offer low-complexity,
low-energy consumption, and extremely low-latency but also high-capacity
at relatively low cost. In order to address the demand, MNOs have given significant
attention to the cloud radio access network (C-RAN) due to its beneficial
features in terms of performance optimization and cost-effectiveness.
The de facto standard for distributing wireless signal over the C-RAN fronthaul
is the common public radio interface (CPRI). However, optical links
based on CPRI interfaces requires large bandwidth. Also, the aforementioned
requirements can be realized with the implementation of free space
optical (FSO) link, which is an optical wireless system. The FSO is an appealing
alternative to the radio frequency (RF) communication system that
combines the flexibility and mobility offered by the RF networks with the
high-data rates provided by the optical systems. However, the FSO links are
susceptible to atmospheric impairments which eventually hinder the system
performance. Consequently, these limitations prevent FSO from being an
efficient standalone fronthaul solution. So, precise channel characterizations
and advanced technologies are required for practical FSO link deployment
and operation. In this thesis, we study an efficient fronthaul implementation
that is based on radio-on-FSO (RoFSO) technologies. We propose closedform
expressions for fading-mitigation and for the estimation of channel
capacity so as to alleviate the system complexity. Numerical simulations
are presented for adaptive modulation scheme using advanced modulation
formats. We also consider schemes like hybrid RF/FSO and relay-assisted
transmission technologies that can help in alleviating the stringent requirements
by the C-RAN backhaul/fronthaul. The propose models not only
reduce the computational requirements/efforts, but also have a number of
diverse merits such as high-accuracy, low-memory requirements, fast and
stable operation compared to the current state-of-the-art analytical based
approaches. In addition to the FSO channel characterization, we present
a proof-of-concept experiment in which we study the transmission capabilities
of a hybrid passive optical network (PON)-FSO system. This is
implemented with the real-time receiver that is emulated by a commercial
field-programmable gate array (FPGA). This helps in facilitating an
open system and hence enables interoperability, portability, and open software
standards. The hybrid schemes have the ability to support different
applications, services, and multiple operators over a shared optical fiber
infrastructure
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Contextually and identity aware 5G services
This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University LondonThe fifth generation (5G) mobile networks aim to be ten times faster than the existing 4G connection, whilst providing low latency, and flexibility. Hence, various alterations are planned to the existing network infrastructure to be able to reach the 5G expected performance levels. The main technologies that were used, to ensure high performance, flexible network, and efficient resource allocation, are Software Defined Network and Network Function Virtualization. As these technologies are replacing the device-based architecture with, a service-based architecture.
This thesis provides a design of location database interactive web interface and interactive mobile application. The implementation of real time video streaming location server, the streaming system's performance parameters demonstrated a high level of QoS (0.07ms jitter and 9.53ms delay). In regard to experimental examination, it measured the localisation coverage, accuracy measurements and a highly scalable security solution. The localisation coverage and accuracy measurements were achieved through the mmWave and VLC link transmitters. The proposed simulated annealing algorithm aimed at data optimisation for location measurements accuracy showed results of the average location error of x and y which showed significant improvement from x= 22.5 and y=21.6 to x=11.09 and y= 11.63.
The proposed indoor location security solution showed significant results, as it provides a high scalability solution using the VNF. The solution showed that it was not 100% effective, as some of the fake discover packets still reached the DHCP server. This was due to the high load of traffic passing through the network. Nonetheless, 90% of the fake DHCP discover packets never reached the DHCP server because the scripts began blocking all fake discover packets after realising it was an attack. This conveys that the proposed system was able to run successfully without crashing or overloading the controller.
Overall, the main challenges facing 5G have been addressed with their proposed solutions, which showed promising results. Conclusively showing that there is a lot more space for technological advancements to support the future of mobile networks.European Union’s Horizon 2020 research program - the Internet of Radio-Light (IoRL) project H2020-ICT 761992
Ultra-Wideband Secure Communications and Direct RF Sampling Transceivers
Larger wireless device bandwidth results in new capabilities in terms of higher data rates and security. The 5G evolution is focus on exploiting larger bandwidths for higher though-puts. Interference and co-existence issues can also be addressed by the larger bandwidth in the 5G and 6G evolution. This dissertation introduces of a novel Ultra-wideband (UWB) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technique to exploit the largest bandwidth available in the upcoming wireless connectivity scenarios. The dissertation addresses interference immunity, secure communication at the physical layer and longer distance communication due to increased receiver sensitivity. The dissertation presents the design, workflow, simulations, hardware prototypes and experimental measurements to demonstrate the benefits of wideband Code-Division-Multiple-Access. Specifically, a description of each of the hardware and software stages is presented along with simulations of different scenarios using a test-bench and open-field measurements. The measurements provided experimental validation carried out to demonstrate the interference mitigation capabilities. In addition, Direct RF sampling techniques are employed to handle the larger bandwidth and avoid analog components. Additionally, a transmit and receive chain is designed and implemented at 28 GHz to provide a proof-of-concept for future 5G applications. The proposed wideband transceiver is also used to demonstrate higher accuracy direction finding, as much as 10 times improvement
Low-latency Networking: Where Latency Lurks and How to Tame It
While the current generation of mobile and fixed communication networks has
been standardized for mobile broadband services, the next generation is driven
by the vision of the Internet of Things and mission critical communication
services requiring latency in the order of milliseconds or sub-milliseconds.
However, these new stringent requirements have a large technical impact on the
design of all layers of the communication protocol stack. The cross layer
interactions are complex due to the multiple design principles and technologies
that contribute to the layers' design and fundamental performance limitations.
We will be able to develop low-latency networks only if we address the problem
of these complex interactions from the new point of view of sub-milliseconds
latency. In this article, we propose a holistic analysis and classification of
the main design principles and enabling technologies that will make it possible
to deploy low-latency wireless communication networks. We argue that these
design principles and enabling technologies must be carefully orchestrated to
meet the stringent requirements and to manage the inherent trade-offs between
low latency and traditional performance metrics. We also review currently
ongoing standardization activities in prominent standards associations, and
discuss open problems for future research
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Intelligent based Packet Scheduling Scheme using Internet Protocol/Multi-Protocol Label Switching (IP/MPLS) Technology for 5G. Design and Investigation of Bandwidth Management Technique for Service-Aware Traffic Engineering using Internet Protocol/Multi-Protocol Label Switching (IP/MPLS) for 5G
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) makes use of traffic engineering (TE)
techniques and a variety of protocols to establish pre-determined highly
efficient routes in Wide Area Network (WAN). Unlike IP networks in which
routing decision has to be made through header analysis on a hop-by-hop
basis, MPLS makes use of a short bit sequence that indicates the forwarding
equivalence class (FEC) of a packet and utilises a predefined routing table to
handle packets of a specific FEC type. Thus header analysis of packets is not
required, resulting in lower latency. In addition, packets of similar
characteristics can be routed in a consistent manner. For example, packets
carrying real-time information can be routed to low latency paths across the
networks. Thus the key success to MPLS is to efficiently control and distribute
the bandwidth available between applications across the networks.
A lot of research effort on bandwidth management in MPLS networks has
already been devoted in the past. However, with the imminent roll out of 5G,
MPLS is seen as a key technology for mobile backhaul. To cope with the 5G
demands of rich, context aware and multimedia-based user applications, more
efficient bandwidth management solutions need to be derived.
This thesis focuses on the design of bandwidth management algorithms, more
specifically QoS scheduling, in MPLS network for 5G mobile backhaul. The
aim is to ensure the reliability and the speed of packet transfer across the
network. As 5G is expected to greatly improve the user experience with
innovative and high quality services, users’ perceived quality of service (QoS)
needs to be taken into account when deriving such bandwidth management
solutions. QoS expectation from users are often subjective and vague. Thus
this thesis proposes the use of fuzzy logic based solution to provide service aware and user-centric bandwidth management in order to satisfy
requirements imposed by the network and users.
Unfortunately, the disadvantage of fuzzy logic is scalability since dependable
fuzzy rules and membership functions increase when the complexity of being
modelled increases. To resolve this issue, this thesis proposes the use of neuro-fuzzy to solicit interpretable IF-THEN rules.The algorithms are
implemented and tested through NS2 and Matlab simulations. The
performance of the algorithms are evaluated and compared with other
conventional algorithms in terms of average throughput, delay, reliability, cost,
packet loss ratio, and utilization rate.
Simulation results show that the neuro-fuzzy based algorithm perform better
than fuzzy and other conventional packet scheduling algorithms using IP and
IP over MPLS technologies.Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFUND
Recent Trends in Communication Networks
In recent years there has been many developments in communication technology. This has greatly enhanced the computing power of small handheld resource-constrained mobile devices. Different generations of communication technology have evolved. This had led to new research for communication of large volumes of data in different transmission media and the design of different communication protocols. Another direction of research concerns the secure and error-free communication between the sender and receiver despite the risk of the presence of an eavesdropper. For the communication requirement of a huge amount of multimedia streaming data, a lot of research has been carried out in the design of proper overlay networks. The book addresses new research techniques that have evolved to handle these challenges
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