Online Assessment of Human-Robot Interaction for Hybrid Control of Walking

Restoration of walking ability of Spinal Cord Injury subjects can be achieved by different approaches, as the use of robotic exoskeletons or electrical stimulation of the user’s muscles. The combined (hybrid) approach has the potential to provide a solution to the drawback of each approach. Specific challenges must be addressed with specific sensory systems and control strategies. In this paper we present a system and a procedure to estimate muscle fatigue from online physical interaction assessment to provide hybrid control of walking, regarding the performances of the muscles under stimulation

Control of robot-assisted gait trainer using hybrid proportional integral derivative and iterative learning control

An inexpensive exoskeleton of the lower limb was designed and developed in this study. It can be used as a gait trainer for persons with lower limb problems. It plays an essential role in lower limb rehabilitation and aid for patients, and it can help them improve their physical condition. This paper proposes a hybrid controller for regulating the lower limb exoskeleton of a robot-assisted gait trainer that uses a proportional integral and derivative (PID) controller combined with an iterative learning controller (ILC). The direct current motors at the hip and knee joints are controlled by a microcontroller that uses a preset pattern for the trajectories. It can learn how to monitor a trajectory. If the trajectory or load is changed, it will be able to follow the change. The experiment showed that the PID controller had the smallest overshoot, and settling time, and was responsible for system stability. Even if there are occasional interruptions, the tracking performance improves with the ILC

Technologies and combination therapies for enhancing movement training for people with a disability

There has been a dramatic increase over the last decade in research on technologies for enhancing movement training and exercise for people with a disability. This paper reviews some of the recent developments in this area, using examples from a National Science Foundation initiated study of mobility research projects in Europe to illustrate important themes and key directions for future research. This paper also reviews several recent studies aimed at combining movement training with plasticity or regeneration therapies, again drawing in part from European research examples. Such combination therapies will likely involve complex interactions with motor training that must be understood in order to achieve the goal of eliminating severe motor impairment

Studio dell'interazione tra Sistema Muscoloscheletrico Umano e Dispositivi di Assistenza Robotici

In the latest years, robotic technologies have been increasingly introduced in rehabilitation with the main purpose of reducing the costs and speeding up the recovery process of patients. However, most of the commercial devices impose a pre-programmed trajectory to the limbs of the patients, who therefore behave in a passive way. Another current major limitation is the inability to accurately evaluate the dynamics of the interaction between the patient and the robotic device. This interaction plays a central role in the mutual modulation of human and robot system behavior with respect of their standalone behavior. In particular, the prediction of the interaction can provide useful information to better design the exoskeleton as well as the rehabilitation treatment. This thesis presents my proposed solution for the development of a simulator able to dynamically simulate at the same time the actuated robot device, the human body, and their emerging physical interaction during the movement cooperation. The main idea behind this solution is to decompose the main system in different levels. I called the proposed solution Multi-Level modeling approach, which is the main topic of this thesis. I proposed the following decomposition: Human, Robot, and Boundary Level. The levels are integrated into a whole system in which each of them addresses specific challenges. The Human Level represents the subject who is wearing, for example, an exoskeleton for the lower limbs. To reach a symbiotic collaboration between the subject and the exoskeleton, the proposed approach has to include the subject's intentions and efforts. Moreover, user's internal transformations provide important information about the internal dynamic parameters modulation due to the external device. The Robot Level consists of the wearable robot system which supports the movements. Our proposed approach includes models of both device mechanics and control strategies. This allows to test different control strategies and find the one that better fits each specific patient's needs and characteristics. The last level is the Boundary Level, which has the main objective to model the human-robot mechanical power transfer, including also the non-idealities (such as dissipative forces), in order to accurately estimate interactions. Challenges emerged during the development of the simulator system were faced, investigating different solutions, and selecting and validating the most promising one. First, I selected a common software platform, able to simultaneously reproduce the dynamic behavior of the three levels. The common software platform allows to build a quite flexible system where different solution could be evaluated simply modifying model parameters. Among different available software, OpenSim was selected because it is well known and used for the dynamic study of human movement. Although OpenSim was well tested in biomechanics, it required a further evaluation as simulator for Robot and Boudary Levels. Performed tests and their motivations are reported in this work. Human internal dynamics parameters are modulated by the influence of the external device. I proposed to monitor this variation, taking into consideration the neural drive sent to the muscles. This can be done by measuring the muscles' electromyographic (EMG) signals, which are the electrical potential generated by muscle cells when they are activated, prior to muscle contraction. These signals can be used as input for a physiologically accurate human musculoskeletal model, to calculate the subject contribution to the movement. As the relation between EMGs and the generated muscle forces and joint moments is not linear, the neuromusculoskeletal model is indeed needed to replicate step-by-step all the internal transformations which occur from the excitation of the muscle to the joint movement. Estimation of the emerging interaction, during the human-robot cooperation, can be performed through an interaction model which is basically a set of contact models. Due to the specific rehabilitation purpose of our work, this contact model needs special attention. I introduced and validated a procedure to calibrate the contact models to improve the accuracy of the estimated interaction forces. One of the problems of using EMG signals is that, in order to acquire them in a non-invasive way, surface electrodes must be used; however, this means that the collected data quality is quite susceptible to the electrodes placements and decay, and to electric and magnetic interferences. In many contexts, such as home rehabilitation, this could be a limitation. An alternative solution to avoid the direct EMG measurement is presented in this work. The idea is that for some repetitive tasks, which are most interesting for rehabilitation, it is possible to substitute the direct data collection with a subject specific model of EMGs. The objective of this work is to provide an effective approach to estimate the emerging interaction during the human-robot movement cooperation. The Multi-Level Modeling approach, presented in this thesis, decomposes this complex problem allowing to find all the required components to realize a whole system able to reach this objective

Design and Evaluation of a Knee-Extension-Assist

Quadriceps muscle weakness is a condition that can result from a wide variety of causes, from diseases like polio and multiple sclerosis to injuries of the head and spine. Individuals with weakened quadriceps often have difficulty supplying the knee-extension moments required during common mobility tasks. Existing powered orthoses that provide an assistive knee-extension moment are large and heavy, with power supplies that generally last less than two hours. A new device that provides a knee-extension-assist moment was designed to aid an individual with quadriceps muscle weakness to stand up from a seated position, sit from a standing position, and walk up and down an inclined surface. The knee-extension-assist (KEA) was designed as a modular component to be incorporated into existing knee-ankle-foot-orthoses (KAFO). The KEA consists of three springs that are compressed, as the knee is flexed under bodyweight, by cables that wrap around a sheave at the knee. The KEA returns the stored energy from knee flexion as an extension moment during knee extension. During swing or other non-weight bearing activities, the device is disengaged from the KAFO by decoupling the sheave from the KAFO knee joint, allowing free knee joint motion. A prototype was built and mechanically tested to determine KEA behaviour during loading and extension and to ensure proper KEA function. For biomechanical evaluation, able-bodied subjects used the prototype KEA while performing sit-to-stand, stand-to-sit, ramp ascent, and ramp descent tasks. The KEA facilitated sitting and standing, providing an average of 53 % of the required extension moment for the two participants, which allowed one participant to reduce quadriceps usage by 38 % and the other to perform sit-to-stand in a slower and more controlled manner that was not possible without the KEA. KEA use during ramp gait caused an overall increase in quadriceps activation by 76 %, on average, with use. Future efforts will be made to modify the design to improve functionality, especially for ramp gait, and to reduce device size and weight

Nuevas estrategias para la interacción y la movilidad de niños con parálisis cerebral según un modelo convergente

Premio Extraordinario de Doctorado de la UAH en 2013Esta tesis doctoral presenta la concepción, la implementación y la validación de nuevas estrategias para la interacción y la movilidad de niños con parálisis cerebral (PC) y síndromes afines, todo ello siguiendo un modelo convergente. Inicialmente, se plantea el desarrollo de un vehículo robótico para promover las aptitudes físicas y cognitivas a través de experiencias de movilidad. Pese a la versatilidad del vehículo, muchos de estos niños presentan limitaciones neuromotoras graves, que le impiden interactuar con la consola de conducción del vehículo en las diferentes modalidades. Por ello, para mejorar la accesibilidad del vehículo, no basta dotar a éste de diferentes modos de conducción y de mando, sino que de forma complementaria, se propone una nueva interfaz persona-máquina que potencie la actividad voluntaria y reduzca los efectos de los movimientos involuntarios. La motivación de este trabajo se basa en que la autonomía de locomoción es esencial para el desarrollo perceptivo, motor y social en los primeros años de vida. La revisión del estado del arte de los dispositivos de apoyo a la movilidad para personas con PC, muestra que pocos de ellos tienen como objetivo potenciar el desarrollo integral de la persona. Por otro lado, la interacción entre la máquina y el usuario con PC resulta un factor crítico. Un estudio bibliográfico de las interfaces persona-computador para usuarios con PC mostró que, aunque existen diversas soluciones, la usabilidad de las interfaces decrece drásticamente cuando existen afectaciones motoras graves, que dificultan el control voluntario. De acuerdo a estas consideraciones, se han detectado las siguientes necesidades: Mejorar la interacción del niño con su entorno físico y social a través de experiencias de movilidad como medio esencial del desarrollo integral del niño. Caracterizar las limitaciones de control causadas por las alteraciones de postura y movimiento de estos colectivos. Facilitar la interacción entre el niño y el dispositivo de apoyo a través de estrategias de filtrado del movimiento involuntario. En este contexto, las principales aportaciones científicas han sido: Propuesta de un modelo conceptual para formalizar la aplicación de las tecnologías de apoyo a personas con PC. El modelo define tres tipos de dispositivos de apoyo: general, personal y de entorno que han de interactuar de forma convergente para aproximar el dispositivo al usuario, y ambos, al entorno. Diseño y construcción de un nuevo vehículo robótico preindustrial como dispositivo de apoyo al desarrollo integral de los niños con PC. Diseño y evaluación de un algoritmo para estimación precisa y fiable de distancias a obstáculos empleando sensores ultrasónicos, para apoyar al niño en la conducción del vehículo. Desarrollo de una herramienta para la captura y el análisis del ejercicio de conducción para la objetivación del proceso terapéutico. Diseño y construcción de una nueva interfaz persona-máquina basada en tecnología inercial. Caracterización de la postura y del movimiento alterados de las personas con PC en el control del dispositivo inercial mediante el registro y el análisis de parámetros relacionados con estas alteraciones y la definición de métricas para su objetivación. Diseño y validación de una estrategia eficaz de filtrado para la reducción del efecto del movimiento involuntario en el control de la interfaz inercial. Validación funcional de la interfaz inercial como dispositivo de entrada al computador para su uso en aplicaciones diversas. Validación funcional de la interfaz inercial como dispositivo específico para la conducción del vehículo. Implementación práctica y validación del modelo conceptual de interacción convergente propuesto. Las soluciones y métodos planteados han sido validados de manera experimental con personas con PC. El criterio de selección de los participantes ha incluido a personas con graves dificultades para acceder a interfaces convencionales e incluso avanzadas. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que se han obtenido mejoras funcionales altamente positivas, que son expuestas en la memoria. El vehículo se ha mostrado como una herramienta eficaz para motivar al niño a interactuar con su entorno. La interfaz inercial ha demostrado ser un canal de interacción adecuado para estas personas, tanto para el acceso al computador como para la conducción del vehículo. Con todo, el resultado más significativo de esta tesis doctoral ha sido la creación de los dispositivos de apoyo (vehículo e interfaz) según un modelo de tecnología convergente de apoyo, con lo que se pretende aportar mayor autonomía y calidad de vida a las personas con PC

State of the Art in Neurotechnologies for Assistance and Rehabilitation in Spain: Fundamental Technologies

[EN] Neurotechnologies are those technologies aimed to study the nervous system, or to improve its function. These technologies expand the range of treatments for rehabilitating damaged functions and provide new healthcare solutions for the functions that have been lost. This paper reviews the rehabilitation and assistance neurotechnologies, mainly for motor disorders, it introduces a taxonomy that facilitates the systematic review, and it shows recent progresses made in Spain in the investigation, development, and application of their fundamental technologies.[ES] Las neurotecnologías son aquellas tecnologías dirigidas al estudio del sistema nervioso o a mejorar su función. Estas tecnologías permiten extender el rango de tratamientos disponibles para la rehabilitación de funciones dañadas y proporcionan nuevas soluciones asistenciales para las funciones perdidas. En este artículo se revisan las neurotecnologías de asistencia y rehabilitación, en trastornos motores principalmente, se introduce una taxonomía que facilita su revisión sistemática, y se proporciona una visión global de los avances logrados en la investigación, desarrollo y aplicación en España de aquellas de sus tecnologías más básicas.Los autores quieren agradecer el apoyo de NEUROTEC – Red Temática de Investigación en Neurotecnologías para la Asistencia y la Rehabilitación (DPI2015-69098-REDT), financiada por Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad.Barrios, LJ.; Hornero, R.; Pérez-Turiel, J.; Pons, JL.; Vidal, J.; Azorín, JM. (2017). Estado del Arte en Neurotecnologías para la Asistencia y la Rehabilitación en España: Tecnologías Fundamentales. Revista Iberoamericana de Automática e Informática industrial. 14(4):346-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riai.2017.06.003346354144Alonso, J.F., Mañanas, M.A., Romero, S., Rojas-Martínez, M., Riba, J., 2012. 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