Retroactive Liability and Future Risk: The Optimal Regulation of Underground Storage Tanks

The optimal design of environmental liability policy focuses on two primary policy issues: the cleanup of existing sources of pollution and the definition and enforcement of policies to promote prospectively efficient environmental risk reduction. Through the analysis of a policy toward a pervasive environmental risk--leaking underground storage tanks--we analyze the effectiveness of an existing policy governing retroactive and prospective liability issues and suggest ways in which that policy can be improved. While we find some theoretical support for the public financing of UST cleanups, we also find the current system to be flawed in its implementation. In general, the paper argues that public financing of past pollution cleanup costs can lead to greater future risk deterrence by allowing firms to more fully internalize the costs of future environmental risks. However, if it is practically or politically impossible to limit public financing to retroactive liabilities alone, the deterrent effect of such a system is vastly reduced.

Reducing risk in wire transfer systems

A description of sources of risk in large-dollar transfer systems and a discussion of the Board of Governors' new mechanism for risk control. The author cites examples of potential changes that might facilitate future risk reduction.Clearinghouses (Banking)

Present Risk, Future Risk Or No Risk - Measuring and Predicting Perceptions of Health Risks of a Hazardous Waste Landfill

Given that perceived risk is multidimensional, the authors seek better understanding by focusing on health risks and, more particularly, on their temporality. In this way, they attempt to measure more meaningfully psychological influences on risk perceptions

Cardiorespiratory fitness and future risk of venous thromboembolism

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Evensen, L. H., Isaksen, T., Brækkan, S. K. & Hansen, J.-B. (2019). Cardiorespiratory fitness and future risk of venous thromboembolism. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 17(12), 2160-2168., which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.14619. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions.Background - Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a strong predictor of future arterial cardiovascular disease and premature mortality. However, there are limited data on the association between CRF and the risk of incident venous thromboembolism (VTE). Objectives - To investigate whether estimated CRF (eCRF) was associated with the risk of incident VTE in a cohort recruited from the general population. Methods - Participants (n = 10 393) from the sixth survey of the Tromsø Study (2007—08) were included, and incident VTEs were recorded up to 31 December 2016. CRF was estimated in sex‐specific algorithms based on age, waist circumference, resting heart rate, and self‐reported physical activity. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of VTE according to categories of eCRF were estimated in Cox regression models adjusted for sex with age as timescale. The impact of weight status was evaluated in analyses stratified by weight category. Results - There were 176 incident VTEs during follow‐up. Compared with individuals with eCRF 100% of age‐predicted had 46% (HR 0.54; 95% CI 0.39‐0.77) and 67% (HR 0.33; 95% CI 0.20‐0.54) lower VTE risk, respectively. Compared with overweight/obese individuals with eCRF Conclusions - Higher eCRF was associated with lower risk of incident VTE. The association was independent of weight categories, suggesting that higher eCRF may modify the association between obesity and VTE

Current Control and Future Risk in Asthma Management

Despite international and national guidelines, poor asthma control remains an issue. Asthma exacerbations are costly to both the individual, and the healthcare provider. Improvements in our understanding of the therapeutic benefit of asthma therapies suggest that, in general, while long-acting bronchodilator therapy improves asthma symptoms, the anti-inflammatory activity of inhaled corticosteroids reduces acute asthma exacerbations. Studies have explored factors which could be predictive of exacerbations. A history of previous exacerbations, poor asthma control, poor inhaler technique, a history of lower respiratory tract infections, poor adherence to medication, the presence of allergic rhinitis, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, psychological dysfunction, smoking and obesity have all been implicated as having a predictive role in the future risk of asthma exacerbation. Here we review the current literature and discuss this in the context of primary care management of asthma

FINANCIAL RISK IN COTTON PRODUCTION

Risk analysis continues to emphasize price and yield variability as the principal components of the decision-maker's risk environment. This research demonstrates the relative importance of financial risk for a representative cotton farm in Arizona. For highly leveraged operations, financial risk may account for 70 percent of the total risk faced by the producer. Implications for future risk analysis are discussed in light of these findings.Crop Production/Industries, Risk and Uncertainty,

SHADOW OF THE FUTURE, RISK AVERSION, AND EMPLOYEE COOPERATION

In this paper, we examine whether and how the shadow of the future and risk aversion affect employee cooperation with the employer. We distinguish, formalize and test two conflicting arguments as used in the literature, which we denote the reward argument and the relation argument. Whereas the reward argument predicts that risk aversion affects cooperation in a negative way, the relation argument predicts a positive effect of risk aversion on cooperation. We show that both arguments are consistent with the view that a longer shadow of the future increases cooperation. Hypotheses are tested against survey data obtained from two samples of Dutch employees (N = 109 and N = 213, respectively). The results suggest moderate support for the relation argument

Modelling Future Coronary Heart Disease Mortality to 2030 in the British Isles.

OBJECTIVE: Despite rapid declines over the last two decades, coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates in the British Isles are still amongst the highest in Europe. This study uses a modelling approach to compare the potential impact of future risk factor scenarios relating to smoking and physical activity levels, dietary salt and saturated fat intakes on future CHD mortality in three countries: Northern Ireland (NI), Republic of Ireland (RoI) and Scotland. METHODS: CHD mortality models previously developed and validated in each country were extended to predict potential reductions in CHD mortality from 2010 (baseline year) to 2030. Risk factor trends data from recent surveys at baseline were used to model alternative future risk factor scenarios: Absolute decreases in (i) smoking prevalence and (ii) physical inactivity rates of up to 15% by 2030; relative decreases in (iii) dietary salt intake of up to 30% by 2030 and (iv) dietary saturated fat of up to 6% by 2030. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were then conducted. RESULTS: Projected populations in 2030 were 1.3, 3.4 and 3.9 million in NI, RoI and Scotland respectively (adults aged 25-84). In 2030: assuming recent declining mortality trends continue: 15% absolute reductions in smoking could decrease CHD deaths by 5.8-7.2%. 15% absolute reductions in physical inactivity levels could decrease CHD deaths by 3.1-3.6%. Relative reductions in salt intake of 30% could decrease CHD deaths by 5.2-5.6% and a 6% reduction in saturated fat intake might decrease CHD deaths by some 7.8-9.0%. These projections remained stable under a wide range of sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Feasible reductions in four cardiovascular risk factors (already achieved elsewhere) could substantially reduce future coronary deaths. More aggressive polices are therefore needed in the British Isles to control tobacco, promote healthy food and increase physical activity

Cardiovascular risk factors and future risk of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in elderly people, but there are still no curative options. Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are considered hallmarks of AD, but cerebrovascular pathology is also common. In this review, we summarize findings on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and risk factors in the etiology of AD. Firstly, we discuss the association of clinical CVD (such as stroke and heart disease) and AD. Secondly, we summarize the relation between imaging makers of pre-clinical vascular disease and AD. Lastly, we discuss the association of cardiovascular risk factors and AD. We discuss both established cardiovascular risk factors and emerging putative risk factors, which exert their effect partly via CVD