Comparison o f c olor vision tests

V bakalářské práci se zaměřuji na problematiku poruch barvocitu a jejich možným vyšetřením. Důležitou částí práce je stručná teorie vztahující se k fyziologii barevného vidění, k samotným poruchám barvocitu a k jednotlivým testům, které se používají k vyšetření barvocitu. V další části práce jsou pak porovnány čtyři různé testy (Ishihariho pseudoisochromatické tabulky, Tabulky k vyšetření barvocitu, Lanthonyho test D-15 a Farnsworth-Munsellův 100 Hue test). Tyto testy jsou porovnány na základě přesnosti, podrobnosti a komfortu během testování. Nejpřesnějším využívaným testem je FarnsworthMunsellův 100 Hue test, který má nepřehlédnutelný význam v oboru neurologie. Oftalmologie a optometrie naopak nejčastěji v praxi využívá pseudoisochromatické testy.The bachelor thesis focuses mainly on the issue of disorders of color vision and possibilities of an examination of color perception. The important part of this work is brief theory related to fyziology of color vision, disorders of color vision and color vision tests. In the other part of this work there are a comparison of four color vision tests (Ishihara's pseudoisochromatic plates, Plates for testing color perception, Lanthony's test D-15 and Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test). These tests are compared based on exactness, datail and comfort during the examination. The most accurate test is Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test which has an unforgettable importance in the field of neurology. In ophthalmology and optometry are mostly used pseudoisochromatic plates

Colour perception in ADHD

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with unexplained impairments on speeded naming of coloured stimuli. These deficits may reflect hypofunctioning retinal dopaminergic mechanisms impairing particularly blue-yellow colour discrimination. Colour perception and rapid colour naming ability were investigated in 14 children with ADHD and 13 healthy peers matched for age, gender, and IQ, using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test (FMT) and the Stroop-Colour-Word test. Children with ADHD committed more errors on the FMT, particularly on discrimination of colours along the blue-yellow axis, and were slower on Stroop subtests involving colour naming. However, the latter deficit was accounted for similarly by blue-yellow and red-green discrimination abilities. Blue-yellow colour perception problems in ADHD contribute to but do not fully explain the observed slowed colour naming. © 2005 The Authors Journal compilation © 2006 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health

Psychophysical Evaluation of Achromatic and Chromatic Vision of Workers Chronically Exposed to Organic Solvents

The purpose of this paper was to evaluate achromatic and chromatic vision of workers chronically exposed to organic solvents through psychophysical methods. Thirty-one gas station workers (31.5 ± 8.4 years old) were evaluated. Psychophysical tests were achromatic tests (Snellen chart, spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity, and visual perimetry) and chromatic tests (Ishihara's test, color discrimination ellipses, and Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test—FM100). Spatial contrast sensitivities of exposed workers were lower than the control at spatial frequencies of 20 and 30 cpd whilst the temporal contrast sensitivity was preserved. Visual field losses were found in 10–30 degrees of eccentricity in the solvent exposed workers. The exposed workers group had higher error values of FM100 and wider color discrimination ellipses area compared to the controls. Workers occupationally exposed to organic solvents had abnormal visual functions, mainly color vision losses and visual field constriction

Visual fields in a chloroquine treatment

Purpose: In this study, we describe contrast sensitivity losses in the visual field of a patient affected by chloroquine toxicity, measured with stimuli favoring different visual mechanisms. We have compared these results with those of other, usual clinical tests. Methods: The vision of a patient who underwent ten years of chloroquine treatment was analyzed by a battery of clinical tests: visual acuity (VA), Amsler’s grid, Farnsworth–Munsell 100-hue test, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, multifocal electroretinogram (ERG), white-on-white and red-on-white Humphrey perimetries, chromatic and achromatic contrast sensitivity perimetry tests, and fluorescein angiography. Measurements were taken just before the cessation of the treatment, and 6 months later. Results: The subjective visual perception of the patient was worse (in comparison with the rest of the visual field at the time of the first visit) in the center of the visual field, and was impaired on the second visit. Although standard automated perimetry (SAP) was practically normal and ERG results did not worsen with time, VA, Amsler’s grid, and visual fields with stimuli favoring the magnocellular and chromatic pathways signalled progressive loss of visual function. Conclusions: Standard tests such as SAP or ERG may not detect visual field losses or progression of existing visual losses in a case of chloroquine toxicity, whereas tests evaluating contrast sensitivity with stimuli favoring different visual mechanisms may be more sensitive.The ATD multichannel perimeter was built thanks to the support of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (Grants DPI2000-0116-P4-02 and PTR 1995-0909-OP), in collaboration with Industrius De Optica SA (San Cugat del Vallés, Spain)

Elimination of the color discrimination impairment along the blue–yellow axis in patients with hypothyroidism after treatment with levothyroxine as assessed by the Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue test.

Our previous study has shown that individuals with untreated hypothyroidism display significantly higher partial error scores (√PES) along the blue–yellow axis compared to the red–green axis than normal individuals using the Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue test [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 37, A18 (2020)]. We wished to determine how color discrimination may change when hypothyroidism has been treated to the point of euthyroidism. Color discrimination was reassessed for 17 female individuals who had undergone treatment for hypothyroidism, and the results were compared with 22 female individuals without thyroid dysfunction. No statistically significant difference was found in the total error score (√TES) for the first and second measurements for both groups (>0.45). The √PES for the hypothyroid group improved significantly in the previously impaired color regions after the treatment. Color discrimination defects found in untreated hypothyroidism can be negated with treatment of the condition over an appropriate time period

Visual function and color vision in adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

AbstractPurposeColor vision and self-reported visual function in everyday life in young adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) were investigated.MethodParticipants were 30 young adults with ADHD and 30 controls matched for age and gender. They were tested individually and completed the Visual Activities Questionnaire (VAQ), Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test (FMT) and A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed (AQT).ResultsThe ADHD group reported significantly more problems in 4 of 8 areas on the VAQ: depth perception, peripheral vision, visual search and visual processing speed. Further analyses of VAQ items revealed that the ADHD group endorsed more visual problems associated with driving than controls. Color perception difficulties on the FMT were restricted to the blue spectrum in the ADHD group. FMT and AQT results revealed slower processing of visual stimuli in the ADHD group.ConclusionA comprehensive investigation of mechanisms underlying visual function and color vision in adults with ADHD is warranted, along with the potential impact of these visual problems on driving performance

Color vision, contrast sensitivity and higher order aberrations after photorefractive keratectomy

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of myopic photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) on color vision, contrast sensitivity and higher order aberrations (HOAs).Patients and Methods: This prospective study was performed on 46 eyes of 23 patients with 3 to 6 diopter of myopia/myopic astigmatism undergoing PRK. Color vision using Fransworth- Munsell 100 hue test (©2011 X-Rite Inc., Michigan, U.S) and contrast sensitivity using CSV-1000 (Vector Vision, Dayton, OH) were tested preoperatively and 2 and 6 months postoperatively. HOAs were assessed using Zernike analysis map of Pentacam (OCULUS Optikgeräte GmbH, Germany) preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively.Results: No significant change was observed in color vision following PRK. Contrast sensitivity function was also preserved except for an increase in 12 cycles per degree (cpd) spatial frequency 6 months after surgery (P = 0.04). Total HOAs and primary spherical aberrations (total, anterior and posterior surface) increased significantly (P < 0.001), however, primary coma showed no statistically significant change 6 months after surgery compared to baseline values. Induced total HOAs significantly correlated with change in primary vertical coma and total, anterior, and posterior primary spherical aberration. No significant correlation was found between the changes in contrast sensitivity, color vision and HOAs with the amount of preoperative sphere and cylinder.Conclusion: PRK with an aspheric profile in moderate myopia/ myopic astigmatism does not affect color vision and contrast sensitivity at 3, 6 and 18 cpd spatial frequencies. It increases total HOAs and spherical aberration, but not coma. It remains a good option for refractive correction of moderate.Keywords: Color vision, Contrast Sensitivity, Higher order aberrations, Photorefractive keratectomy

Colour constancy in dichromats and trichromats: dependence on task

An important topic in the field of colour vision is the impact of colour vision deficiencies on daily life tasks. Investigating the extent to which colour constancy (i.e. the ability to recognise surface colour under different illuminants) is preserved in colour vision- deficient observers can provide us with insight into the nature and function of trichromatic colour vision. The first chapter of this thesis provides a summary of the very basics of colour vision, colour vision deficiencies, as well as colour constancy. Studies conducted on the colour constancy abilities of colour-vision-deficient observers versus those with normal colour vision are reviewed. The second chapter presents and reports the aims and methods of the proposed experiment (which could not take place due to the COVID-19 pandemic). This experiment investigated the colour constancy abilities of trichromats versus dichromats using two different colour constancy tasks (2D achromatic adjustment vs. 3D blocks-copying/selection task) and aimed to show how colour constancy depends on observer type as well as task type. The third chapter comprises of a computerised simulation. This simulation aimed to model the colour constancy of “ideal” observers when presented with various surfaces and illuminants. These observers involve simulated normal trichromats, anomalous trichromats and dichromats. A variety of yellow, blue, green and red illuminant shifts (from neutral daylight) were used, and surface chromaticity and observer types were compared. Overall, whilst no three-way interaction between illuminant shift, surface chromaticity and observer type were found in the simulation, strong main effects were found. It is suggested that a combination of simulated and experimental research is needed to understand the colour constancy mechanisms underpinning dichromacy and trichromacy at multiple levels (cone-based, cognitive and computational)

Cone and rod function in cone degenerations

AbstractProgressive cone dystrophy (CD) is usually marked in the initial stages by reduced visual acuity, color vision deficiency and alterations in the photopic electroretinogram, while morphological alterations can be very mild; in some forms rods are affected in a later stage as well. We examined 40 patients with progressive cone dystrophy to determine the extent of functional losses in the cone system with psychophysical tests. A great variety of visual acuity and fundus alterations was found. Myopia was present in 74% of the patients. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance predominated (32%). No prevalence of gender was found. The age of onset ranged between 10 and 30 yr. All patients had progression of their symptoms. The total error score in color arrangement tests, the saturated Farnsworth Panel D-15 and the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test, was pathologic with a predominance of confusions along the tritan and scotopic axis. Especially if visual acuity was below 0.5, color vision defects increased, but color vision defects were also found in patients with normal visual acuity. A general decrease of sensitivity in all three cone mechanisms was observed in measurements of spectral sensitivity. Moreover, cone-cone interaction as tested by transient tritanopia measurements was usually disturbed. In the dark adaptation function the threshold of the cone branch was usually elevated. These tests provide a good means to ascertain the correct diagnosis in early stages of the disease and to monitor progression in patients suffering from cone dystrophy