The educational divide in e-privacy skills in Europe

Resumen de la comunicación[EN] This work investigates the educational divide in e-privacy skills in Europe. We ask whether the gap exists at the level of the individuals, and subsequently we seek to frame it in the European context by using the reflexive modernization theory. By using data from the Flash Eurobarometer 443 and implementing multilevel linear regression models, we confirm the presence of an educational divide in Europe, although it is mediated by the frequency of Internet use. Furthermore, the enhancement of e-privacy protecting behaviors is more likely in highly reflexive countries. Yet, there are no differences in terms of the size of the educational divide between countries. The study contributes to the literature on the second-level digital divide by focusing on e-privacy issues. Furthermore, this paper is among the first in adopting a comparative perspective when studying e-privacy issues and shows that in highly reflexive countries the educational digital divide in e-privacy skills does not widen.Maineri, A.; Achterberg, P.; Luijkx, R. (2018). The educational divide in e-privacy skills in Europe. En 2nd International Conference on Advanced Reserach Methods and Analytics (CARMA 2018). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 253-253. https://doi.org/10.4995/CARMA2018.2018.8324OCS25325

The Closing Educational Gap in E-privacy Management in European Perspective

Educational gaps are increasingly salient as skills and knowledge gain prominence in digital societies. E-privacy management, namely, the ability to control the flow of information about the self, is an important asset nowadays, since a skillful use of digital technologies enables full participation in social life and limits the exposure to unwarranted algorithmic processes. We investigate whether and why education affects e-privacy management, and whether the educational gaps vary following a country’s degree of digitalization. We empirically test two sets of mechanisms, one derived from the digital divide and diffusion of innovations theories and the other from the reflexive modernization theory. The study employs Eurobarometer 87.1 data (N = 21,177), collected in 2017 among representative samples from 28 European countries, and uses multilevel linear regression model. Findings suggest that the years spent in education positively affect e-privacy management, and that this effect is largely mediated by digital skills and Internet use, and to a lesser extent by a reflexive mind-set. The educational gap in e-privacy management narrows in more digitalized countries

The privacy and control paradoxes in the context of smartphone apps

This research examines how various factors, such as the degree of e-privacy concerns and control over data access permissions, can influence a user's intention to install a smartphone app. We conducted two survey-based experiments with 441 participants. In each experiment, we manipulated the degree of control over the number and type of data access permissions granted to different fictional apps. In Study 1, participants were informed about the set of permissions the apps required. In Study 2, participants indicated which individual permissions they were willing to grant to the apps. In both experiments, we assessed the level of e-privacy concerns, perceived app importance, and the intention to install the apps. The results suggest that the type of app plays a central role in determining both the perceived benefit of installing the app and the level of e-privacy concerns. The intention to install an app is more strongly associated with perceived app importance than with e-privacy concerns (especially when app importance is high, and users have explicit control over which specific data access permissions they want to grant). The implications of these results are discussed regarding psychological factors involved in app installation decision-making process and the importance of promoting data protection by design

Personal data breach notification system in the European Union: Interpretation of “without undue delay”

This is the post-print version of the Article - Copyright @ 2011 Kluwer Law InternationalThe fast-moving technologies continually challenge present rules on data-privacy protection. The expansion of computing functions, speed of processing and storage capabilities makes personal information difficult to be controlled. In the EU, the revised EC e-Privacy Directive amended by the Directive 2009/136/EC modifies existing provisions and makes new provisions to enhance privacy protection in the electronic communications sector, which includes the further development of the system of notification of the personal data breach to minimise adverse effects. This paper aims to examine and evaluate the personal data breach notification system, interpret the requirement of "without undue delay" duty and discuss the impact of the revised Directive to business organisations. It finally proposes solutions to improve the notification system to increase the efficiency of privacy protection

Privacy as a shared feature of the e-phenomenon: a comparison of privacy policies in e-government, e-commerce and e-teaching

All aspects of the "e" phenomenon pose new challenges to privacy. This paper discusses the ethical foundations of privacy and contributes an empirical analysis of the different attitudes towards privacy found in privacy policy statements sampled from the e-commerce, e-teaching and e-government sectors. The analysis confirms that there is sector-specific variation in the reasons given by organisations to protect privacy, the perceived nature of privacy, and the manner in which the concerns of different stakeholders are addressed. This underscores the need for organisations’ privacy policies to be sensitive to their stakeholders, since the concerns vary with context. This is the authors final peer-reviewed version of the article. The published version of this article can be found by following the DOI below.One of the characteristics shared by most, if not all, aspects of the e-phenomenon is that it poses new challenges to privacy. This paper will discuss the concept of privacy and analyse which differences regarding the attention to privacy exist between different sectors. Based on a broad literature review on the ethical foundations of privacy, we have identified three research questions: 1. What are the reasons given by organisations to protect privacy? 2. What is the perceived nature of privacy? and 3. How do organisations address different stakeholders? These questions are explored by analysing the privacy policies of organisations from three different sectors: e-commerce, e-teaching and e-government. We will argue that the three sectors come to different answers to the above question but that privacy is an overarching concern that needs to be addressed. It is therefore justified to say that the e-phenomenon exists, at least insofar as it creates a necessity for organisations to consider the issues raised by privacy

Challenges for E-Government Strategy

Governments worldwide are faced with the challenge of transformation and the need to reinvent government systems in order to deliver efficient and cost effective services, information and knowledge through information and communication technologies. Development of Information and communication technologies catalyzed and led up to E-government. E-government is about transforming the way government interacts with the governed. The process is neither quick nor simple. The success of e-government requires fundamentally changing how government works and how people view the ways in which government helps them. Governments have different strategies to build e-government. Some have created comprehensive long-term plans. Others have opted to identify just a few key areas as the focus of early projects. In all cases, however, the countries identified as most successful have begun with smaller projects in phases on which to build a structure. Research suggests that there is large potential for e-governance, creating a channel that would bring the government closer to citizens by increasing the speed and efficiency of their interactions. In order for e-government to reach it's full potential, there are several barriers it must overcome.e-government, e-citizens, e-transactions, e-privacy

Exploiting Multimodal Biometrics in E-Privacy Scheme for Electronic Health Records

Existing approaches to protect the privacy of Electronic Health Records (EHR) are either insufficient for existing medical laws or they are too restrictive in their usage. For example, smartcard-based encryption systems require the patient to be always present to authorize access to medical records. A major issue in EHR is how patient’s privacy and confidentiality can be maintained because there are known scenarios where patients’ health data have been abused and misused by those seeking to gain selfish interest from it. Another issue in EHR is how to provide adequate treatment and have access to the necessary information especially in pre-hospital care settings. Questionnaires were administered by 50 medical practitioners to identify and categorize different EHR attributes. The system was implemented using multimodal biometrics (fingerprint and iris) of patients to access patient record in pre-hospital care. The software development tools employed were JAVA and MySQL database. The system provides applicable security when patients’ records are shared either with other practitioners, employers, organizations or research institutes. The result of the system evaluation shows that the average response time of 6seconds and 11.1 seconds for fingerprint and iris respectively after ten different simulations. The system protects privacy and confidentiality by limiting the amount of data exposed to users. The system also enables emergency medical technicians to gain easy and reliable access to necessary attributes of patients’ EHR while still maintaining the privacy and confidentiality of the data using the patient’s fingerprint and iris. Keywords: Electronic Health Record, Privacy, Biometric

Online Personal Data Processing and EU Data Protection Reform. CEPS Task Force Report, April 2013

This report sheds light on the fundamental questions and underlying tensions between current policy objectives, compliance strategies and global trends in online personal data processing, assessing the existing and future framework in terms of effective regulation and public policy. Based on the discussions among the members of the CEPS Digital Forum and independent research carried out by the rapporteurs, policy conclusions are derived with the aim of making EU data protection policy more fit for purpose in today’s online technological context. This report constructively engages with the EU data protection framework, but does not provide a textual analysis of the EU data protection reform proposal as such

Analysis of processing electronic communication data on the basis on consent in the light of Council's e-privacy regulation proposal

The article reviews the changes proposed by the European Commission in the field of e-privacy, i.e. the proposal of regulation on the processing of personal data and privacy in the electronic communications sector, which is expected to replace the existing legislation, with particular regard to the conditions for consent, as the basis for the processing of electronic communications data. The article analyzes among other things: the matter of the relationship between the already existing legal acts and the draft e-privacy regulation regarding the consent, contemplates the potential scope of application of the new regulation and the entities which shall be the subject to protection of their data of electronic communication, resulting from the project. The article’s analysis concerns the issue of consent, its scope, entities obliged to receive it, as well as the doubts arising from the provisions on obtaining consent, and also the provisions of the proposal on information obligations prior to obtaining consent. In addition, attention has also been drawn to the possibility for service providers to use terminal services and the restrictions imposed therein, the problem of default settings for obtaining the consent, as well as for modified rules for transmission for direct marketing purposes, or concerning creating publicly available directories