A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach to Marginalized Importance Sampling with the Successor Representation

Marginalized importance sampling (MIS), which measures the density ratio between the state-action occupancy of a target policy and that of a sampling distribution, is a promising approach for off-policy evaluation. However, current state-of-the-art MIS methods rely on complex optimization tricks and succeed mostly on simple toy problems. We bridge the gap between MIS and deep reinforcement learning by observing that the density ratio can be computed from the successor representation of the target policy. The successor representation can be trained through deep reinforcement learning methodology and decouples the reward optimization from the dynamics of the environment, making the resulting algorithm stable and applicable to high-dimensional domains. We evaluate the empirical performance of our approach on a variety of challenging Atari and MuJoCo environments.Comment: ICML 202

Generalization Through the Lens of Learning Dynamics

A machine learning (ML) system must learn not only to match the output of a target function on a training set, but also to generalize to novel situations in order to yield accurate predictions at deployment. In most practical applications, the user cannot exhaustively enumerate every possible input to the model; strong generalization performance is therefore crucial to the development of ML systems which are performant and reliable enough to be deployed in the real world. While generalization is well-understood theoretically in a number of hypothesis classes, the impressive generalization performance of deep neural networks has stymied theoreticians. In deep reinforcement learning (RL), our understanding of generalization is further complicated by the conflict between generalization and stability in widely-used RL algorithms. This thesis will provide insight into generalization by studying the learning dynamics of deep neural networks in both supervised and reinforcement learning tasks.Comment: PhD Thesi

Large state spaces and self-supervision in reinforcement learning

L'apprentissage par renforcement (RL) est un paradigme d'apprentissage orienté agent qui s'intéresse à l'apprentissage en interagissant avec un environnement incertain. Combiné à des réseaux de neurones profonds comme approximateur de fonction, l'apprentissage par renforcement profond (Deep RL) nous a permis récemment de nous attaquer à des tâches très complexes et de permettre à des agents artificiels de maîtriser des jeux classiques comme le Go, de jouer à des jeux vidéo à partir de pixels et de résoudre des tâches de contrôle robotique. Toutefois, un examen plus approfondi de ces remarquables succès empiriques révèle certaines limites fondamentales. Tout d'abord, il a été difficile de combiner les caractéristiques souhaitables des algorithmes RL, telles que l'apprentissage hors politique et en plusieurs étapes, et l'approximation de fonctions, de manière à obtenir des algorithmes stables et efficaces dans de grands espaces d'états. De plus, les algorithmes RL profonds ont tendance à être très inefficaces en raison des stratégies d'exploration-exploitation rudimentaires que ces approches emploient. Enfin, ils nécessitent une énorme quantité de données supervisées et finissent par produire un agent étroit capable de résoudre uniquement la tâche sur laquelle il est entrainé. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons de nouvelles solutions aux problèmes de l'apprentissage hors politique et du dilemme exploration-exploitation dans les grands espaces d'états, ainsi que de l'auto-supervision dans la RL. En ce qui concerne l'apprentissage hors politique, nous apportons deux contributions. Tout d'abord, pour le problème de l'évaluation des politiques, nous montrons que la combinaison des méthodes populaires d'apprentissage hors politique et à plusieurs étapes avec une paramétrisation linéaire de la fonction de valeur pourrait conduire à une instabilité indésirable, et nous dérivons une variante de ces méthodes dont la convergence est prouvée. Deuxièmement, pour l'optimisation des politiques, nous proposons de stabiliser l'étape d'amélioration des politiques par une régularisation de divergence hors politique qui contraint les distributions stationnaires d'états induites par des politiques consécutives à être proches les unes des autres. Ensuite, nous étudions l'apprentissage en ligne dans de grands espaces d'états et nous nous concentrons sur deux hypothèses structurelles pour rendre le problème traitable : les environnements lisses et linéaires. Pour les environnements lisses, nous proposons un algorithme en ligne efficace qui apprend activement un partitionnement adaptatif de l'espace commun en zoomant sur les régions les plus prometteuses et fréquemment visitées. Pour les environnements linéaires, nous étudions un cadre plus réaliste, où l'environnement peut maintenant évoluer dynamiquement et même de façon antagoniste au fil du temps, mais le changement total est toujours limité. Pour traiter ce cadre, nous proposons un algorithme en ligne efficace basé sur l'itération de valeur des moindres carrés pondérés. Il utilise des poids exponentiels pour oublier doucement les données qui sont loin dans le passé, ce qui pousse l'agent à continuer à explorer pour découvrir les changements. Enfin, au-delà du cadre classique du RL, nous considérons un agent qui interagit avec son environnement sans signal de récompense. Nous proposons d'apprendre une paire de représentations qui mettent en correspondance les paires état-action avec un certain espace latent. Pendant la phase non supervisée, ces représentations sont entraînées en utilisant des interactions sans récompense pour encoder les relations à longue portée entre les états et les actions, via une carte d'occupation prédictive. Au moment du test, lorsqu'une fonction de récompense est révélée, nous montrons que la politique optimale pour cette récompense est directement obtenue à partir de ces représentations, sans aucune planification. Il s'agit d'une étape vers la construction d'agents entièrement contrôlables. Un thème commun de la thèse est la conception d'algorithmes RL prouvables et généralisables. Dans la première et la deuxième partie, nous traitons de la généralisation dans les grands espaces d'états, soit par approximation de fonctions linéaires, soit par agrégation d'états. Dans la dernière partie, nous nous concentrons sur la généralisation sur les fonctions de récompense et nous proposons un cadre d'apprentissage non-supervisé de représentation qui est capable d'optimiser toutes les fonctions de récompense.Reinforcement Learning (RL) is an agent-oriented learning paradigm concerned with learning by interacting with an uncertain environment. Combined with deep neural networks as function approximators, deep reinforcement learning (Deep RL) allowed recently to tackle highly complex tasks and enable artificial agents to master classic games like Go, play video games from pixels, and solve robotic control tasks. However, a closer look at these remarkable empirical successes reveals some fundamental limitations. First, it has been challenging to combine desirable features of RL algorithms, such as off-policy and multi-step learning with function approximation in a way that leads to both stable and efficient algorithms in large state spaces. Moreover, Deep RL algorithms tend to be very sample inefficient due to the rudimentary exploration-exploitation strategies these approaches employ. Finally, they require an enormous amount of supervised data and end up producing a narrow agent able to solve only the task that it was trained on. In this thesis, we propose novel solutions to the problems of off-policy learning and exploration-exploitation dilemma in large state spaces, as well as self-supervision in RL. On the topic of off-policy learning, we provide two contributions. First, for the problem of policy evaluation, we show that combining popular off-policy and multi-step learning methods with linear value function parameterization could lead to undesirable instability, and we derive a provably convergent variant of these methods. Second, for policy optimization, we propose to stabilize the policy improvement step through an off-policy divergence regularization that constrains the discounted state-action visitation induced by consecutive policies to be close to one another. Next, we study online learning in large state spaces and we focus on two structural assumptions to make the problem tractable: smooth and linear environments. For smooth environments, we propose an efficient online algorithm that actively learns an adaptive partitioning of the joint space by zooming in on more promising and frequently visited regions. For linear environments, we study a more realistic setting, where the environment is now allowed to evolve dynamically and even adversarially over time, but the total change is still bounded. To address this setting, we propose an efficient online algorithm based on weighted least squares value iteration. It uses exponential weights to smoothly forget data that are far in the past, which drives the agent to keep exploring to discover changes. Finally, beyond the classical RL setting, we consider an agent interacting with its environments without a reward signal. We propose to learn a pair of representations that map state-action pairs to some latent space. During the unsupervised phase, these representations are trained using reward-free interactions to encode long-range relationships between states and actions, via a predictive occupancy map. At test time, once a reward function is revealed, we show that the optimal policy for that reward is directly obtained from these representations, with no planning. This is a step towards building fully controllable agents. A common theme in the thesis is the design of provable RL algorithms that generalize. In the first and the second part, we deal with generalization in large state spaces either by linear function approximation or state aggregation. In the last part, we focus on generalization over reward functions and we propose a task-agnostic representation learning framework that is provably able to solve all reward functions

Precision QCD, Hadronic Structure & Forward QCD, Heavy Ions: Report of Energy Frontier Topical Groups 5, 6, 7 submitted to Snowmass 2021

This report was prepared on behalf of three Energy Frontier Topical Groups of the Snowmass 2021 Community Planning Exercise. It summarizes the status and implications of studies of strong interactions in high-energy experiments and QCD theory. We emphasize the rich landscape and broad impact of these studies in the decade ahead. Hadronic interactions play a central role in the high-luminosity Large Hadron Collider (LHC) physics program, and strong synergies exist between the (HL-)LHC and planned or proposed experiments at the U.S. Electron-Ion Collider, CERN forward physics experiments, high-intensity facilities, and future TeV-range lepton and hadron colliders. Prospects for precision determinations of the strong coupling and a variety of nonperturbative distribution and fragmentation functions are examined. We also review the potential of envisioned tests of new dynamical regimes of QCD in high-energy and high-density scattering processes with nucleon, ion, and photon initial states. The important role of the high-energy heavy-ion program in studies of nuclear structure and the nuclear medium, and its connections with QCD involving nucleons are summarized. We address ongoing and future theoretical advancements in multi-loop QCD computations, lattice QCD, jet substructure, and event generators. Cross-cutting connections between experimental measurements, theoretical predictions, large-scale data analysis, and high-performance computing are emphasized.Comment: 95 pages (bibliography 30 pages), 28 figures; v.2: minor changes, authors and references adde

QCD and strongly coupled gauge theories : challenges and perspectives

We highlight the progress, current status, and open challenges of QCD-driven physics, in theory and in experiment. We discuss how the strong interaction is intimately connected to a broad sweep of physical problems, in settings ranging from astrophysics and cosmology to strongly coupled, complex systems in particle and condensed-matter physics, as well as to searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. We also discuss how success in describing the strong interaction impacts other fields, and, in turn, how such subjects can impact studies of the strong interaction. In the course of the work we offer a perspective on the many research streams which flow into and out of QCD, as well as a vision for future developments.Peer reviewe