Digital Modulation in Telecommunications

Import 04/07/2011Tématem této práce jsou digitální modulace v telekomunikacích. Řekneme si, co je modulace, dělení na analogové a digitální modulace, kde se zaměříme na typy digitálních modulaci. Popíši amplitudové, frekvenční i fázové klíčování. V další části najdete popis DSL technologií, historický vývoj přes symetrické DSL až po asymetrické. Podrobněji si popíšeme především ADSL. Následně vysvětlím digitální modulace v ADSL. Jsou to CAP modulace, používána do roku 1996 a DMT modulace, která nastoupila na místo CAP a využívá se stále. Praktickou částí je návod na vytvoření vybrané digitální modulace na výukovém stroji TIMS, ve formě laboratorního měření pro studenty, včetně ukázkového protokolu. Praktická část je mnou vytvořena laboratorní práce pro studenty, na výukovém stroji TIMS.The topic in this work is digital modulation in Telecommunications. We will talk about, what is modulation, division on analog and digital modulation, where we focus on digital modulation. I will describe amplitude, frequency and phase shift keying. In second part you will find the describtion of DSL technology, historical evolution from symmetric DSL to asymmetric. I will look in detail on ADSL. Afterwards I will explain digital modulation in ADSL. These are CAP modulation, used till year 1996 and DMT modulation, which takes place instead of CAP, until today. Practical part is guideline on how to create choosen digital modulation on the learning system TIMS in form of laboratory measurement for students, including exemplary protocol.460 - Katedra informatikydobř

Channel equalization to achieve high bit rates in discrete multitone systems

textMulticarrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and discrete multi-tone (DMT) modulation are attractive for high-speed data communications due to the ease with which MCM can combat channel dispersion. With all the benefits MCM could give, DMT modulation has an extra ability to perform dynamic bit loading, which has the potential to exploit fully the available bandwidth in a slowly time-varying channel. In broadband wireline communications, DMT modulation is standardized for asymmetric digital subscribe line (ADSL) and very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL) modems. ADSL and VDSL standards are used by telephone companies to provide high speed data service to residences and offices. In an ADSL receiver, an equalizer is required to compensate for the channel’s dispersion in the time domain and the channel’s distortion in the frequency domain of the transmitted waveform. This dissertation proposes design methods for linear equalizers to increase the bit rate of the connection. The methods are amenable to implementation on programmable fixed-point digital signal processors, which are employed in ADSL/VDSL transceivers. A conventional ADSL equalizer consists of a time-domain equalizer, a fast Fourier transform, and a frequency domain equalizer. The time domain equalizer (TEQ) is a finite impulse response filter that when coupled with a discretized channel produces an equivalent channel whose impulse response is shorter than that of the discretized channel. This channel shortening is required by the ADSL standards. In this dissertation, I first propose a linear phase TEQ design that exploits symmetry in existing eigen-filter approaches such as minimum mean square error(MMSE), maximum shortening signal to noise ratio (MSSNR) and minimum intersymbol interference (Min-ISI) equalizers. TEQs with symmetric coefficients can reach the same performance as non-symmetric ones with much lower training complexity. Second, I improve Min-ISI design. I reformulate the cost function to make long TEQs design feasible. I remove the dependency of transmission delay in order to reduce the complexity associated with delay optimization. The quantized weighting is introduced to further lower the complexity. I also propose an iterative optimization procedure of Min-ISI that completely avoids Cholesky decomposition hence is better suited for a fixed-point implementation. Finally I propose a dual-path TEQ structure, which designs a standard singleFIR TEQ to achieve good bit rate over the entire transmission bandwidth, and designs another FIR TEQ to improve the bit rate over a subset of subcarriers. Dualpath TEQ can be viewed as a special case of a complex valued filter bank structure that delivers the best bit rate of existing DMT equalizers. However, dual-path TEQ provides a very good tradeoff between achievable bit rate vs. implementation complexity on a programmable digital signal processor.Electrical and Computer Engineerin

Time-domain equalization for underwater acoustic OFDM systems with insufficient cyclic prefix

Master'sMASTER OF ENGINEERIN

Design and implementation of a bi-directional visible light communication testbed

Abstract. This work defines a bi-directional visible light communication (VLC) testbed design and implementation process using Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) software defined radios (SDR) and open-source software. The visible light communication design uses LED light sources for wireless communications purposes. The testbed combines light, infrared and radio frequencies as wireless media to be utilized in a hybrid wireless communication system. Bi-directional communication at 12.5 Mbps bit rate was successfully achieved and only limited by a sample rate of the USRP system. The achieved communication distance was in the range of 0.5 to 7 meters depending on the used optics. A TCP-IP communication and access to the Internet was also established by using light and infrared communication links. The Internet connection was also established by using power line communication for providing data to the lighting through the existing power line cables. The results in the work were obtained by using a GMSK modulation. Also, GFSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM and OFDM modulation were initially tested for future study.Kaksisuuntaisen näkyvän valon tiedonsiirtotestialustan suunnittelu ja toteutus. Tiivistelmä. Työssä suunnitellaan ja rakennetaan kaksisuuntainen kokeiluympäristö valon käyttöön langattomassa tiedonsiirrossa käyttäen ohjelmistoradioita ja avoimen lähdekoodin ohjelmistoja. Kokeiluympäristössä voidaan tutkia ja käyttää valon, Infrapunan ja radioaaltojen taajuusalueita tiedonsiirtoon. Valon tiedonsiirrossa käytetään valaistuskäyttöön suunniteltuja LED valaisimia sekä valaistukseen että tiedonsiirtoon. Työssä saavuttiin laitteiston näytteistystaajuuden rajoittama kaksisuuntainen 12,5 Mb/s tiedonsiirtonopeus ja käytetyn optiikan ominaisuuksista sekä tiedonsiirtonopeudesta riippuvainen tiedonsiirtoetäisyys 0,5–7 metriä. Järjestelmään ohjelmoitiin valo- ja infrapunalinkin avulla toimiva TCP-IP yhteys Internetiin. Internet yhteys valaisimelle onnistuttiin siirtämään myös käyttäen sähköverkon valmiita kaapelointeja. Työn tulokset saavuttiin käyttäen GMSK moduloitua signaalia. Myös GFSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM ja OFDM modulaatioiden toimivuus testattiin tutkimuksen jatkoa varten

Procedure for the application of a high-speed VDSL2 technology

Bakalářská práce shrnuje základní parametry vedení, zabývá se technologií VDSL2 a G.fast. Popisuje jejich vlastnosti, profily, masky a také využití vectoringu. Je zde uvedeno srovnání s dalšími využívanými technologiemi. Poslední část je zaměřena na simulace srovnávající různé typy DSL přípojek a na vliv vectoringu na dosažitelnou efektivní vzdálenost.A bachelor thesis sums up the basic line parameter, it deals with VDSL2 technology and G.fast. The work describes its attributes, profiles, masks and also an utilisation of vectoring. There is a comparation with other used technologies in this work. The last part is focused on simulations which are comparing different types of DSL connections and on an influence of vectoring to achievable effective distance.

Efficient channel equalization algorithms for multicarrier communication systems

Blind adaptive algorithm that updates time-domain equalizer (TEQ) coefficients by Adjacent Lag Auto-correlation Minimization (ALAM) is proposed to shorten the channel for multicarrier modulation (MCM) systems. ALAM is an addition to the family of several existing correlation based algorithms that can achieve similar or better performance to existing algorithms with lower complexity. This is achieved by designing a cost function without the sum-square and utilizing symmetrical-TEQ property to reduce the complexity of adaptation of TEQ to half of the existing one. Furthermore, to avoid the limitations of lower unstable bit rate and high complexity, an adaptive TEQ using equal-taps constraints (ETC) is introduced to maximize the bit rate with the lowest complexity. An IP core is developed for the low-complexity ALAM (LALAM) algorithm to be implemented on an FPGA. This implementation is extended to include the implementation of the moving average (MA) estimate for the ALAM algorithm referred as ALAM-MA. Unit-tap constraint (UTC) is used instead of unit-norm constraint (UNC) while updating the adaptive algorithm to avoid all zero solution for the TEQ taps. The IP core is implemented on Xilinx Vertix II Pro XC2VP7-FF672-5 for ADSL receivers and the gate level simulation guaranteed successful operation at a maximum frequency of 27 MHz and 38 MHz for ALAM-MA and LALAM algorithm, respectively. FEQ equalizer is used, after channel shortening using TEQ, to recover distorted QAM signals due to channel effects. A new analytical learning based framework is proposed to jointly solve equalization and symbol detection problems in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems with QAM signals. The framework utilizes extreme learning machine (ELM) to achieve fast training, high performance, and low error rates. The proposed framework performs in real-domain by transforming a complex signal into a single 2–tuple real-valued vector. Such transformation offers equalization in real domain with minimum computational load and high accuracy. Simulation results show that the proposed framework outperforms other learning based equalizers in terms of symbol error rates and training speeds

Simulation of ADSL error protection systems

Hlavním cílem této diplomové práce bylo vytvořit model protichybového systému použitého v ADSL modemech, který bude schopen ověřit svá jednotlivá nastavení pomocí testovací metody specifikované v doporučení G.996.1. Práce je rozdělena na dvě základní části – teoretickou a praktickou. První část popisuje základní funkční charakteristiky systému ADSL, přičemž pozornost je věnována především aspektům ovlivňujícím činnost a nastavení protichybového systému. Dále jsou probrány teoretické základy jednotlivých technik protichybového zabezpečení dat použitých v ADSL. Práce obsahuje také popis metody dle G.996.1 pro testování odolnosti DSL systému vůči impulsnímu rušení. Praktická část diplomové práce obsahuje popis navrženého modelu protichybového systému. Model byl realizován v programovém prostředí Matlab Simulink. Navržený model zahrnuje simulaci zabezpečovacího procesu, DMT modulace a přenosového kanálu s impulsním rušením a šumem na pozadí. Aplikace ze zadané přenosové rychlosti a požadavku na prokládání vypočítá parametry pro nastavení protichybového systému. Dále umožňuje nastavit parametry přenosového vedení a zdrojů impulsního rušení a šumu na pozadí. Podle nastavených vstupních charakteristik přenosu je vypočítána bitová alokace a výsledné parametry jsou předány výpočetnímu jádru modelu. V aplikaci je možné provést dva typy testovacích úloh. První z nich vychází z doporučení G.996.1 a umožňuje určit pravděpodobnost vzniku chybné vteřiny. Druhá testovací úloha pak slouží k měření odolnosti přenosového systému vůči impulsnímu rušení. Výsledky provedených simulací jsou shrnuty v závěru práce.The main objective of this thesis was to create a model of forward error correction (FEC) system used in ADSL modem, which will be able to check its individual settings using the test methods specified in Recommendation G.996.1. The work is divided into two basic parts – theoretical and practical. The first part describes the basic functional characteristics of ADSL system, with attention being paid to aspects affecting the activity and setting of the error protection system. There are also discussed the theoretical basics of FEC coding techniques used in ADSL. The work also contains a description of the method for testing DSL system resistance against impulsive interference, which is specified in Recommendation G.996.1. The practical part of this thesis contains a description of the proposed model of the FEC system. The model was implemented in the programming environment Matlab Simulink. The proposed model includes the simulation of FEC coding process, DMT modulation and transmission channel with the impulse interference and the background noise. The proposed program is able to calculate parameters for setting FEC system from the specified data transfer rates and the requirement for interleaving. In addition, allows you to set the parameters of transmission line and sources of impulse interference and of the background noise. Under the set of input characteristics of the transmission is calculated bit allocation and the resulting parameters are given to a computational core of the model. In the application can be performed two types of test tasks. The first one is based on the Recommendation G.996.1 and makes it possible to determine probability of errored second. The second test task is for the measurement of resistance of the transmission system against impulsive interference. The results of the simulations are summarized in the conclusion of work.