1,220 research outputs found

    Mutationism and the Dual Causation of Evolutionary Change

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    The rediscovery of Mendel's laws a century ago launched the science that William Bateson called "genetics," and led to a new view of evolution combining selection, particulate inheritance, and the newly characterized phenomenon of "mutation." This "mutationist" view clashed with the earlier view of Darwin, and the later "Modern Synthesis," by allowing discontinuity, and by recognizing mutation (or more properly, mutation-and-altered-development) as a source of creativity, direction, and initiative. By the mid-20th century, the opposing Modern Synthesis view was a prevailing orthodoxy: under its influence, "evolution" was redefined as "shifting gene frequencies," that is, the sorting out of pre-existing variation without new mutations; and the notion that mutation-and-altered-development can exert a predictable influence on the course of evolutionary change was seen as heretical. Nevertheless, mutationist ideas re-surfaced: the notion of mutational determinants of directionality emerged in molecular evolution by 1962, followed in the 1980s by an interest among evolutionary developmental biologists in a shaping or creative role of developmental propensities of variation, and more recently, a recognition by theoretical evolutionary geneticists of the importance of discontinuity and of new mutations in adaptive dynamics. The synthetic challenge presented by these innovations is to integrate mutation-and-altered-development into a new understanding of the dual causation of evolutionary change--a broader and more predictive understanding that already can lay claim to important empirical and theoretical results--and to develop a research program appropriately emphasizing the emergence of variation as a cause of propensities of evolutionary change

    Distinct, ecotype-specific genome and proteome signatures in the marine cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus

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    The marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus, having multiple ecotypes of distinct genotypic/ phenotypic traits and being the first documented example of genome shrinkage in free-living organisms, offers an ideal system for studying niche-driven molecular micro-diversity in closely related microbes. The present study,through an extensive comparative analysis of various genomic/proteomic features of 6 high light (HL) and 6 low light (LL) adapted strains, makes an attempt to identify molecular determinants associated with their vertical niche partitioning. Pronounced strand-specific asymmetry in synonymous codon usage is observed exclusively in LL strains. Distinct dinucleotide abundance profiles are exhibited by 2 LL strains with larger genomes and G+C-content ≈ 50% (group LLa), 4 LL strains having reduced genomes and G+C-content ≈ 35-37% (group LLb), and 6 HL strains. Taking into account the emergence of LLa, LLb and HL strains (based on 16S rRNA phylogeny), a gradual increase in average aromaticity, pI values and beta- & coil-forming propensities and a decrease in mean hydrophobicity, instability indices and helix-forming propensities of core proteins are observed. Greater variations in orthologous gene repertoire are found between LLa and LLb strains, while higher number of positively selected genes exist between LL and HL strains. Strains of different Prochlorococcus groups are characterized by distinct compositional, physicochemical and structural traits that are not mere remnants of a continuous genetic drift, but are potential outcomes of a grand scheme of niche-oriented stepwise diversification, that might have driven them chronologically towards greater stability/fidelity and invoked upon them a special ability to inhabit diverse oceanic environments

    Mutation-Selection Balance: Ancestry, Load, and Maximum Principle

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    We show how concepts from statistical physics, such as order parameter, thermodynamic limit, and quantum phase transition, translate into biological concepts in mutation-selection models for sequence evolution and can be used there. The article takes a biological point of view within a population genetics framework, but contains an appendix for physicists, which makes this correspondence clear. We analyze the equilibrium behavior of deterministic haploid mutation-selection models. Both the forward and the time-reversed evolution processes are considered. The stationary state of the latter is called the ancestral distribution, which turns out as a key for the study of mutation-selection balance. We find that it determines the sensitivity of the equilibrium mean fitness to changes in the fitness values and discuss implications for the evolution of mutational robustness. We further show that the difference between the ancestral and the population mean fitness, termed mutational loss, provides a measure for the sensitivity of the equilibrium mean fitness to changes in the mutation rate. For a class of models in which the number of mutations in an individual is taken as the trait value, and fitness is a function of the trait, we use the ancestor formulation to derive a simple maximum principle, from which the mean and variance of fitness and the trait may be derived; the results are exact for a number of limiting cases, and otherwise yield approximations which are accurate for a wide range of parameters. These results are applied to (error) threshold phenomena caused by the interplay of selection and mutation. They lead to a clarification of concepts, as well as criteria for the existence of thresholds.Comment: 54 pages, 15 figures; to appear in Theor. Pop. Biol. 61 or 62 (2002

    Adaptive Dynamics and Evolving Biodiversity

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    Population viability is determined by the interplay of environmental influences and individual phenotypic traits that shape life histories and behavior. Only a few years ago the common wisdom in evolutionary ecology was that adaptive evolution would optimize a population’s phenotypic state in the sense of maximizing som

    Patterns of cytosine methylation in the genome of Caenorhabditis elegans

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    Recent large-scale comparative analysis of cytosine DNA methylation across diverse eukaryotes suggest that early features of DNA methylation present in the last common ancestor of all eukaryotes some 1.6 to 1.8 billion years ago included the methylation of gene bodies and transposable elements (Zemach, McDaniel et al. 2010; Parfrey, Lahr et al. 2011). These potentially ancient patterns may reflect a primitive role of methylation in transcriptional fidelity and as a mechanism to protect the germ line from transposon, or repeat, mediated mutation. Because spurious transcription and mutation are hypothesized to be among the critical limiting factors to genome size, an ancient role for methylation in support of fidelity of transcription and genome stability suggests a possible link with the origin of eukaryotes. As a consequence, understanding the roles of methylation across diverse eukaryotes will be critical to understanding the evolution of methylation and its role in the evolution of genome complexity. In light of these observations it is perplexing that one of our key model eukaryotes, the nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) is assumed to lack active DNA methylation. In fact, C. elegans is often invoked to suggest the dispensability of methylation in multicellular animals (Feng, Cokus et al. 2010; Zemach, McDaniel et al. 2010). Historically, this view has been based on crude assays using methylation sensitive restriction enzymes (Simpson, Johnson et al. 1986) that lack the sensitivity to identify low levels of methylation. While it is clear that the genome of C. elegans is not highly methylated, in this thesis we used comparative genomics and genome wide bisulfite sequencing to show that: 1) The genome of C. elegans appears to encode at least three DNA methyltrasferases and a DNA methyltransferase associated protein; 2) the genome of C. elegans is methylated in a pattern consistent with the proposed basal eukaryotic pattern and 3) that that cytosine methylation is not a major contributor to the basal rate and pattern of mutation in the genome of C. elegans. Based on these observations we contend that C. elegans represents an ideal model for the study of the basal roles of DNA methylation shared by all eukaryotes

    Natural Selection and Natural Processes: a philosophical examination of the processes of evolution

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    This thesis concerns evolution and how it is explained. The ambition here is to identify clearly the many aspects of evolution, and to evaluate past and present explanations of evolution for their coherence and validity. Historically natural selection has been taken to be the central and main explanans, with other explanations playing lesser roles. Here it will be argued that the sheer complexity and diversity within nature cannot be accounted for by any single explanatory mechanism and that a plurality of explanatory mechanisms is required. Loading natural selection with the main weight of explanation is an overburden which, far from strengthening its explanatory powers, actually renders it vacuous. A critical historical and philosophical examination of the concept of natural selection reveals that it has never received a formal scientific definition that commands universal respect. This has created a problem of demarcation between that which natural selection can legitimately be said to explain and that which it cannot. In fact, the ontology of natural selection is equivocal, giving rise to the many controversies that have plagued evolutionary biology. The disambiguation of the concept of natural selection is the principle aim of this thesis and guidelines on how this should be accomplished are provided. However, should these reforming guidelines fail to achieve a consensus then a more radical alternative is proposed. It is recommended that the selective terminology is replaced with the less anomalous and demanding principle of ‘meeting the conditions of existence’. Moreover, talk of the evolution and origins by means of natural selection is to be replaced by talk of evolution and origins by means of natural processes. Finally, drawing from a ‘Structuralist’ alternative, it will be demonstrated that biological evolution should not be divorced from general or cosmological evolution. Rather, elucidation should be drawn more deeply from the fields of physics, chemistry, mathematics and topology, without the use of selection-tinted spectacles

    Geometric morphometric and genetic diversity analyses of two small mammal populations from heavy metal mines in Portugal

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    Tese de mestrado em Biologia Humana e Ambiente, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2017A indústria mineira tem tido ao longo dos últimos séculos um papel preponderante no desenvolvimento económico dos países. Contudo a sua intensa atividade tem deixado marcas profundas no ambiente tanto durante o seu período de exploração, como após o seu encerramento, sendo hoje em dia considerada uma das maiores fontes de poluição antropogénicas de metais. Durante os processos de britagem e moagem muitos materiais não são recuperados, sendo depositados em escombreiras. Estes locais sujeitos à ação dos elementos tornam-se fontes imprevisíveis de contaminação de água, solo, vegetação e atmosfera, representando sérios riscos ao nível biológico e ecológico. Esta exposição a metais, seja a metais pesados ou a elevadas concentrações de metais essenciais, tem efeitos tóxicos imediatos sobre os indivíduos ou a médio-longo prazo sobre as populações ou comunidades. Um dos efeitos deletério é a sua capacidade para aumentar a formação de espécies reativas de oxigénio induzindo stress oxidativo nos animais. Este efeito pode ter implicações nas células somáticas, podendo originar doenças degenerativas, processos carcinogénicos e mutagénicos (com possíveis consequências para a fitness das populações naturais) ou ao nível das células germinativas, prejudicando a geração seguinte. Em ambos os casos estas alterações poderão ter resultados demográficos na população. O stress ambiental causado pelos metais pesados pode afetar a composição das populações de maneiras distintas: através do aumento da taxa de mutação e/ou alteração da taxa de migração (gene flow) ou através de eventos de bottleneck (deriva genética) e/ou seleção de genótipos tolerantes (seleção natural). Esta alteração do padrão genético poderá ter consequências tanto ao nível fisiológico como morfológico. O uso de sentinelas é fundamental para este tipo de estudos toxicológicos, permitindo uma visão holística do impacte negativo que os metais têm no ambiente e na saúde humana. Devido à importância que têm na cadeia alimentar introduzem a componente espacial e temporal na análise, algo que não é possível através de uma análise química direta no ambiente. O uso de biomarcadores permite detetar e quantificar o efeito da exposição aos metais ao longo dos diferentes níveis de organização biológica. Embora se saiba que os metais pesados têm efeitos negativos nos indivíduos, poucos estudos têm sido realizados em pequenos mamíferos a níveis de organização biológica superiores, ainda sendo limitado o conhecimento que o efeito crónico à exposição dos metais pesados pode ter nas populações. Neste contexto a presente tese pretendeu entender qual o impacto que os metais têm sobre a biodiversidade, através da análise das alterações ao nível morfológico e genético. Este tipo de estudos permite analisar de uma maneira indirecta o risco para a saúde humana. No presente trabalho, foram estudadas duas espécies de pequenos mamíferos Crocidura russula (Hermann, 1780) e Mus spretus (Lataste, 1883), já anteriormente usados em estudos de biomonitorização. Estas duas espécies têm um tempo geracional muito curto, o que faz por exemplo, com que pressões ambientais possam gerar rápidas mudanças na história evolutiva destas espécies, fazendo delas bons biomonitores de estudos de ecotoxicologia evolutiva. Os animais do presente estudo foram capturados entre 2002 e 2003 em duas minas localizadas a sudeste de Portugal, a mina de Aljustrel e a mina da Preguiça, e numa zona de referência para fins comparativos (Moura). A mina de Aljustrel é uma mina que se localiza na Faixa Piritosa Ibérica. Esta operou intensamente entre 1867 a 1996 (ano em que cessa atividade), extraindo cobre, zinco, chumbo e prata. É uma área que apresenta uma profunda alteração e degradação da paisagem, reflexo dos longos anos de exploração. A mina da Preguiça é uma mina localizada na Zona da Ossa Morena, tendo estado ativa entre 1911 e 1964 e extraído essencialmente zinco e chumbo. Este local não aparenta grandes sinais de degradação ambiental tendo a vegetação invadido a mina e escondido escorias e resíduos existentes. Estudos anteriores realizados nestes locais mostraram que comparativamente com área de referência ambas as minas apresentaram elevadas concentrações de zinco, arsénio e chumbo nos solos, juntamente com zinco e chumbo nas plantas. Alterações bioquímicas (níveis de metalotioninas, atividade enzimática antioxidante), histológicas (rins e fígado), fisiológicas (parâmetros morfológicos e hematológicos) e um aumento da frequência de micronúcleos foram observadas nestas mesmas minas em Crocidura russula e Mus spretus. Partindo deste conhecimento, o principal objetivo da presente tese foi avaliar qual o efeito dos metais pesados a longo-médio prazo em duas populações de pequenos mamíferos que vivem em minas abandonadas, recorrendo a biomarcadores genéticos e análise de morfometria geométrica. A estrutura escolhida para a análise morfológica foi a mandíbula devido a ser uma estrutura amplamente usada em diversos estudos, nomeadamente em estudos toxicológicos. É uma estrutura composta só por um osso que apresenta uma estrutura plana, permitindo a aplicação de uma análise de morfometria geométrica em 2D. Esta análise foi realizada unicamente em Mus spretus devido ao limitado número de exemplares de Crocidura russula existentes na zona de referência. Um total de 124 indivíduos adultos foram analisados (mandíbula esquerda e direita), tendo sido todas as mandíbulas limpas através do método de água fervente. Posteriormente foram digitalizadas e colocado 19 landmarks sobre cada mandibula usando software específico. Para analisar a forma os landmarks foram decompostos em size e shape, tendo sido a variação na shape analisada na mandíbula como um todo e em cada módulo funcional separado (ramo ascendente e a região alveolar). O tamanho da mandíbula foi obtido pelo centroid size. Para explorar as diferenças da shape e avaliar as distâncias morfológicas entre populações foi realizado uma análise da variante canónica para a componente simétrica e assimétrica. Por fim como biomarcador da instabilidade do desenvolvimento, foi calculado a assimetria flutuante para os três locais, tendo sido realizado um teste estatístico. As evidências para as mudanças genéticas populacionais nas duas espécies foram investigadas usando parâmetros de diversidade de dois marcadores mitocondriais sujeitos a pressões seletivas diferentes, o gene citocromo b (Cyt b) e a região controlo. O ADN genómico foi extraído de 63 Crocidura russula e 75 Mus spretus, tendo sido os fragmentos de ADN mitocondrial amplificados através de reações em cadeia da polimerase, utilizando primers específicos. Os produtos obtidos foram purificados e sequenciados. As sequências obtidas foram editadas, alinhadas e comparadas com as sequências existentes no GenBank. No caso de Crocidura russula, uma vez que o comprimento da região controlo é muito variável mesmo dentro de um indivíduo (heteroplasmia de tamanho), a região controlo foi aqui usada como “marcador genético neutro”. Como parâmetros de diversidade genética foram analisados: a diversidade haplótidica, nucleótidica, número de haplótipos, substituições sinónimas e não sinónimas, variable sites e mismatch distribution, enquanto a análise da estrutura populacional foi avaliada através da variação genética entre e dentro das populações por uma análise da variância molecular e pela relação entre haplótipos estabelecida pela rede de haplótipos. Os resultados deste estudo confirmaram que para além de existirem alterações a nível individual, tanto as populações de Crocidura russula como Mus spretus nas duas minas estudadas estão a sofrer impactos negativos a outro nível de organização biológica. As análises morfológicas em Mus spretus revelaram diferenças entre as três populações e proximidade morfológica entre locais contaminados, embora se tenha verificado uma aproximação genética maior entre local de Referencia e a Mina da Preguiça. Estas mudanças morfológicas sugerem que a baixa qualidade ambiental está a atuar de uma forma direta e indireta, através da disponibilidade de recursos entre os diferentes locais. Ao nível da assimetria flutuante não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as populações, o que pode estar relacionado com a sensibilidade da mandíbula a perturbações ambientais ou à sazonalidade da biodisponibilidade dos metais. Baseado no gene Cytb, ambas as espécies na mina de Aljustrel apresentaram altos valores de diversidade genética possivelmente devido ao gene flow das populações circundantes, atuando este lugar como um ecological sink. Os baixos valores registados em Cytb juntamente com os “marcadores genéticos neutros” da região controlo sugeriram que a população da mina de Preguiça, possivelmente num passado recente sofreu um bottleneck, tendo sido recolonizada por indivíduos de populações próximas como a zona de referência. Esta diminuição populacional possivelmente deveu-se a um aumento da taxa mutacional nesta população, o qual é sugerido pelo aumento da diversidade genética na região controlo. Os nossos resultados confirmam o impacto potencial que as minas abandonadas têm ao nível individual e ao nível das populações, permanecendo activos os efeitos nocivos da actividade mineira. Estes resultados reforçam a importância de planos de recuperação ou ações de remediação nas minas abandonadas, de modo a mitigar os efeitos adversos dos metais pesados. Uma vez que a resposta populacional nas duas espécies foi coincidente, conclui-se que as diferenças registadas são devido às diferentes características das minas, reforçando a importância das distintas variáveis que podem influenciar as respostas da população e que fazem os estudos de toxicologia evolutiva complexos. Por fim, este estudo corroborou a sustentabilidade das duas espécies usadas como bons biomonitores da qualidade ambiental, assim como o uso de biomarcadores genéticos e morfométricos para a identificação dos efeitos toxicológicos ao nível da população.Portugal has a long history of mining. Nonetheless, a decline in this activity has been observed over the last decades, with consequent abandonment of mining areas without recovery plans. Abandoned mines constitute one major environmental problem since they are unpredictable sources of metal pollution. Although environmental pollution may have effects at all levels of biological organization, few studies have been performed on high organizational levels, like the population level, so that the chronic effect of metal toxicity remains largely unknown. To understand the medium-long term impact of metals on biodiversity, in this study it was performed geometric morphometric and genetic analyses of the populations of two mammalian sentinel species (Mus spretus and Crocidura russula) living in two heavy metal polluted mines in southern Portugal (Aljustrel mine, deactivated since 1996, and Preguiça mine, deactivated since 1964), that were previously shown to harbour changes at the biochemical, histological and physiological levels. We observed that the morphological analysis in Mus spretus revealed mandibular morphological differences in the three populations and a greater morphological similarity between the animals from mines. These morphological changes may be associated with the low environmental quality in mines. In the Aljustrel mine, both species showed higher genetic diversity in the Cytochrome b gene, while in the populations from Preguiça, the diversity of the Cytochrome b gene and of the mitochondrial control region changed in opposite directions, high genetic diversity in the latter, and low diversity in Cytb. These results suggest that Aljustrel may have functioned as an ecological sink and that in Preguiça a bottleneck may have occurred in the recent past, possibly due to an increase in the mutational rate. Our results confirmed the potential environmental impact of mines at the individual level and showed that within a relatively short time, pollution by heavy metals had altered normal homeostatic pathways and the genetic structure of natural populations. Since the effects on the populations of both species were concordant, it may be concluded that the different responses are due to the different characteristics of each mine. This study also corroborates the sustainability of these two species as biomonitors of environmental quality and the use of genetic and morphological biomarkers in identifying toxicological effects at a population level. Ecotoxicological studies such as this have the potential to assess the impact of anthropogenic stress on the evolutionary history of natural populations, as well as to reinforce the importance of requalification plans or remediation actions in abandoned mines

    LONGITUDINAL CLONAL LINEAGE DYNAMICS AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PANCREATIC CANCER CHEMO-RESISTANCE AND METASTASIZATION

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    In recent years, technological advancements, such as next-generation sequencing and single-cell interrogation techniques, have enriched our understanding in tumor heterogeneity. By dissecting tumors and characterizing clonal lineages, we are better understanding the intricacies of tumor evolution. Tumors are represented by the presence of and dynamic interactions amongst clonal lineages. Each lineage and each cell contributes to tumor dynamics through intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, and the variable responses of clones to perturbations in the environment, especially therapeutics, underlie disease progression and relapse. Thus, there exists a pressing need to understand the molecular mechanisms that determine the functional heterogeneity of tumor sub-clones to improve clinical outcomes. Clonal replica tumors (CRTs) is an in vivo platform created specifically to enable robust tracing and functional study of clones within a tumor. The establishment of CRTs is built upon our current concept of tumor heterogeneity, intrinsic cancer cell hierarchy and clonal self-renewal properties. The model allows researchers to create large cohorts of tumors in different animals that are identical in their clonal lineage composition (clonal correlation amongst tumors \u3e0.99). CRTs allow simultaneously tracking of tens of thousands of clonal lineages in different animals to provide a high level of resolution and biological reproducibility. CRTs are comprised of barcoded cells that can be identified and quantified. A critical feature is that we have developed a systematic method to isolate and expand essentially any of the clonal lineages present within a CRT in their naïve state; that is, we can characterize each sub-clonal lineage at the molecular and functional levels and correlate these findings with the behavior of the same lineage in vivo and in response to drugs. Here, based on the CRT model and its concept, we studied differential chemo-resistance among clones, where we identified pre-existing upregulation in DNA repair as a mechanism for chemo-resistance. Furthermore, through stringent statistical testing, we demonstrated orthotopic CRTs to be a powerful and robust model to quantitatively track clonal evolution. Specifically, we longitudinally tracked clones in models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) from primary tumor expansion through metastasization, where we captured unexpected clonal dynamics and “alternating clonal dominance” naturally occurring in unperturbed tumors. Moreover, by characterizing pro- and none-metastasizing clones, we were able to identified key clonal intrinsic factors that determined the nature of tumor metastases. Finally, I will discuss distinct clonal evolution patterns that emerged under different environmental pressures, leading to the hypothesis of “tumor clonal fingerprint”, where the characteristic of a tumor could be defined by actively maintained ratio of different tumor lineages, which could provide measurable insights to how we approach treatments
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