Modal and Polarization Qubits in Ti:LiNbO3_3 Photonic Circuits for a Universal Quantum Logic Gate

Lithium niobate photonic circuits have the salutary property of permitting the generation, transmission, and processing of photons to be accommodated on a single chip. Compact photonic circuits such as these, with multiple components integrated on a single chip, are crucial for efficiently implementing quantum information processing schemes. We present a set of basic transformations that are useful for manipulating modal qubits in Ti:LiNbO$_3$ photonic quantum circuits. These include the mode analyzer, a device that separates the even and odd components of a state into two separate spatial paths; the mode rotator, which rotates the state by an angle in mode space; and modal Pauli spin operators that effect related operations. We also describe the design of a deterministic, two-qubit, single-photon, CNOT gate, a key element in certain sets of universal quantum logic gates. It is implemented as a Ti:LiNbO$_3$ photonic quantum circuit in which the polarization and mode number of a single photon serve as the control and target qubits, respectively. It is shown that the effects of dispersion in the CNOT circuit can be mitigated by augmenting it with an additional path. The performance of all of these components are confirmed by numerical simulations. The implementation of these transformations relies on selective and controllable power coupling among single- and two-mode waveguides, as well as the polarization sensitivity of the Pockels coefficients in LiNbO$_3$

NASA Thesaurus Supplement: A three part cumulative supplement to the 1982 edition of the NASA Thesaurus (supplement 2)

The three part cumulative NASA Thesaurus Supplement to the 1982 edition of the NASA Thesaurus includes: part 1, hierarchical listing; part 2, access vocabulary, and part 3, deletions. The semiannual supplement gives complete hierarchies for new terms and includes new term indications for terms new to this supplement

Study of long term atmospheric trace contaminant monitoring and control Final report

Environmental control and life support subsystem for monitoring and controlling trace contaminants in spacecraft cabin atmospher

Clauser-Horne inequality and decoherence in mesoscopic conductors

We analyze the effect of decoherence on the violation of the Clauser-Horne (CH) inequality for the full electron counting statistics in a mesoscopic multiterminal conductor. Our setup consists of an entangler that emits a flux of entangled electrons into two conductors characterized by a scattering matrix and subject to decoherence. Loss of phase memory is modeled phenomenologically by introducing fictitious extra leads. The outgoing electrons are detected using spin-sensitive electron counters. Given a certain average number of incoming entangled electrons, the CH inequality is evaluated as a function of the numbers of detected particles and on the various quantities characterizing the scattering matrix. When decoherence is turned on, we show that the amount of violation of the CH inequality is effectively reduced. Interestingly we find that, by adjusting the parameters of the system, there exists a protected region of $Q$ values for which violation holds for arbitrary strong decoherence.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures. Published versio

In vitro determination of hemoglobin A1c for diabetes diagnosis and management: technology update

It is fascinating to consider the analytical improvements that have occurred since glycated hemoglobin was first used in routine clinical laboratories for diabetes monitoring around 1977; at that time methods displayed poor precision, there were no calibrators or material with assayed values for quality control purposes. This review outlines the major improvements in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measurement that have occurred since its introduction, and reflects on the increased importance of this hemoglobin fraction in the monitoring of glycemic control. The use of HbA1c as a diagnostic tool is discussed in addition to its use in monitoring the patient with diabetes; the biochemistry of HbA1c formation is described, and how these changes to the hemoglobin molecule have been used to develop methods to measure this fraction. Standardization of HbA1c is described in detail; the development of the IFCC Reference Measurement Procedure for HbA1c has enabled global standardization to be achieved which has allowed global targets to be set for glycemic control and diagnosis. The importance of factors that may interfere in the measurement of HbA1c are highlighted

NASA Thesaurus Supplement: A three part cumulative supplement to the 1982 edition of the NASA Thesaurus (supplement 3)

The three part cumulative NASA Thesaurus Supplement to the 1982 edition of the NASA Thesaurus includes Part 1, Hierarchical Listing, Part 2, Access Vocabulary, and Part 3, Deletions. The semiannual supplement gives complete hierarchies for new terms and includes new term indications for entries new to this supplement

Ionosphere research

A report is presented on on-going research projects in ionospheric studies. The topics discussed are planetary atmospheres, E and F region, D region, mass spectrometer measurements, direct measurements and atmospheric reactions

Investigation of HDDE exhaust flow mixing devices to enhance SCR performance

The 2010 regulations implemented by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) require significant reduction in Oxides of Nitrogen (NO x) and Particulate Matter (PM). These regulations have driven a significant amount of research and development into more advanced engine combustion strategies and after-treatment systems. This study focuses on NOx reduction in Heavy Duty Diesel Engines (HDDE) equipped with Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst by optimizing the mixing of DPF out exhaust gas with urea injected upstream of the SCR. Proprietary wired mesh substrates were installed between the DPF and SCR system at three locations and showed further NOx reduction from the previous emissions results. Different wired mesh catalytic substrates of varying lengths were used in this study. Experiments were conducted on four of the 13 modes of the European Stationary Cycle (ESC), modes in which the engine yielded high NOx emissions. Results from these experiments show that the wired mesh substrates enhanced the mixing of the exhaust stream and urea, which improved the performance of the SCR catalyst. When the wired mesh was tested on ESC and Federal Transient Procedure (FTP), NOx emissions were reduced 20-25% by introducing the wired mesh substrates in the exhaust flow for the ESC cycles. This study demonstrated that the wired mesh substrates enhanced the mixing of the exhaust gas and the injected urea. The mixing effect caused by the wired mesh improved the thermolysys of urea into ammonia (NH 3). This study draws a conclusion that using a wired mesh catalytic substrate in the exhaust upstream of the SCR catalyst improves the mixing of the exhaust with urea and gives additional NOx reduction for certain steady state modes, but showed no change for the NO x emissions for the FTP cycle