Англійська мова для навчання і работи. Навчальний посібник з англійської мови за професійним спрямуванням для студентів і фахівців галузі знань 0503 Розробка корисних копалин Т 1

A coursebook includes all the activities of students’ work at ESP course aimed at development of language behaviour necessary for effective communication of students in their study and specialism areas. The tasks and activities given in the coursebook are typicalfor students’ academic and professional domains and situations. The content is organized in modules that covers generic job-related language skills of engineers. The authentic texts taken from real life contain interesting up-to-date information about mining, peculiarities of study abroad, customs and traditions of English-speaking countries. Pack of self-study resources given in Part II contains Glossary of mining terms, tasks and activities aimed at developing a range of vocabulary necessary for mining, different functions and functional exponents to be used in academic and professional environment as well as tasks developing self-awareness, self-assessment and self-organisation skills. Testing points for different grammar structuresare given in Part III. Indices at the end of each part easify the use of the coursebook. The coursebook contains illustrations, various samples of visualizing technical information. The coursebook is designed for ESP students of non-linguistic universities. It can be used as teaching/learning materials for ESP Courses for Mining Engineers as well as for self-study of subject and specialist teachers, practicing mining engineers and researchers in Engineering.У посібнику представлені всі види діяльності студентів з вивчення англійської мови, спрямовані на розвиток мовної поведінки, необхідної для ефективного спілкування в академічному та професійному середовищах. Навчальний посібник містить завдання і вправи, типові для різноманітних академічних та професійних сфер і ситуацій. Структура організації змісту– модульна і охоплює загальні мовленнєві вміння інженерів. Зразки текстів– автентичні, взяті з реального життя, містять цікаву та актуальну інформацію про видобувничу промисловість, особливості навчання за кордоном, традиції та звичаї країн, мова яких вивчається. Ресурси для самостійної роботи(Том ІІ) містять глосарій термінів, завдання та вправи для розвитку словарного запасу та розширення діапазону функціональних зразків, необхідних для виконання певних функцій, та завдання, які спрямовані на розвиток навичок самооцінювання і організації свого навчання. Граматичні явища і вправи для їх засвоєння наводяться в томі ІІІ. Наприкінці кожної частини наведено алфавітно-предметні покажчики. Багато ілюстрацій та різних візуальних засобів подання інформації. Навчальний посібник призначений для студентів технічних університетів гірничого профілю. Може використовуватися для самостійного вивчення англійської мови викладачами, фахівцями і науковцями різних інженерних галузей

Good environmental governance for renewable energies: The example of Germany - lessons for China?

Germany’s pioneering role in the field of renewable energies (RES) can best be observed by its world leading position in installed wind power and photovoltaics. Also its first European rank in the production of biofuels and installed solar thermal collector space is remarkable. These successes are not due to an exceptionally good natural resource base; mainly they are the result of an innovative national support policy. Pressure from the European and international commitments also have contributed to the German success story in RES. The current paper analyses the main factors of the German case in the development of RES, including the design elements of the national promotion instruments and support programmes, the policy impacts from the European and the international level, technical as well as cognitive conditions. In addition, a description is given of further driving forces for a successful RES development in other European countries. The paper ends with the question which of the described success factors of the German RES case might be transferable to China - and which not. --

Remote sensing: An inventory of earth's resources

The remote sensing capabilities of Landsat are reviewed along with the broad areas of application of the Landsat imagery. The importance of Landsat imagery in urban planning and resources management is stressed

A stakeholder-grounded evaluation of the seven functions model of technological innovation systems theory in UK offshore wind and marine renewables.

Technological innovation systems theory (TIS) provides a useful framework within which to consider energy transitions. The "seven functions" framework allows researchers to examine the progress of emergence of new technologies, but has not hitherto been tested for completeness and validity with stakeholders in an energy transition. The emergence of offshore wind over the last twenty years in the UK has been a significant part of the UK's energy decarbonisation transition and has provided the industrial roots for this research. The research has critically evaluated the "seven functions" model of TIS with stakeholders in the offshore renewable energy sector in the UK, with the aim of assessing whether each of the seven functions is necessary and whether together they are sufficient to explain the development of a TIS. This thesis has reviewed the literature to find that no canonical inventory of seven functions exists and it therefore develops one. Using interviews with more than thirty influential participants in the offshore renewables sector - including project and technology developers, policy makers, supply chain, support organisations and other stakeholders - the thesis examines whether the seven functions provide a "necessary and sufficient" framework, to characterise the emergence of offshore wind and marine renewables (tidal stream and wave) in the UK since 2000. The research supports the seven existing functions and finds evidence for a new function, which is defined as "relative value potential" (RVP). RVP considers the potential or actual value offered by an emergent technology, to consider whether it can demonstrate a roadmap to achieving an unsupported viability. TIS is far from unique in theories for understanding socio-technical transitions. This thesis also finds that the proposed new function offers some scope for a reconciliation of TIS and another leading theory in this space – Multi-Level Perspective. The thesis concludes by eliciting learnings from the emergence of offshore wind for the benefit of tidal stream and wave energy developers

Conceptual design of alternative energy systems from biomass

El sector energético se está dirigiendo hacia un nuevo paradigma, favoreciendo la aparición de procesos de conversión más eficientes, el uso de las fuentes de energía renovables y la micro-generación. La bioenergía es una solución prometedora para la futura combinación de energías. Los conceptos de ingeniería deben de integrarse junto con los aspectos económicos, ambientales y sociales en el desarrollo de proyectos. Los sistemas de energía centralizados y distribuidos necesitan enfoques a medida para explotar las características de cada posible sistema. Esta tesis investiga el potencial del sector bioenergético, mediante el estudio de la gasificación de biomasa a través de técnicas avanzadas de modelización de procesos y de la incorporación de la gestión de la cadena de suministro, en el marco del diseño conceptual para la toma de decisiones. Los sistemas estudiados son: (i) gasificación integrada con ciclo combinado y con métodos de captura y almacenamiento de CO2 (IGCC-CCS, 285 MWe) para los sistemas de energía centralizados, y (ii) un gasificador de biomasa combinada con un motor de gas (BG-GE, 14 kWe) para los sistemas de energía distribuidos. La superestructura concebida puede ser utilizada en el diseño preliminar de alternativas para los diferentes procesos considerados, para adaptar los ya existentes y para adquirir conocimiento sobre las condiciones de operación de plantas de gasificación. El problema de optimización multi-objetivo considerado evalúa el equilibrio entre los criterios técnico-económicos y ambientales de 25 escenarios, con mezclas de diferentes materias primas y cambios topológicos: mezclas de carbón, coque y biomasa y la generación de electricidad a partir de gas de síntesis, la generación de electricidad a partir de H2 y la producción de H2 puro, considerando o no el uso del gas de purga del PSA en el ciclo combinado. El análisis de Pareto revela que como mejores escenarios el que utiliza coque de petróleo como materia prima para producir H2, con reciclo del gas de purga del PSA y el que utiliza biomasa residual sin reaprovechamiento del gas de purga del PSA. La implementación de la tecnología CCS conlleva una penalización en la eficiencia de un 8,7% en términos de potencia neta, si el H2 se utiliza en el ciclo combinado. La gestión de cadenas de suministro de sistemas centralizados, señalan que España tiene potencial de biomasa residual, invirtiendo en nuevas centrales IGCC-CCS, o para producir electricidad mediante co-combustión en las centrales térmicas de carbón ya existentes. Para el primer caso, el valor actual neto óptimo es 230 millones de € para un periodo considerado de 25 años. Para el segundo caso, se ha calculado que las políticas de subvención en este tipo de proyectos deben de tener en cuenta la sostenibilidad económica, cubriendo en un rango de 5,84% a 20,25% el aumento de los precios de la electricidad. El caso de estudio propuesto y optimizado como ejemplo de un sistema distribuido tiene en cuenta una comunidad de Ghana en el marco de la electrificación rural, a abastecer con peladuras de yuca y mediante sistemas BG-GE. Los resultados revelan una red inviable. De las cadenas de suministro resultantes como óptimas, se puede deducir que cierto nivel de centralización es necesario para que las propuestas sean sostenibles en el tiempo. El sector de la bioenergía cumple ofrece ventajas en términos de impacto ambiental y social. Su implementación es posible con el apoyo de las tecnologías actuales de conversión de energía. Los principales retos están en la mejora de los procesos de pretratamiento de la biomasa y en su almacenamiento. La conversión de la biomasa, junto con los métodos de captura y almacenamiento de CO2, necesitan de incentivos políticos para poder penetrar definitivamente en el mercado, como sería el caso de cualquier otra tecnología alternativa de conversión de energíaThe energy sector faces a new energy paradigm, with more efficient conversion processes, renewable sources and micro-generation. Bioenergy is a promising solution. Engineering aspects must be integrated with economic, environmental and social aspects in bioenergy projects. Biomass properties enhancement is crucial. It concerns energy and matter densifications, for stabilisation and easier transport. Tailor-made approaches are needed to account for the characteristics of each potential system, being it centralised or distributed. This thesis has assessed the bioenergy potential using advanced modelling techniques, enlarged with supply chain management strategies, in the framework of conceptual design for decision-making. The studied energy systems are (i) an integrated gasification combined cycle power plant combined with carbon capture and storage (IGCC-CCS, 285 MWe) for centralised energy systems, and (ii) a biomass gasifier with a gas engine (BG-GE, 14 kWe) for distributed energy systems. Process system modelling and optimisation approaches are integrated with supply chain management to analyse co-gasification and co-production of electricity and hydrogen alternatives in IGCC-CCS, and co-combustion of biomass and coal in pulverised coal power plants in the light of economic and environmental considerations. Process modelling is integrated with supply chain management optimisation for rural electrification by BG-GE systems, considering economic, environmental and social issues. The superstructure can be used for the design of process alternatives, retrofit of existing ones and to gain knowledge on operation of IGCC-CCS. The multi-objective optimisation problem evaluates the trade-off between techno-economic and environmental criteria of 25 scenarios. Considerations comprise different coal, petcoke and biomass combinations and electricity generation from syngas, electricity generation from H2 and purified H2 production without and with PSA purge gas use in the combined cycle. The Pareto frontier analyses reveals that the scenario with petcoke as feedstock for H2 production with PSA flue gas profit is the best in terms of techno-economic optimisation. The scenario with residual biomass without PSA flue gas profit is the best in terms of environmental optimisation. CCS technology implementation leads to an efficiency penalty of 8.7% in net power terms if H2 is used in the IGCC. To maintain the same power level than that obtained with the combustion of syngas, the feedstock should be increased by 21% on a mass basis. Supply chain studies highlight, for Spain, a huge biomass waste potential for electricity and H2 production by investing on new IGCC-CCS power plants, or adaptation of existing plants. For the first case, the optimal NPV is around 230M€ for a period of 25 years. The sensitivity of the optimal solutions to changes in prices is demonstrated. For the second case, policy subsidies or alternatively price increases range from 5.84% to 20.25%. The investment is within 549M€ and 1640M€. A supply chain in a specific community from Ghana is proposed for rural electrification using cassava peels. Optimisations considers 9 communities and an overall electricity demand of 118 MWh/yr. The results reveal an unviable network. From the resulting networks, distributed approaches need a certain level of centralisation to be feasible on time. Bioenergy offers decisive advantages in terms of environmental and social impacts. Its deployment is straightforward to support with current energy conversion technologies. Challenges concern the biomass pre-treatment and storage. Despite all the striking advantages, political incentives are needed for definitive market entry, as would be the case for any energy conversion alternative.Postprint (published version

Thermal treatment of biomass : a bibliometric analysis : the torrefaction case

The aim of the paper was to summarize and discuss current research trends in biomass thermal treatment (torrefaction process). Quantitative analyses were carried out, in which the main countries, research units and scientists were indicated. The analysis showed a clear upward trend in number of publications after 2010. Most scientists on selected topics come from China, USA, Canada, South Korea, Republic of China, Poland (Web od Science—Core Collection (WoS-CC) and Scopus databases). Quantitative analysis also showed that the most relevant WoS-CC categories in the summary are: Energy Fuels, Engineering Chemical, Agricultural Engineering, Biotechnology Applied Microbiology and Thermodynamics and Scopus Subject area: Energy, Chemical Engineering, Environmental Science, Engineering and Chemistry. Thematic analysis included research topics, process parameters and raw materials used. Thematic groups were separated: torrefaction process (temp.: 150–400 °C), hydrothermal carbonization process (HTC) (temp: 120–500 °C), pyrolysis process (temp.: 200–650 °C) and gasification and co-combustion process (temp.: 350–1600 °C). In the years 2015–2019, current research topics were: new torrefaction technologies (e.g., HTC), improvement of the physico-mechanical, chemical and energetic properties of produced fuel as well as the use of torrefied biomass in the process of pyrolysis, gasification and co-combustion. The raw materials used in all types of biomass thermal treatment were: energy crops, wood from fast-growing and exotic trees, waste from the agri-food industry, sewage sludge and microalgae

Carbon Footprint Assessment and Mitigation Options of Dairy under Chinese Conditions

With the rapid human population growth and economic development, demand for animal products continues to increase and livestock production rapidly expands. Greenhouse gases (GHG) emission from livestock research 7.52 billion tons CO2-eq per year, accounting for 50% of agricultural emissions and 18% of global anthropogenic GHG emissions (FAO, 2014), making it become an important source of GHG emissions. The Chinese livestock production emits 373 GHG of million tons CO2-eq. Methane (CH4) emitted from enteric fermentation is 10.74 million tons (equivalent to 225.6 million tons CO2-eq), accounting for 60.7% of total livestock GHG emissions. CH4 emitted from manure management is 3.33 million tons (equivalent to 69.9 million tons CO2-eq), accounting for 18.9% of total livestock GHG emissions. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emitted from manure management is 0.25 million tons (equivalent to 77.2 million tons CO2-eq), accounted for 20.4% of the total livestock GHG emissions (MEE, 2018). The enteric fermentation and manure management contribute 40% to agricultural GHG emissions. Expansion of livestock production results in high demand of feedstuffs, bringing greater pressure on natural resources. It is of particular concern that the livestock sector has already been a major user of natural resources. For example, approximately 35% of total cropland and 20% of green water have been used for animal feed production (Opio et al., 2013). Feed-related emissions represent about half of total emissions from livestock supply chains (Gerber et al., 2013). Therefore, it is very important to evaluate GHG emissions from the whole life cycle of livestock production. Besides improved manure utilization and water usage efficiency, management of carbon emissions and carbon footprint is highlighted as an important research topic. This project is expected to identify and execute appropriate interventions for reducing carbon footprint and economic cost of dairy production

Green Technologies for Production Processes

This book focuses on original research works about Green Technologies for Production Processes, including discrete production processes and process production processes, from various aspects that tackle product, process, and system issues in production. The aim is to report the state-of-the-art on relevant research topics and highlight the barriers, challenges, and opportunities we are facing. This book includes 22 research papers and involves energy-saving and waste reduction in production processes, design and manufacturing of green products, low carbon manufacturing and remanufacturing, management and policy for sustainable production, technologies of mitigating CO2 emissions, and other green technologies

Nuclear Energy in the UK: Safety Culture and Industrial Organisation

In this paper we seek to explore the relationship between professionalism and nuclear safety in the UK. We consider the history of civil nuclear energy in Britain and the near complete shift in emphasis from state owned enterprises to the private sector. We show how in recent years government has acknowledged that a truly liberalised electricity industry is unable to deliver the construction of new nuclear power stations as part of a future low carbon electricity system. Throughout, however, the intention has been for policy merely to incentivise the private sector rather than to steer industry strategy directly. Having said that, the line between strong incentives and weak control can be hard to see. We present illustrative examples, real and fictional, that give insight into the UK nuclear safety culture and we discuss the wider nature of UK society with respect to corruption. We conclude that the unique basis of safety regulation in the UK, essentially permissive rather than prescriptive, has a key role to play in promoting and maintaining nuclear professionalism

The manufacturing value chain of power generation equipment: A case study

On the basis of literature study and data collection, this thesis analyzes the value chain in Chinese power industry, power generation equipment industry, and steam turbine manufacturing industry systematically, in combination with Chinese power generation equipment industry background. It obtains a conclusion that the manufacturing takes the core status in the whole value chain. Around the manufacturing value chain, this thesis analyzes the key links and the key components of manufacturing value chain by case study of Dongfang Turbine Co., Ltd. It also makes a concrete description of manufacturing value chain’s management and upgrading in the aspects of technology innovation, manufacturing technology layout optimization, production and quality management, and the management of value network.Com base na revisão de literatura e na recolha e tratamento de dados, esta tese analisa a cadeia de valor na indústria energética Chinesa no que respeita à produção de equipamento para a geração de energia e turbinas a vapor. A tese conclui que a produção assume um lugar central em toda a cadeia de valor. Tendo como pano de fundo a cadeia de valor da produção esta tese analisa as principais ligações e as principais componentes da produção da empresa Dongfang Turbine. Ltd. A tese descreve também a gestão da cadeia de valor da produção, dando especial ênfase à inovação tecnológica, à optimização do layout, à gestão da qualidade e à gestão do valor produzido em rede