Reliable Fast Frequency Sweep for Microwave Devices via the Reduced Basis Method

International audienceIn this paper, a reduced basis approximation-based model order reduction for fast and reliable sweep in time-harmonic Maxwell's equations is detailed. Contrary to what one may expect by observing the frequency response of different microwave circuits, the electromagnetic field within these devices does not drastically vary as frequency changes in a band of interest. Thus, instead of using computationally inefficient, large dimension, numerical approximations such as finite element or boundary element methods for each frequency in the band, the point in here is to approximate the dynamics of the electromagnetic field itself as frequency changes. A much lower dimension, reduced basis approximation sorts this problem out. Not only rapid frequency evaluation of the reduced order model is carried out within this approach, but also special emphasis is placed on a fast determination of the error mesure for each frequency in the band of interest. This certifies the accurate response of the reduced order model. The same scheme allows us, in a offline stage, to adaptively select the basis functions in the reduced basis approximation and automatically select the model order reduction process whenever a preestablished accuracy is required throughout the band of interest. Finally, real-life applications will illustrate the capabilities of this approach

Analysis and design of antennas for wireless communications using modal methods

El diseño de antenas para los nuevos sistemas de comunicaciones inalámbricas ha suscitado un creciente interés en los últimos años. El principal objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral es la propuesta de un método general de diseño de antenas para sistemas de comunicaciones inalámbricas que proporcione una visión física del proceso de diseño. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se propone el uso de un método basado en la descomposición modal de la corriente en la superficie del cuerpo conductor. Los modos tienen la ventaja de proporcionar una visión más física del comportamiento radiante de la antena, así como información muy útil para la optimización de la geometría de la antena y para la selección del mecanismo óptimo de alimentación y su localización. En la Tesis se realizará una revisión de los diferentes métodos modales disponibles, así como de los parámetros más importantes a tratar cuando se trabaja con soluciones modales. Además, se investigará un método para obtener expresiones cerradas para las corrientes superficiales en objetos conductores planos abiertos. Como se verá, los objetos planos con formas canónicas se pueden interpretar en muchas ocasiones como deformaciones de objetos tridimensionales cuyas superficies coinciden con las de algunos de los sistemas de coordenadas curvilíneas. De esta forma, se obtendrán expresiones cerradas para los modos vectoriales en un disco conductor circular y una tira plana infinita. Estas funciones se propondrán como funciones base de dominio completo en problemas más complejos que incluyan este tipo de superficies planas. Los modos de corriente definidos a partir de las funciones de onda vectoriales son de naturaleza compleja, lo que dificulta en ocasiones su uso para el diseño de antenas. Por el contrario, la Teoría de los Modos Característicos proporciona una descomposición de la corriente total en la superficie de un cuerpo conductor de forma arbitraria en un conjunto de modos reales, cuyos diagramas de radiación son ortogonalesAntonino Daviu, E. (2008). Analysis and design of antennas for wireless communications using modal methods [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/2188Palanci

Compact Electronically Reconfigurable WiMAX Band- Notched Ultra-wideband MIMO Antenna

A low-profile electronically reconfigurable WiMAX band-notched dual port multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) antenna design for ultra-wideband application has been presented. The two symmetrical MIMO antenna elements proposed in this work exhibit a good impedance match (VSWR ≤ 2) over frequency band of 3 to 12 GHz, while offering high isolation. The decoupling structure is used to enhance the isolation level above 25 dB over the entire UWB spectrum. The reconfigurable band notch characteristic in MIMO design is achieved by inserting PIN diodes along the filtering Ω-shaped slotted structure in main radiators. Notch appears for WiMAX 3.5 GHz (3.2 - 3.8 GHz) frequency band by switching the PIN diode to ‘ON’ state. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured, the results suggest its appropriateness for UWB applications where WiMAX band notch characteristics may be desired on-demand

Comparative study of circular and rectangular microstrip patch antennas in Wi-Fi band

The growing ubiquity of Wi-Fi has necessitated the development of small and effective antenna designs, especially microstrip patch antennas. In the Wi-Fi frequency range of 2.4 GHz to 2.4835 GHz, this paper compares the performance of circular and rectangular microstrip patch antennas. The study aims to evaluate their performance regarding radiation characteristics, gain, and bandwidth to help choose antennas for Wi-Fi applications. According to the results, the rectangular patch antenna with a rectangular slot outperforms the circular patch antenna with a rectangular slot regarding return loss, coming in at roughly -37.07 dB. Furthermore, the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)value of the rectangular patch antenna is 1.02, which is higher than that of the circular patch antenna, which is 1.34. The rectangular patch antenna has the most excellent radiation efficiency (64.5%) and offers the broadest bandwidth (about 115 MHz). Engineers and researchers looking to enhance antenna designs for Wi-Fi applications can learn much from this study by considering variables like radiation efficiency, bandwidth, VSWR, and return loss.</p

Strategies for Time Domain Characterization of UWB Components and Systems

In this work new methods and criteria for the analysis of Ultra Wideband (UWB) components and systems are introduced. This permit to have a deeper insight into the component characteristics like signal distortion, ringing and dispersion, introduced by the non-ideal behavior of the UWB components over the wide frequency band. The developed analyses are the basis for correction and optimization strategies for the features of the UWB components and systems, compensating for their non-idealities

On-body flexible printed antennas for body-centric wireless communications

This thesis considers wearable antennas that are useful for body-centric communication systems. Novel wearable printed monopoles with flexible neoprene substrates and drapable conductive elements have been designed, synthesized and measured with respect to their on-body performance. Starting with a comprehensive literature review of wearable antennas this work contains an introduction to wearable antenna designs, flexible materials for wearable antenna fabrication, human body models and the impacts of the human body on the efficiency of small wearable antennas. Definitions of material effective and total conductivity, the calculations of antenna Q and mutual couplings between antennas and the human body using the Method of Moment (MoM) are presented. Four types of flexible printed monopoles have been designed and measured. They are two single band monopoles for ISM (433.05 434.79 MHz) service, one multiband monopole for GSM 900 (890 960 MHz), DCS (1710 1880 MHz), PCS (1850 1990 MHz), UMTS (1920 2170 MHz), and WLAN2.4GHz (2400-2484MHz) frequency bands and a UWB band antenna (3.1-10.6GHz) respectively. Effects of the ground plane dimensions on printed monopoles are illustrated first by changing the dimensions thereof and subsequently by adding wing structures. The new designs yield improved impedance match for printed monopoles. It also shows how meander lines can used to miniaturize antennas and add additional resonances. Models of the human body were created in Microstripes, a 3D electromagnetic (EM) simulator, to analysis the impacts of the human body on the performance of the wearable antennas mentioned above.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Theoretical and experimental investigations of passive and integrated antennas

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Contribución al desarrollo de herramientas CAD para el análisis y diseño de antenas de banda ultra ancha mediante el método de elementos finitos : Contribution to the development of CAD tools for the analysis and design of ultra-wideband antennas by means of the finite element method

RESUMEN ------- Esta tesis doctoral está dedicada al desarrollo de herramientas de diseño asistido por ordenador (CAD) y de optimización de antenas de banda ultra ancha (UWB) mediante el método de elementos finitos (FEM). El objetivo de este trabajo es adecuar una técnica de análisis numérico versátil, fiable y precisa como es el FEM, pero a su vez sumamente costosa en términos de recursos de computación, para su uso en conjunción con algoritmos de optimización y la creación de herramientas CAD. Así, gracias a la versatilidad proporcionada por el método de análisis, se pueden abordar optimizaciones ciegas sobre formas arbitrarias, de forma que se puedan explorar y estudiar nuevas geometrías con mejores prestaciones que ayuden a evolucionar el estado del arte en antenas UWB. Es, por tanto, también objetivo de este trabajo el diseño y optimización de geometrías de antena UWB novedosas cuyas prestaciones las sitúen a la cabeza del estado del arte. Teniendo en cuenta estos objetivos, este trabajo se ha dividido en dos partes principales: una dedicada a los fundamentos teóricos que permiten aumentar la eficiencia del FEM de manera que pueda ser integrado en rutinas de optimización, y una segunda dedicada al diseño de antenas de banda ultra ancha con las herramientas desarrolladas. Acompañando estos dos bloques temáticos principales se encuentran también una introducción, cuyo objetivo es presentar los antecedentes y motivaciones del trabajo, y unas conclusiones, cuyo objetivo es resaltar las contribuciones originales de este trabajo y las líneas de trabajo futuras abiertas por este trabajo. Dentro del primer bloque temático, se presentan dos metodologías diferentes cuyo objetivo es dotar de una mayor efiencia al método del elementos finitos: la formulación SFELP y el análisis mediante matrices de admitancia multipropósito (MAM). La primera se basa en el desarrollo de una formulación que permite la obtención de la matriz de admitancia generalizada (GAM) de una estructura electromagnética de una forma eficiente, de manera que puede realizarse la segmentación del dominio mediante la conexión de las GAM de los diferentes segmentos. El análisis mediante MAM se basa, en cambio, en la resolución de problemas electromagnéticos utilizando puertas artificiales, mediante las cuales se pueden establecer condiciones de contorno variables que pueden fijarse a posteriori una vez realizado el análisis electromagnético, mediante simples y eficientes manipulaciones circuitales. De esta manera puede abordarse la optimización de estructuras muy complejas de una forma muy eficiente. El segundo bloque temático se adentra en el diseño y estudio de geometrías de antena UWB con perfiles optimizados para mejorar sus prestaciones. Este bloque se divide en cuatro capítulos en los que se presenta el diseño y optimización de otros tantos tipos de estructura de banda ultra ancha. En el primero de esos capítulos se aborda el estudio y optimización del perfil de antenas de tipo monopolo (tanto estructuras con perfil plano como estructuras tridimensionales) con el objetivo de minimizar las pérdidas de retorno. Como evolución de dichas estructuras, el siguiente capítulo presenta el diseño y optimización de monopolos con perfil plano y banda rechazada mediante la optimización de ranuras en el perfil. En el tercer capítulo se trata el diseño de una antena de apertura con polarización dual con perfil de alimentación optimizado para minimizar las pérdidas de retorno en la banda UWB. Por último, el cuarto diseño aborda la posibilidad del conformado del haz de radiación mediante la optimización del perfil de un dieléctrico utilizado a modo de recubrimiento en una antena de tipo monopolo. ABSTRACT -------- This thesis is devoted to the development of computer aided design (CAD) tools for the optimization of Ultra Wide-Band antennas by means of the Finite Element Method (FEM). The objective of this work is to adequate the versatile and accurate but costly in terms of computational resources, the FEM is, for its use together with optimization algorithms and other CAD tools. Hence, thanks to the versatility provided by the analysis method, blind optimizations can be carried out over arbitrary profiles, so that new geometries can be explored and studied in order to make the state of the art in UWB antennas evolve. Therefore, the design and optimization of novel UWB antennas with performances which make them situate in the head of the state of the art, is another objective of this work. Keeping in mind these objectives, this work has been divided into two main parts: one dedicated to the theoretical basis which allow to increase the efficiency of the FEM so that it can be used together with optimization routines, and a second one dedicated to the design of ultra-wideband antennas with the developed tools. Together with these two main thematic blocks there is also an introduction, whose objective is to present the background and motivations of this work, and a conclusion chapter, whose objective is to highlight the original contributions of this thesis and the future research work related to this thesis. In the first part, two different methodologies are presented, in order to provide the finite element method with a higher efficiency: the SFELP formulation and the MAM-based analysis. The first one is based on the development of a formulation which allows to obtain the GAM of an electromagnetic structure in an efficient way, so that a segmentation of the domain can be performed by means of the connection of the GAM of the different segments. The MAM analysis is based in the use of artificial ports when computing an electromagnetic problem, which allow to establish variable boundary conditions which can be fixed a posteriori once the electromagnetic analysis has been completed, by means of simple and efficient circuital manipulations. Hence, the optimization of very complex structures can be carried out in a very efficient way. The second part presents the design and study of UWB structures with optimized profiles for better performances. This part is divided into four chapters in which the design and optimization of four types of ultra-wideband antennas is performed. The first chapter is devoted to the study and optimization of monopole-like (both planar and non-planar profiles) antennas designed to minimize return losses. As an evolution of these structures, the second chapter presents the design and optimization of frequency notched planar profile monopole antennas in which the notches of the antenna are optimized for optimal performance. The third chapter treats the design of a dual polarized aperture antenna an optimized profile feed for minimum return losses in the UWB band. Finally, the fourth design deals with the possibility of radiation pattern conforming by means of an optimized profile dielectric coating in a monopole antenna

Design of compact planar monopole UWB MIMO antenna with four orthogonal elements and tapered fed configuration for wireless diversity applications

In this paper, we introduce a four-port self-isolated UWB MIMO antenna for diversity applications. First, we have developed a basic radiating element of the proposed antenna in four stages of design, where patches of geometrically different shapes were added at each stage to arrive at the final radiator form. The antenna was designed on an FR-4 substrate with a compact size of 28 x 28 x 1.6 mm(3). A tapered microstrip feeding was employed to enhance the antenna's impedance matching. An orthogonal arrangement of the four radiators was adopted to mitigate the mutual coupling between them, avoiding the use of a separate isolation structure. A prototype was built and measured with a close agreement between the experimental and simulated results. The MIMO antenna performed well in the entire frequency spectrum of 3.1-10.6 GHz, with an isolation better than 20 dB. The measured envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) was less than 0.001, the diversity gain (DG) was greater than 0.99 dB, and the total active reflection coefficient (TARC) was less than -10 dB. The performance of the proposed antenna design was compared with existing designs. The comparison showed that the proposed quad-element UWB MIMO array is compact, has good isolation and diversity performance compared to existing designs, and is well-suited for wireless diversity applications.Web of Science1119art. no. 308