142 research outputs found

    Enhancing Exploratory Analysis across Multiple Levels of Detail of Spatiotemporal Events

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    Crimes, forest fires, accidents, infectious diseases, human interactions with mobile devices (e.g., tweets) are being logged as spatiotemporal events. For each event, its spatial location, time and related attributes are known with high levels of detail (LoDs). The LoD of analysis plays a crucial role in the user’s perception of phenomena. From one LoD to another, some patterns can be easily perceived or different patterns may be detected, thus requiring modeling phenomena at different LoDs as there is no exclusive LoD to study them. Granular computing emerged as a paradigm of knowledge representation and processing, where granules are basic ingredients of information. These can be arranged in a hierarchical alike structure, allowing the same phenomenon to be perceived at different LoDs. This PhD Thesis introduces a formal Theory of Granularities (ToG) in order to have granules defined over any domain and reason over them. This approach is more general than the related literature because these appear as particular cases of the proposed ToG. Based on this theory we propose a granular computing approach to model spatiotemporal phenomena at multiple LoDs, and called it a granularities-based model. This approach stands out from the related literature because it models a phenomenon through statements rather than just using granules to model abstract real-world entities. Furthermore, it formalizes the concept of LoD and follows an automated approach to generalize a phenomenon from one LoD to a coarser one. Present-day practices work on a single LoD driven by the users despite the fact that the identification of the suitable LoDs is a key issue for them. This PhD Thesis presents a framework for SUmmarizIng spatioTemporal Events (SUITE) across multiple LoDs. The SUITE framework makes no assumptions about the phenomenon and the analytical task. A Visual Analytics approach implementing the SUITE framework is presented, which allow users to inspect a phenomenon across multiple LoDs, simultaneously, thus helping to understand in what LoDs the phenomenon perception is different or in what LoDs patterns emerge

    Modeling and querying spatio-temporal clinical databases with multiple granularities

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    In molti campi di ricerca, i ricercatori hanno la necessit\ue0 di memorizzare, gestire e interrogare dati spazio-temporali. Tali dati sono classici dati alfanumerici arricchiti per\uf2 con una o pi\uf9 componenti temporali, spaziali e spazio-temporali che, con diversi possibili significati, li localizzano nel tempo e/o nello spazio. Ambiti in cui tali dati spazio-temporali devono essere raccolti e gestiti sono, per esempio, la gestione del territorio o delle risorse naturali, l'epidemiologia, l'archeologia e la geografia. Pi\uf9 in dettaglio, per esempio nelle ricerche epidemiologiche, i dati spazio-temporali possono servire a rappresentare diversi aspetti delle malattie e delle loro caratteristiche, quali per esempio la loro origine, espansione ed evoluzione e i fattori di rischio potenzialmente connessi alle malattie e al loro sviluppo. Le componenti spazio-temporali dei dati possono essere considerate come dei "meta-dati" che possono essere sfruttati per introdurre nuovi tipi di analisi sui dati stessi. La gestione di questi "meta-dati" pu\uf2 avvenire all'interno di diversi framework proposti in letteratura. Uno dei concetti proposti a tal fine \ue8 quello delle granularit\ue0. In letteratura c'\ue8 ampio consenso sul concetto di granularit\ue0 temporale, di cui esistono framework basati su diversi approcci. D'altro canto, non esiste invece un consenso generale sulla definizione di un framework completo, come quello delle granularit\ue0 temporali, per le granularit\ue0 spaziali e spazio-temporali. Questa tesi ha lo scopo di riempire questo vuoto proponendo un framework per le granularit\ue0 spaziali e, basandosi su questo e su quello gi\ue0 presente in letteratura per le granularit\ue0 temporali, un framework per le granularit\ue0 spazio-temporali. I framework proposti vogliono essere completi, per questo, oltre alle definizioni dei concetti di granularit\ue0 spaziale e spazio-temporale, includono anche la definizione di diversi concetti legati alle granularit\ue0, quali per esempio le relazioni e le operazioni tra granularit\ue0. Le relazioni permettono di conoscere come granularit\ue0 diverse sono legate tra loro, costruendone anche una gerarchia. Tali informazioni sono poi utili al fine di conoscere se e come \ue8 possibile confrontare dati associati e rappresentati con granularit\ue0 diverse. Le operazioni permettono invece di creare nuove granularit\ue0 a partire da altre granularit\ue0 gi\ue0 definite nel sistema, manipolando o selezionando alcune loro componenti. Basandosi su questi framework, l'obiettivo della tesi si sposta poi sul mostrare come le granularit\ue0 possano essere utilizzate per arricchire basi di dati spazio-temporali gi\ue0 esistenti al fine di una loro migliore e pi\uf9 ricca gestione e interrogazione. A tal fine, proponiamo qui una base di dati per la gestione dei dati riguardanti le granularit\ue0 temporali, spaziali e spazio-temporali. Nella base di dati proposta possono essere rappresentate tutte le componenti di una granularit\ue0 come definito nei framework proposti. La base di dati pu\uf2 poi essere utilizzata per estendere una base di dati spazio-temporale esistente aggiungendo alle tuple di quest'ultima delle referenze alle granularit\ue0 dove quei dati possono essere localizzati nel tempo e/o nel spazio. Per dimostrare come ci\uf2 possa essere fatto, nella tesi introduciamo la base di dati sviluppata ed utilizzata dal Servizio Psichiatrico Territoriale (SPT) di Verona. Tale base di dati memorizza le informazioni su tutti i pazienti venuti in contatto con l'SPT negli ultimi 30 anni e tutte le informazioni sui loro contatti con il servizio stesso (per esempio: chiamate telefoniche, visite a domicilio, ricoveri). Parte di tali informazioni hanno una componente spazio-temporale e possono essere quindi analizzate studiandone trend e pattern nel tempo e nello spazio. Nella tesi quindi estendiamo questa base di dati psichiatrica collegandola a quella proposta per la gestione delle granularit\ue0. A questo punto i dati psichiatrici possono essere interrogati anche sulla base di vincoli spazio-temporali basati su granularit\ue0. L'interrogazione di dati spazio-temporali associati a granularit\ue0 richiede l'utilizzo di un linguaggio d'interrogazione che includa, oltre a strutture, operatori e funzioni spazio-temporali per la gestione delle componenti spazio-temporali dei dati, anche costrutti per l'utilizzo delle granularit\ue0 nelle interrogazioni. Quindi, partendo da un linguaggio d'interrogazione spazio-temporale gi\ue0 presente in letteratura, in questa tesi proponiamo anche un linguaggio d'interrogazione che permetta ad un utente di recuperare dati da una base di dati spazio-temporale anche sulla base di vincoli basati su granularit\ue0. Il linguaggio viene introdotto fornendone la sintassi e la semantica. Inoltre per mostrare l'effettivo ruolo delle granularit\ue0 nell'interrogazione di una base di dati clinica, mostreremo diversi esempi di interrogazioni, scritte con il linguaggio d'interrogazione proposto, sulla base di dati psichiatrica dell'SPT di Verona. Tali interrogazioni spazio-temporali basate su granularit\ue0 possono essere utili ai ricercatori ai fini di analisi epidemiologiche dei dati psichiatrici.In several research fields, temporal, spatial, and spatio-temporal data have to be managed and queried with several purposes. These data are usually composed by classical data enriched with a temporal and/or a spatial qualification. For instance, in epidemiology spatio-temporal data may represent surveillance data, origins of disease and outbreaks, and risk factors. In order to better exploit the time and spatial dimensions, spatio-temporal data could be managed considering their spatio-temporal dimensions as meta-data useful to retrieve information. One way to manage spatio-temporal dimensions is by using spatio-temporal granularities. This dissertation aims to show how this is possible, in particular for epidemiological spatio-temporal data. For this purpose, in this thesis we propose a framework for the definition of spatio-temporal granularities (i.e., partitions of a spatio-temporal dimension) with the aim to improve the management and querying of spatio-temporal data. The framework includes the theoretical definitions of spatial and spatio-temporal granularities (while for temporal granularities we refer to the framework proposed by Bettini et al.) and all related notions useful for their management, e.g., relationships and operations over granularities. Relationships are useful for relating granularities and then knowing how data associated with different granularities can be compared. Operations allow one to create new granularities from already defined ones, manipulating or selecting their components. We show how granularities can be represented in a database and can be used to enrich an existing spatio-temporal database. For this purpose, we conceptually and logically design a relational database for temporal, spatial, and spatio-temporal granularities. The database stores all data about granularities and their related information we defined in the theoretical framework. This database can be used for enriching other spatio-temporal databases with spatio-temporal granularities. We introduce the spatio-temporal psychiatric case register, developed by the Verona Community-based Psychiatric Service (CPS), for storing and managing information about psychiatric patient, their personal information, and their contacts with the CPS occurred in last 30 years. The case register includes both clinical and statistical information about contacts, that are also temporally and spatially qualified. We show how the case register database can be enriched with spatio-temporal granularities both extending its structure and introducing a spatio-temporal query language dealing with spatio-temporal data and spatio-temporal granularities. Thus, we propose a new spatio-temporal query language, by defining its syntax and semantics, that includes ad-hoc features and constructs for dealing with spatio-temporal granularities. Finally, using the proposed query language, we report several examples of spatio-temporal queries on the psychiatric case register showing the ``usage'' of granularities and their role in spatio-temporal queries useful for epidemiological studies

    Towards a model for the multidimensional analysis of field data

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    International audienceIntegration of spatial data into multidimensional models leads to the concept of Spatial OLAP (SOLAP). Usually, SOLAP models exploit discrete spatial data. Few works integrate continuous field data into dimensions and measures. In this paper, we provide a multidimensional model that supports measures and dimension as continuous field data, independently of their implementation

    Formal extension of the relational model for the management of spatial and spatio-temporal data

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    [Resumen] En los últioms años, se ha realizado un gran esfuerzo investigador en la manipulación de datos especiales y Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). Una clara limitación de las primeras aproximaciones es la falta de integración entre datos geográficos y alfanuméricos. Para resolver esto surge el área de Bases de Datos Espaciales. Los problemas que aparecen en este campo son muchos y complejos. Un primer ejemplo son las peculiaridades de las operaciones espaciales, como el calculo de la intersección espacial de dos superficies. Otro ejemplo es el elegir las estructuras de datos apropiadas (relaciones, capas, etc.) y el conjunto de operaciones adeucado. La combinación con las Bases de Datos Temporales da lugar a las Bases de Datos Espacio-temporales, en las que la inclusión de la dimensión temporal complica más los problemas anteriores. A pesar de la gran cantidad de aproximaciones propuestas, no se ha llegado todavía a una solución satisfactoria. La presente tesis propone una nueva solución que resuelve todos los problemas de modelado de datos espaciales y espacio-temporales resaltados arriba. Parte del trabajo se completó durante el proyecto ""CHOROCRONOS"": A Research Network for Saptiotemporal Database Systems"", financiado por la Unión Europea. El modelo propuesto en la tesis define tres tipos de dato punto, línea y superficie, que encajan perfectamente en la percepción humana. La definición de estos tipos de dato se basa en la definición previa de Quanta Espacial. Las estructuras de datos usadas son las relaciones no anidadas de modelo relacional puro. El conjunto de operaciones relacionales permite alcanzar casi por completo la funcionalidad propuesta en otros modelos. Todas las operaciones han sido definidas en base a un núcleo reducido de operaciones primitvas. Todos los tipos de datos, espaciales, espacio-temporales y convencionales se manipulan de forma uniforme con este conjunto de operaciones

    Individual accessibility and travel possibilities: A literature review on time geography

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    In the late 1960s, Torsten Hägerstrand introduced the conceptual framework of time geography which can be deemed an elegant tool for analysing individual movement in space and time. About a decade later, the auspicious time-geographic research has gradually lost favour, mainly due to the unavailability of robust geocomputational tools and the lack of georeferenced individual-level travel data. It was only from the early 1990s that new GISbased research gave evidence of resurgence in popularity of the field. From that time on, several researchers have steadily been publishing work at the intersection of time geography, disaggregate travel modeling, and GI-science. This paper reviews the most important timegeographic contributions. From this exercise, some prevailing research gaps are deduced and a way to deal with these gaps is presented. In particular, we focus on space-time accessibility measures, geovisualisation of activity patterns, human extensibility and fuzzy space-time prisms in relation to CAD

    Geospatial data pre-processing on watershed datasets: A GIS approach

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    Spatial data mining helps to identify interesting patterns from the spatial data sets. However, geo spatial data requires substantial data pre-processing before data can be interrogated further using data mining techniques. Multi-dimensional spatial data has been used to explain the spatial analysis and SOLAP for pre-processing data. This paper examines some of the methods for pre-processing of the data using Arc GIS 10.2 and Spatial Analyst with a case study dataset of a watershed

    A survey of qualitative spatial representations

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    Representation and reasoning with qualitative spatial relations is an important problem in artificial intelligence and has wide applications in the fields of geographic information system, computer vision, autonomous robot navigation, natural language understanding, spatial databases and so on. The reasons for this interest in using qualitative spatial relations include cognitive comprehensibility, efficiency and computational facility. This paper summarizes progress in qualitative spatial representation by describing key calculi representing different types of spatial relationships. The paper concludes with a discussion of current research and glimpse of future work

    Dynamic GIS

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    Multi-scale modelling for simulating marine activities under heterogeneous environmental constraints

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    International audienceThis paper describes the concepts behind the implementation of a multi-agents model aimed to explore how marine activities respond to various environmental constraints. The methodology takes advantage on a responsive agent-based structure, and treats the environment as a set of forcing variables (biophysical, socio-economic and regulatory data). A first experiment in the Iroise Sea area shows a great potential in assessing the intensity and the variability of marine activities at different scales level. The whole methodology is presented in this paper in order to completely analyze the contributions and limitations concerning the SIMARIS prototype
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