A Decade of Neural Networks: Practical Applications and Prospects

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory Neural Network Workshop, sponsored by NASA and DOD, brings together sponsoring agencies, active researchers, and the user community to formulate a vision for the next decade of neural network research and application prospects. While the speed and computing power of microprocessors continue to grow at an ever-increasing pace, the demand to intelligently and adaptively deal with the complex, fuzzy, and often ill-defined world around us remains to a large extent unaddressed. Powerful, highly parallel computing paradigms such as neural networks promise to have a major impact in addressing these needs. Papers in the workshop proceedings highlight benefits of neural networks in real-world applications compared to conventional computing techniques. Topics include fault diagnosis, pattern recognition, and multiparameter optimization

Embedded electronic systems driven by run-time reconfigurable hardware

Abstract This doctoral thesis addresses the design of embedded electronic systems based on run-time reconfigurable hardware technology –available through SRAM-based FPGA/SoC devices– aimed at contributing to enhance the life quality of the human beings. This work does research on the conception of the system architecture and the reconfiguration engine that provides to the FPGA the capability of dynamic partial reconfiguration in order to synthesize, by means of hardware/software co-design, a given application partitioned in processing tasks which are multiplexed in time and space, optimizing thus its physical implementation –silicon area, processing time, complexity, flexibility, functional density, cost and power consumption– in comparison with other alternatives based on static hardware (MCU, DSP, GPU, ASSP, ASIC, etc.). The design flow of such technology is evaluated through the prototyping of several engineering applications (control systems, mathematical coprocessors, complex image processors, etc.), showing a high enough level of maturity for its exploitation in the industry.Resumen Esta tesis doctoral abarca el diseño de sistemas electrónicos embebidos basados en tecnología hardware dinámicamente reconfigurable –disponible a través de dispositivos lógicos programables SRAM FPGA/SoC– que contribuyan a la mejora de la calidad de vida de la sociedad. Se investiga la arquitectura del sistema y del motor de reconfiguración que proporcione a la FPGA la capacidad de reconfiguración dinámica parcial de sus recursos programables, con objeto de sintetizar, mediante codiseño hardware/software, una determinada aplicación particionada en tareas multiplexadas en tiempo y en espacio, optimizando así su implementación física –área de silicio, tiempo de procesado, complejidad, flexibilidad, densidad funcional, coste y potencia disipada– comparada con otras alternativas basadas en hardware estático (MCU, DSP, GPU, ASSP, ASIC, etc.). Se evalúa el flujo de diseño de dicha tecnología a través del prototipado de varias aplicaciones de ingeniería (sistemas de control, coprocesadores aritméticos, procesadores de imagen, etc.), evidenciando un nivel de madurez viable ya para su explotación en la industria.Resum Aquesta tesi doctoral està orientada al disseny de sistemes electrònics empotrats basats en tecnologia hardware dinàmicament reconfigurable –disponible mitjançant dispositius lògics programables SRAM FPGA/SoC– que contribueixin a la millora de la qualitat de vida de la societat. S’investiga l’arquitectura del sistema i del motor de reconfiguració que proporcioni a la FPGA la capacitat de reconfiguració dinàmica parcial dels seus recursos programables, amb l’objectiu de sintetitzar, mitjançant codisseny hardware/software, una determinada aplicació particionada en tasques multiplexades en temps i en espai, optimizant així la seva implementació física –àrea de silici, temps de processat, complexitat, flexibilitat, densitat funcional, cost i potència dissipada– comparada amb altres alternatives basades en hardware estàtic (MCU, DSP, GPU, ASSP, ASIC, etc.). S’evalúa el fluxe de disseny d’aquesta tecnologia a través del prototipat de varies aplicacions d’enginyeria (sistemes de control, coprocessadors aritmètics, processadors d’imatge, etc.), demostrant un nivell de maduresa viable ja per a la seva explotació a la indústria

NASA SBIR abstracts of 1991 phase 1 projects

The objectives of 301 projects placed under contract by the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are described. These projects were selected competitively from among proposals submitted to NASA in response to the 1991 SBIR Program Solicitation. The basic document consists of edited, non-proprietary abstracts of the winning proposals submitted by small businesses. The abstracts are presented under the 15 technical topics within which Phase 1 proposals were solicited. Each project was assigned a sequential identifying number from 001 to 301, in order of its appearance in the body of the report. Appendixes to provide additional information about the SBIR program and permit cross-reference of the 1991 Phase 1 projects by company name, location by state, principal investigator, NASA Field Center responsible for management of each project, and NASA contract number are included

Proposta de um Sistema de Tomada de Decisão para Detecção de Veículos em Movimento para FPGA

Os métodos pesquisados para detecção de objetos em movimento através do processamento de imagens em processadores de uso geral (General Purpose Processors - GPPs) apresentam, em sua maioria, uma abordagem que não permite uma implementação com bons resultados em matriz de portas programável em campo (Field Programmable Gate Array-FPGA). Isso ocorre devido à classificação correta dos pixels estar diretamente relacionada à implementação de técnicas mais complexas para modelar a imagem de referência e que requerem muitos recursos em termos de memória. Além disso, quase todos os métodos analisados realizam apenas o processamento da tomada de decisão clássica, sendo poucas as propostas que baseiam sua tomada de decisão na integral fuzzy. Assim, visando melhorar a classificação dos pixels durante o processo de detecção de veículos em movimento é proposta uma abordagem que realiza a fusão das tomadas de decisão fuzzy e clássica combinando técnicas convencionais de processamento digital de imagens. Dessa forma, o sistema de tomada de decisão proposto para detectar os veículos em movimento busca não comprometer os resultados em termos de classificação dos pixels mesmo utilizando um a técnica de modelagem simples para obter a imagem de referência. Essa imagem é obtida através da estimativa do valor mediano e possibilita que o sistema de detecção de veículos em movimento proposto não precise do armazenamento de várias imagens para obter a imagem de referência. Os resultados são verificados em termos de recursos ocupados, frequência máxima de operação e classificação dos pixels em FPGAs de baixo custo. Além disso, os resultados em termos de classificação dos pixels são comparados através de várias medidas com outros métodos, apresentando resultados promissores no processamento de imagens em tempo real em FPGAs de baixo custo

Industrial Applications: New Solutions for the New Era

This book reprints articles from the Special Issue "Industrial Applications: New Solutions for the New Age" published online in the open-access journal Machines (ISSN 2075-1702). This book consists of twelve published articles. This special edition belongs to the "Mechatronic and Intelligent Machines" section

Aerial Vehicles

This book contains 35 chapters written by experts in developing techniques for making aerial vehicles more intelligent, more reliable, more flexible in use, and safer in operation.It will also serve as an inspiration for further improvement of the design and application of aeral vehicles. The advanced techniques and research described here may also be applicable to other high-tech areas such as robotics, avionics, vetronics, and space

Hardware Implementation of Soft Computing Approaches for an Intelligent Wall-following Vehicle

Soft computing techniques are generally well-suited for vehicular control systems that are usually modeled by highly nonlinear differential equations and working in unstructured environment. To demonstrate their applicability, two intelligent controllers based upon fuzzy logic theories and neural network paradigms are designed for performing a wall-following task and an autonomous parking task. Based on performance and flexibility considerations, the two controllers are implemented onto a reconfigurable hardware platform, namely a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). As the number of comparative studies of these two embedded controllers designed for the same application is limited in the literature, one of the main goals of this research work has been to evaluate and compare the two controllers in terms of hardware resource requirements, operational speeds and trajectory tracking errors in following different pre-defined trajectories. The main advantages and disadvantages of each of the controllers are presented and discussed in details. Challenging issues for implementation of the controllers on the FPGA platform are also highlighted. As the two controllers exhibit benefits and drawbacks under different circumstances, this research suggests as well a hybrid controller scheme as an attempt to integrate the benefits of both control units. To evaluate its performance, the hybrid controller is tested on the same pre-defined trajectories and the corresponding results are compared to that of the fuzzy logic and the neural network based controllers. For further demonstration of the capabilities of the wall-following controllers in other applications, the fuzzy logic and the neural network controllers are used in a parallel parking system. We see this work to be a stepping stone for further research work aiming at real world implementation of the controllers on Application Specified Integrated Circuit (ASIC) type of environment

The NASA SBIR product catalog

The purpose of this catalog is to assist small business firms in making the community aware of products emerging from their efforts in the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. It contains descriptions of some products that have advanced into Phase 3 and others that are identified as prospective products. Both lists of products in this catalog are based on information supplied by NASA SBIR contractors in responding to an invitation to be represented in this document. Generally, all products suggested by the small firms were included in order to meet the goals of information exchange for SBIR results. Of the 444 SBIR contractors NASA queried, 137 provided information on 219 products. The catalog presents the product information in the technology areas listed in the table of contents. Within each area, the products are listed in alphabetical order by product name and are given identifying numbers. Also included is an alphabetical listing of the companies that have products described. This listing cross-references the product list and provides information on the business activity of each firm. In addition, there are three indexes: one a list of firms by states, one that lists the products according to NASA Centers that managed the SBIR projects, and one that lists the products by the relevant Technical Topics utilized in NASA's annual program solicitation under which each SBIR project was selected

Design and implementation of resilient attitude estimation algorithms for aerospace applications

Satellite attitude estimation is a critical component of satellite attitude determination and control systems, relying on highly accurate sensors such as IMUs, star trackers, and sun sensors. However, the complex space environment can cause sensor performance degradation or even failure. To address this issue, FDIR systems are necessary. This thesis presents a novel approach to satellite attitude estimation that utilizes an InertialNavigation System (INS) to achieve high accuracy with the low computational load. The algorithm is based on a two-layer Kalman filter, which incorporates the quaternion estimator(QUEST) algorithm, FQA, Linear interpolation (LERP)algorithms, and KF. Moreover, the thesis proposes an FDIR system for the INS that can detect and isolate faults and recover the system safely. This system includes two-layer fault detection with isolation and two-layered recovery, which utilizes an Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter (AUKF), QUEST algorithm, residual generators, Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural networks, and an adaptive complementary filter (ACF). These two fault detection layers aim to isolate and identify faults while decreasing the rate of false alarms. An FPGA-based FDIR system is also designed and implemented to reduce latency while maintaining normal resource consumption in this thesis. Finally, a Fault Tolerance Federated Kalman Filter (FTFKF) is proposed to fuse the output from INS and the CNS to achieve high precision and robust attitude estimation.The findings of this study provide a solid foundation for the development of FDIR systems for various applications such as robotics, autonomous vehicles, and unmanned aerial vehicles, particularly for satellite attitude estimation. The proposed INS-based approach with the FDIR system has demonstrated high accuracy, fault tolerance, and low computational load, making it a promising solution for satellite attitude estimation in harsh space environment

Radar Technology

In this book “Radar Technology”, the chapters are divided into four main topic areas: Topic area 1: “Radar Systems” consists of chapters which treat whole radar systems, environment and target functional chain. Topic area 2: “Radar Applications” shows various applications of radar systems, including meteorological radars, ground penetrating radars and glaciology. Topic area 3: “Radar Functional Chain and Signal Processing” describes several aspects of the radar signal processing. From parameter extraction, target detection over tracking and classification technologies. Topic area 4: “Radar Subsystems and Components” consists of design technology of radar subsystem components like antenna design or waveform design