Experimental campaign tests on ultra micro gas turbines, fuel supply comparison and optimization

The increasing demand for miniaturized radio-controlled vehicles inspired the following research. The uses of these unmanned miniaturized/micro vehicles range from aero-modeling to drones for urban control and military applications too. The common characteristic of these vehicles is the need for a light and compact propulsion system. The radio-controlled (RC) turbines for modeling are ideally suited for this purpose, guaranteeing the necessary thrust with compactness and lightness. This device is a miniaturized turbojet, and it is generally composed of three basic elements: compressor, combustion chamber and turbine. The main goal of the paper is to evaluate the turbojet performance for considering the possibility of its use as a range extender in a hybrid vehicle. Considering the total volume constraints, it will be important to evaluate the specific fuel consumption. Also from the environmental point of view, the possibility of feeding the device with gas has been considered and, consequently, the needed device modifications performed. The test bench has been realized and assembled at the University Department Laboratory. Several different experimental configurations are reproduced and reported here, to obtain performance maps. The experiments results have been compared to previous tests results, as well as numerical simulations. Therefore, it has been possible to make a comparison between the two different fuels. The results show that this device can be used as a range extender for a hybrid vehicle. Moreover, the various tests have shown that, acting on the control unit, it is possible to feed the device with gas (mixture of propane and butane), obtaining a further benefit from the economic point of view. Surely, an in-depth study of the turbine management logic would produce a further advantage in terms of fuel consumption

Electric Vehicle Efficient Power and Propulsion Systems

Vehicle electrification has been identified as one of the main technology trends in this second decade of the 21st century. Nearly 10% of global car sales in 2021 were electric, and this figure would be 50% by 2030 to reduce the oil import dependency and transport emissions in line with countries’ climate goals. This book addresses the efficient power and propulsion systems which cover essential topics for research and development on EVs, HEVs and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), including: Energy storage systems (battery, fuel cell, supercapacitors, and their hybrid systems); Power electronics devices and converters; Electric machine drive control, optimization, and design; Energy system advanced management methods Primarily intended for professionals and advanced students who are working on EV/HEV/FCEV power and propulsion systems, this edited book surveys state of the art novel control/optimization techniques for different components, as well as for vehicle as a whole system. New readers may also find valuable information on the structure and methodologies in such an interdisciplinary field. Contributed by experienced authors from different research laboratory around the world, these 11 chapters provide balanced materials from theorical background to methodologies and practical implementation to deal with various issues of this challenging technology. This reprint encourages researchers working in this field to stay actualized on the latest developments on electric vehicle efficient power and propulsion systems, for road and rail, both manned and unmanned vehicles

Instrumentation design study for testing a hypersonic ramjet engine on the x-15 a-2. volume 2- preliminary design of in-flight thrust/drag measuring device

Inflight thrust and drag measuring device for hypersonic ramjet engine on X-15A-2 aircraf

Model-based powertrain design and control system development for the ideal all-wheel drive electric vehicle

The transfer case based all-wheel drive electric vehicle (TCAWDEV) and dual-axle AWDEV have been investigated to balance concerns about energy consumption, drivability and stability of vehicles. However, the mentioned powertrain architectures have the torque windup issue or the wheel skidding issue. The torque windup is an inherent issue of mechanical linked all-wheel drive systems. The hydraulic motor-based or the electric motor-based ideal all-wheel drive powertrain can provide feasible solutions to the mentioned issues. An ideal AWDEV (IAWDEV) powertrain architecture and its control schemes were proposed by this research; the architecture has four independent driving motors in powertrain. The IAWDEV gives more control freedoms to implement active torque controls and traction mode controls. In essence, this research came up with the distributed powertrain concept, and developed control schemes of the distributed powertrain to replace the transfer case and differential devices. The study investigated the dual-loop motor control, the hybrid sliding mode control (HSMC) and the neural network predictive control to reduce energy consumption and achieve better drivability and stability by optimizing the torque allocation of each dependent wheel. The mentioned control schemes were respectively developed for the anti-slip, differential and yaw stability functionalities of the IAWDEV powertrain. This study also investigated the sizing method that the battery capacity was estimated by using cruise performance at 3% road grade. In addition, the model-based verification was employed to evaluate the proposed powertrain design and control schemes. The verification shows that the design and controls can fulfill drivability requirements and minimize the existing issues, including torque windup and chattering of the slipping wheel. In addition, the verification shows that the IAWDEV can harvest around two times more energy while the vehicle is running on slippery roads than the TCAWDEV and the dual-axle AWDEV; the traction control can achieve better drivability and lower energy consumption than mentioned powertrains; the mode control can reduce 3% of battery charge depleting during the highway driving test. It also provides compelling evidences that the functionalities achieved by complicated and costly mechanical devices can be carried out by control schemes of the IAWDEV; the active torque controls can solve the inherent issues of mechanical linked powertrains; the sizing method is credible to estimate the operation envelop of powertrain components, even though there is some controllable over-sizing

Ultra Micro Gas Turbines

Object of the present work is the detailed study, in every its aspect, of Ultra-Micro-Gas- Turbine Generator, that is a power device with high power density. These generators, although the covered power range oscillates between 100 and 500W, is characterized by very reduced overall dimensions: this introduces complications in the design and, above all, the realization of the mechanical components who represents the greater difficulty to exceed

A survey of mathematics-based equivalent-circuit and electrochemical battery models for hybrid and electric vehicle simulation

The final publication is available at Elsevier via http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.057 © 2014. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/In this paper, we survey two kinds of mathematics-based battery models intended for use in hybrid and electric vehicle simulation. The first is circuit-based, which is founded upon the electrical behaviour of the battery, and abstracts away the electrochemistry into equivalent electrical components. The second is chemistry-based, which is founded upon the electrochemical equations of the battery chemistry.Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada, Toyota, and MapleSoft

Traction control in electric vehicles

Tese de Mestrado Integrado. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores. Área de Especialização de Automação. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 201

Heavy-Duty Vehicles Modeling and Factors Impacting Fuel Consumption.

A conventional heavy-duty truck PSAT model was validated and incorporated into the Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT). The truck that was modeled was a conventional over-the-road 1996 Peterbilt tractor, equipped with a 550 hp Caterpillar 3406E non exhaust gas circulation (EGR) engine and an 18-speed Roadranger manual transmission. A vehicle model was developed, along with the model validation processes. In the engine model, an oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions model and a fuel rate map for the Caterpillar 3406E engine were created based on test data. In the gearbox model, a shifting strategy was specified and transmission efficiency lookup tables were developed based on the losses information gathered from the manufacturer. As the largest mechanical accessory model, an engine cooling fan model, which estimates fan power demand, was integrated into the heavy-duty truck model. Experimental test data and PSAT simulation results pertaining to engine fuel rate, engine torque, engine speed, engine power and NOx were within 5% relative error. A quantitative study was conducted by analyzing the impacts of various parameters (vehicle weights, coefficients of rolling resistance and the aerodynamic drag) on fuel consumption (FC) for the Peterbilt truck. The vehicle was simulated over five cycles which represent typical vehicle in-use behavior. Three contributions were generated. First, contour figures provided a convenient way to estimate fuel economy (FE) of the Peterbilt truck over various cycles by interpolating within the parameter values. Second, simulation results revealed that, depending on the circumstances and the cycle, it may be more cost effective to reduce one parameter value (such as coefficient of aerodynamic drag) to increase FE, or it may be more beneficial to reduce another (such as the coefficient of rolling resistance). Third, the amount of the energy consumed by auxiliary loads was found to be highly dependent upon the driving cycles. The ratios between average auxiliary power and average engine power were found to be 71.0%, 17.1%, 15.3%, 12.4% and 11.43% for creep, transient, UDDS, cruise and HHDDT_s cycles, respectively. A hybrid electric bus (HEB) also was modeled. The HEB that was modeled was a New Flyer bus with ISE hybrid system, a Cummins ISB 260H engine and a single-reduction transmission. Information and data were acquired to describe all major components of the HEB. The engine model was validated prior to modeling of the whole vehicle model. The load-following control strategy was utilized in the energy management system. Experimental data and PSAT simulated results were compared over four driving schedules, and the relative percent of errors of the FC, FE, CO2 and NOx were all within 5% except for the FE and NOx of the Manhattan cycle, which were 6.93% and 7.13%, respectively. The high fidelity of this model makes it possible to evaluate the FE and NOx emissions of series hybrid buses for subsequent PSAT users