31 research outputs found

    First-Order Models for Configuration Analysis

    Get PDF
    Our world teems with networked devices. Their configuration exerts an ever-expanding influence on our daily lives. Yet correctly configuring systems, networks, and access-control policies is notoriously difficult, even for trained professionals. Automated static analysis techniques provide a way to both verify a configuration\u27s correctness and explore its implications. One such approach is scenario-finding: showing concrete scenarios that illustrate potential (mis-)behavior. Scenarios even have a benefit to users without technical expertise, as concrete examples can both trigger and improve users\u27 intuition about their system. This thesis describes a concerted research effort toward improving scenario-finding tools for configuration analysis. We developed Margrave, a scenario-finding tool with special features designed for security policies and configurations. Margrave is not tied to any one specific policy language; rather, it provides an intermediate input language as expressive as first-order logic. This flexibility allows Margrave to reason about many different types of policy. We show Margrave in action on Cisco IOS, a common language for configuring firewalls, demonstrating that scenario-finding with Margrave is useful for debugging and validating real-world configurations. This thesis also presents a theorem showing that, for a restricted subclass of first-order logic, if a sentence is satisfiable then there must exist a satisfying scenario no larger than a computable bound. For such sentences scenario-finding is complete: one can be certain that no scenarios are missed by the analysis, provided that one checks up to the computed bound. We demonstrate that many common configurations fall into this subclass and give algorithmic tests for both sentence membership and counting. We have implemented both in Margrave. Aluminum is a tool that eliminates superfluous information in scenarios and allows users\u27 goals to guide which scenarios are displayed. We quantitatively show that our methods of scenario-reduction and exploration are effective and quite efficient in practice. Our work on Aluminum is making its way into other scenario-finding tools. Finally, we describe FlowLog, a language for network programming that we created with analysis in mind. We show that FlowLog can express many common network programs, yet demonstrate that automated analysis and bug-finding for FlowLog are both feasible as well as complete

    A Framework for Exploring Finite Models

    Get PDF
    This thesis presents a framework for understanding first-order theories by investigating their models. A common application is to help users, who are not necessarily experts in formal methods, analyze software artifacts, such as access-control policies, system configurations, protocol specifications, and software designs. The framework suggests a strategy for exploring the space of finite models of a theory via augmentation. Also, it introduces a notion of provenance information for understanding the elements and facts in models with respect to the statements of the theory. The primary mathematical tool is an information-preserving preorder, induced by the homomorphism on models, defining paths along which models are explored. The central algorithmic ideas consists of a controlled construction of the Herbrand base of the input theory followed by utilizing SMT-solving for generating models that are minimal under the homomorphism preorder. Our framework for model-exploration is realized in Razor, a model-finding assistant that provides the user with a read-eval-print loop for investigating models

    Topics in Knowledge Bases: Epistemic Ontologies and Secrecy-preserving Reasoning

    Get PDF
    Applications of ontologies/knowledge bases (KBs) in many domains (healthcare, national security, intelligence) have become increasingly important. In this dissertation, we focus on developing techniques for answering queries posed to KBs under the open world assumption (OWA). In the first part of this dissertation, we study the problem of query answering in KBs that contain epistemic information, i.e., knowledge of different experts. We study ALCKm, which extends the description logic ALC by adding modal operators of the basic multi-modal logic Km. We develop a sound and complete tableau algorithm for answering ALCKm queries w.r.t. an ALCKm knowledge base with an acyclic TBox. We then consider answering ALCKm queries w.r.t. an ALCKm knowledge base in which the epistemic operators correspond to those of classical multi-modal logic S4m and provide a sound and complete tableau algorithm. Both algorithms can be implemented in PSpace. In the second part, we study problems that allow autonomous entities or organizations (collectively called querying agents) to be able to selectively share information. In this scenario, the KB must make sure its answers are informative but do not disclose sensitive information. Most of the work in this area has focused on access control mechanisms that prohibit access to sensitive information (secrets). However, such an approach can be too restrictive in that it prohibits the use of sensitive information in answering queries against knowledge bases even when it is possible to do so without compromising secrets. We investigate techniques for secrecy-preserving query answering (SPQA) against KBs under the OWA. We consider two scenarios of increasing difficulty: (a) a KB queried by a single agent; and (b) a KB queried by multiple agents where the secrecy policies can differ across the different agents and the agents can selectively communicate the answers that they receive from the KB with each other subject to the applicable answer sharing policies. We consider classes of KBs that are of interest from the standpoint of practical applications (e.g., description logics and Horn KBs). Given a KB and secrets that need to be protected against the querying agent(s), the SPQA problem aims at designing a secrecy-preserving reasoner that answers queries without compromising secrecy under OWA. Whenever truthfully answering a query risks compromising secrets, the reasoner is allowed to hide the answer to the query by feigning ignorance, i.e., answering the query as Unknown . Under the OWA, the querying agent is not able to infer whether an Unknown answer to a query is obtained because of the incomplete information in the KB or because secrecy protection mechanism is being applied. In each scenario, we provide a general framework for the problem. In the single-agent case, we apply the general framework to the description logic EL and provide algorithms for answering queries as informatively as possible without compromising secrecy. In the multiagent case, we extend the general framework for the single-agent case. To model the communication between querying agents, we use a communication graph, a directed acyclic graph (DAG) with self-loops, where each node represents an agent and each edge represents the possibility of information sharing in the direction of the edge. We discuss the relationship between secrecy-preserving reasoners and envelopes (used to protect secrets) and present a special case of the communication graph that helps construct tight envelopes in the sense that removing any information from them will leave some secrets vulnerable. To illustrate our general idea of constructing envelopes, Horn KBs are considered

    Configurable nD-visualization for complex Building Information Models

    Get PDF
    With the ongoing development of building information modelling (BIM) towards a comprehensive coverage of all construction project information in a semantically explicit way, visual representations became decoupled from the building information models. While traditional construction drawings implicitly contained the visual representation besides the information, nowadays they are generated on the fly, hard-coded in software applications dedicated to other tasks such as analysis, simulation, structural design or communication. Due to the abstract nature of information models and the increasing amount of digital information captured during construction projects, visual representations are essential for humans in order to access the information, to understand it, and to engage with it. At the same time digital media open up the new field of interactive visualizations. The full potential of BIM can only be unlocked with customized task-specific visualizations, with engineers and architects actively involved in the design and development process of these visualizations. The visualizations must be reusable and reliably reproducible during communication processes. Further, to support creative problem solving, it must be possible to modify and refine them. This thesis aims at reconnecting building information models and their visual representations: on a theoretic level, on the level of methods and in terms of tool support. First, the research seeks to improve the knowledge about visualization generation in conjunction with current BIM developments such as the multimodel. The approach is based on the reference model of the visualization pipeline and addresses structural as well as quantitative aspects of the visualization generation. Second, based on the theoretic foundation, a method is derived to construct visual representations from given visualization specifications. To this end, the idea of a domain-specific language (DSL) is employed. Finally, a software prototype proofs the concept. Using the visualization framework, visual representations can be generated from a specific building information model and a specific visualization description.Mit der fortschreitenden Entwicklung des Building Information Modelling (BIM) hin zu einer umfassenden Erfassung aller Bauprojektinformationen in einer semantisch expliziten Weise werden Visualisierungen von den GebĂ€udeinformationen entkoppelt. WĂ€hrend traditionelle Architektur- und Bauzeichnungen die visuellen ReprĂ€Ìˆsentationen implizit als TrĂ€ger der Informationen enthalten, werden sie heute on-the-fly generiert. Die Details ihrer Generierung sind festgeschrieben in Softwareanwendungen, welche eigentlich fĂŒr andere Aufgaben wie Analyse, Simulation, Entwurf oder Kommunikation ausgelegt sind. Angesichts der abstrakten Natur von Informationsmodellen und der steigenden Menge digitaler Informationen, die im Verlauf von Bauprojekten erfasst werden, sind visuelle ReprĂ€sentationen essentiell, um sich die Information erschließen, sie verstehen, durchdringen und mit ihnen arbeiten zu können. Gleichzeitig entwickelt sich durch die digitalen Medien eine neues Feld der interaktiven Visualisierungen. Das volle Potential von BIM kann nur mit angepassten aufgabenspezifischen Visualisierungen erschlossen werden, bei denen Ingenieur*innen und Architekt*innen aktiv in den Entwurf und die Entwicklung dieser Visualisierungen einbezogen werden. Die Visualisierungen mĂŒssen wiederverwendbar sein und in Kommunikationsprozessen zuverlĂ€ssig reproduziert werden können. Außerdem muss es möglich sein, Visualisierungen zu modifizieren und neu zu definieren, um das kreative Problemlösen zu unterstĂŒtzen. Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt darauf ab, GebĂ€udemodelle und ihre visuellen ReprĂ€sentationen wieder zu verbinden: auf der theoretischen Ebene, auf der Ebene der Methoden und hinsichtlich der unterstĂŒtzenden Werkzeuge. Auf der theoretischen Ebene trĂ€gt die Arbeit zunĂ€chst dazu bei, das Wissen um die Erstellung von Visualisierungen im Kontext von Bauprojekten zu erweitern. Der verfolgte Ansatz basiert auf dem Referenzmodell der Visualisierungspipeline und geht dabei sowohl auf strukturelle als auch auf quantitative Aspekte des Visualisierungsprozesses ein. Zweitens wird eine Methode entwickelt, die visuelle ReprĂ€sentationen auf Basis gegebener Visualisierungsspezifikationen generieren kann. Schließlich belegt ein Softwareprototyp die Realisierbarkeit des Konzepts. Mit dem entwickelten Framework können visuelle ReprĂ€sentationen aus jeweils einem spezifischen GebĂ€udemodell und einer spezifischen Visualisierungsbeschreibung generiert werden

    Computer Science Logic 2018: CSL 2018, September 4-8, 2018, Birmingham, United Kingdom

    Get PDF

    OPTIMIZATION OF NONSTANDARD REASONING SERVICES

    Get PDF
    The increasing adoption of semantic technologies and the corresponding increasing complexity of application requirements are motivating extensions to the standard reasoning paradigms and services supported by such technologies. This thesis focuses on two of such extensions: nonmonotonic reasoning and inference-proof access control. Expressing knowledge via general rules that admit exceptions is an approach that has been commonly adopted for centuries in areas such as law and science, and more recently in object-oriented programming and computer security. The experiences in developing complex biomedical knowledge bases reported in the literature show that a direct support to defeasible properties and exceptions would be of great help. On the other hand, there is ample evidence of the need for knowledge confidentiality measures. Ontology languages and Linked Open Data are increasingly being used to encode the private knowledge of companies and public organizations. Semantic Web techniques facilitate merging different sources of knowledge and extract implicit information, thereby putting at risk security and the privacy of individuals. But the same reasoning capabilities can be exploited to protect the confidentiality of knowledge. Both nonmonotonic inference and secure knowledge base access rely on nonstandard reasoning procedures. The design and realization of these algorithms in a scalable way (appropriate to the ever-increasing size of ontologies and knowledge bases) is carried out by means of a diversified range of optimization techniques such as appropriate module extraction and incremental reasoning. Extensive experimental evaluation shows the efficiency of the developed optimization techniques: (i) for the first time performance compatible with real-time reasoning is obtained for large nonmonotonic ontologies, while (ii) the secure ontology access control proves to be already compatible with practical use in the e-health application scenario.

    Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures

    Get PDF
    This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Foundations of Software Science and Computational Structures, FOSSACS 2021, which was held during March 27 until April 1, 2021, as part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2021. The conference was planned to take place in Luxembourg and changed to an online format due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 28 regular papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 88 submissions. They deal with research on theories and methods to support the analysis, integration, synthesis, transformation, and verification of programs and software systems

    Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering

    Get PDF
    This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering, FASE 2020, which took place in Dublin, Ireland, in April 2020, and was held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2020. The 23 full papers, 1 tool paper and 6 testing competition papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 81 submissions. The papers cover topics such as requirements engineering, software architectures, specification, software quality, validation, verification of functional and non-functional properties, model-driven development and model transformation, software processes, security and software evolution

    Semantic Modelling of Control Logic in Automation Systems - Knowledge-Based Support of the Engineering and Operation of Control Logic in Building and Industrial Automation Systems

    Get PDF
    Automatisierungssysteme schaffen in vielen Bereichen die Grundlagen, auf denen heutige, moderne Industriegesellschaften basieren. Obwohl in der Vergangenheit wichtige Errungenschaften in der Forschung zur Automatisierungstechnik erreicht wurden, bestehen weiterhin Herausforderungen bezĂŒglich des Engineerings und des Betriebs von Automatisierungssystemen, die die Nutzung und den Einsatz dieser Systeme erschweren. Als GrĂŒnde fĂŒr diese Probleme sind die KomplexitĂ€t dieser Systeme durch ihre schiere Grö{\ss}e und ihre KomplexitĂ€t aufgrund der Kombination von cyber und physikalischen Komponenten zu nennen. Des Weiteren fĂŒhrt der zunehmende Einsatz von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien zu einer weiteren Verflechtung dieser System ĂŒber ihre bisherigen, hierarchischen Strukturen hinaus und damit zu einer weiteren Zunahme der KomplexitĂ€t. Eine weitere Herausforderung ist, dass fĂŒr ein reibungsloses Engineering und einen reibungslosen Betrieb dieser Systeme eine Vielzahl von Beteiligten aus unterschiedlichen Fachdisziplinen zusammenarbeiten mĂŒssen. Dies wird durch die HeterogenitĂ€t der eingesetzten Softwarewerkzeuge und Datenformate erschwert, die einen automatisierten Austausch von Wissen behindern. Folglich besteht ein dringender Bedarf an Methoden, die die wissensintensiven Aufgaben in Zusammenhang mit dem Engineering und dem Betrieb von Automatisierungssystemen im Kontext heterogener Softwarewerkzeuge und Datenformate unterstĂŒtzen und, als Antwort auf die KomplexitĂ€tszunahme, automatisieren. Eine Voraussetzung fĂŒr die Entwicklung solcher Methoden ist die formale ReprĂ€sentation von DomĂ€nenwissen mit Hilfe eines Modells. Die Analyse des Stands der Technik in dieser Arbeit zeigt, dass kein Ansatz existiert der es erlaubt einen wesentlichen Bestandteil der DomĂ€ne Automatisierungssystem, die DomĂ€nen Regelung und Steuerung und Regelungslogik, explizit zu beschreiben und dieses Wissen mit angrenzenden DomĂ€nen zu vernetzen. Ein wesentlicher Beitrag dieser Arbeit besteht in der Vorstellung eines neuartigen, semantischen Modells, dass es erlaubt, sowohl Wissen der DomĂ€nen Regelung und Steuerung, als auch der DomĂ€ne Regelungslogik explizit und formal zu beschreiben. ZusĂ€tzlich ist es nun erstmals möglich dieses Wissen mit angrenzendem DomĂ€nenwissen, wie zum Beispiel aus dem Maschinenbau oder der Elektrotechnik, zu vernetzen. Das Modell wird unabhĂ€ngig von der Implementierung in der Unified Modeling Language spezifiziert und mit Hilfe von Semantic Web Technologien implementiert. Das Modell ist in zwei Schichten aufgebaut. Auf der oberen Ebene wird allgemeines Wissen der DomĂ€ne Regelung und Steuerung modelliert, dass, wie in der Arbeit demonstriert, leicht mit angrenzenden DomĂ€nen verbunden werden kann. Auf der unteren Ebene wird das allgemeine Wissen der DomĂ€ne Regelung und Steuerung, um die DomĂ€ne der Regelungslogik erweitert und fĂŒr die jeweilige Regelungslogik explizit spezifiziert. Zur Validierung des Modells wird in zwei separaten Fallstudien evaluiert, ob es das notwendige Wissen fĂŒr zwei neuartige wissensbasierte Methoden reprĂ€sentieren kann. In der ersten Fallstudie wird eine wissensbasierte Methode zur Verbesserung des Betriebs von Automatisierungssystemen in GebĂ€uden prototypisch umgesetzt und getestet. Dabei ermöglicht das entwickelte Modell Faktenwissen, das aus dem Engineering der Regelungslogik gewonnen wurde, formal zu beschreiben. Dieses Wissen wird dann genutzt, um automatisiert Regeln zu instanziieren, die es ermöglichen automatisiert zu ĂŒberprĂŒfen, ob die tatsĂ€chlich implementierte Regelungslogik sich im Betrieb genauso verhĂ€lt wie ursprĂŒnglich entworfen. In der zweiten Fallstudie wird eine wissensbasierte Methode zur UnterstĂŒtzung des Engineerings von industriellen Automatisierungssystemen vorgestellt. Hier wird gezeigt, dass, basierend auf dem neuen Modell, die gleichzeitige formale Verifikation von verschiedenen Regelungsverfahren und die gleichzeitige formale Verifikation von Regelungsverfahren und Wissen ĂŒber die automatisierte Anlage möglich ist. ZusĂ€tzlich, wird gezeigt, dass die Methode inkrementelle Aktualisierungen des Faktenwissens ermöglicht und ein bidirektionaler Austausch von Fallwissen zwischen dem ursprĂŒnglichen Format und der Wissensbasis möglich ist. Durch die Schaffung des neuen Modells ist nun die Möglichkeit gegeben formal und explizit Wissen der DomĂ€nen Regelung und Steuerung, sowie Regelungslogik zu beschreiben. Basierend auf diesem Modell werden zwei neuartige, wissensbasierte Methoden vorgestellt, die es ermöglichen das Engineering und den Betrieb von Automatisierungssystemen zu vereinfachen und zu verbessern
    corecore