Statistical Analysis of Dynamic Actions

Real-world action recognition applications require the development of systems which are fast, can handle a large variety of actions without a priori knowledge of the type of actions, need a minimal number of parameters, and necessitate as short as possible learning stage. In this paper, we suggest such an approach. We regard dynamic activities as long-term temporal objects, which are characterized by spatio-temporal features at multiple temporal scales. Based on this, we design a simple statistical distance measure between video sequences which captures the similarities in their behavioral content. This measure is nonparametric and can thus handle a wide range of complex dynamic actions. Having a behavior-based distance measure between sequences, we use it for a variety of tasks, including: video indexing, temporal segmentation, and action-based video clustering. These tasks are performed without prior knowledge of the types of actions, their models, or their temporal extents

An Automatic Image Capturing System Applied to Identification Photo Booth

[[abstract]]Common automatic capturing systems employ text and voice instructions to guide users to capture their identification (ID) photos, however, the capturing results may not conform to the specifications of ID photo. To address this issue, this study proposes an ID photo capturing algorithm that can automatically detect facial contours and adjust the size of capturing images. In the experiments, subjects were seated at various distance and heights for testing the performance of the proposed algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively and accurately capture ID photos that satisfy the required specifications.[[notice]]補正完

WIRELESS IMPLANTABLE MAGNETOELASTIC SENSORS AND ACTUATORS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

Magnetoelastic sensors represent a low-cost wireless and battery-less method for monitoring parameters in embedded or implanted applications; however, some limitations still exist preventing their commercial implementation. Presented in this work are a variety of studies that are aimed at improving the feasibility of magnetoelastic materials for sensing and actuating applications. Magnetoelastic resonant sensors of non-standard geometries were investigated to determine if geometry could play a role on the sensitivity of the sensor response to mass loading. It was shown that a significant increase in sensitivity could be achieved by using triangular sensors rather than standard rectangular strips. A method for monitoring multiple parameters on a single magnetoelastic resonant strip was also pursued. It was demonstrated that multiple parameters will have different effects depending on the location of the applied load due to the effect of sensor areas with zero vibration at different harmonics of the fundamental resonant frequency. Magneto-harmonic sensors and actuators were also explored in this work. Specifically, it was demonstrated that magnetoelastic sensors could be implemented as a means of detecting stresses on deep tissue wounds, which are critical for proper healing of certain wound sites after surgery. Both a suture and a suture anchor design were investigated for their efficacy at monitoring forces applied to tendon repair sites. Two detection devices were fabricated and built for this work which represent low-cost alternatives (both less than $200 each) to commercially available alternatives that minimally cost tens of thousands of dollars. This advancement reinforces the claim that magnetoelastic materials are a low-cost and portable sensing solution. The biodegradability and cytotoxicity of a promising magnetoelastic material for biomedical applications, specifically Galfenol (iron-gallium), was also investigated. Cytotoxicity tests demonstrated that concentrations much higher than would be likely to be encountered in vivo are necessary to cause significant cellular toxicity. Additionally, surface characterization of the degraded materials suggests that the degradation rate of Galfenol can be wirelessly controlled through application of externally applie

Effective crowd anomaly detection through spatio-temporal texture analysis

Abnormal crowd behaviors in high density situations can pose great danger to public safety. Despite the extensive installation of closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras, it is still difficult to achieve real-time alerts and automated responses from current systems. Two major breakthroughs have been reported in this research. Firstly, a spatial-temporal texture extraction algorithm is developed. This algorithm is able to effectively extract video textures with abundant crowd motion details. It is through adopting Gabor-filtered textures with the highest information entropy values. Secondly, a novel scheme for defining crowd motion patterns (signatures) is devised to identify abnormal behaviors in the crowd by employing an enhanced gray level co-occurrence matrix model. In the experiments, various classic classifiers are utilized to benchmark the performance of the proposed method. The results obtained exhibit detection and accuracy rates which are, overall, superior to other techniques

Detection of Facial Features From 3D Face Model Acquired by the Kinect Sensor

Obsahem této bakalářské práce je zkoumání a navrhnutí metody pro detekci rysů tváře (nosu, očí a ůst). Detekce probíha na 3D modelech získaných pomocí přístroje Kinect. Kromě návrhu a implementace aplikace jsou v dokumentě zahrnuty i dosažné výsledky experimentů detekce na různych vzorcích a jejich vyhodnocení.The subject of this bachelor thesis is study and design of facial features detection (nose, eyes and mouth). The detection is applied on 3D models acquired by Kinect device. Besides the design and implementation of application, this document also includes experimenting with the application on the set of various models and evaluation of the results.

Establishment of surface functionalization methods for spore-based biosensors and implementation into sensor technologies for aseptic food processing

Aseptic processing has become a popular technology to increase the shelf-life of packaged products and to provide non-contaminated goods to the consumers. In 2017, the global aseptic market was evaluated to be about 39.5 billion USD. Many liquid food products, like juice or milk, are delivered to customers every day by employing aseptic filling machines. They can operate around 12,000 ready-packaged products per hour (e.g., Pure-Pak® Aseptic Filling Line E-PS120A). However, they need to be routinely validated to guarantee contamination-free goods. The state-of-the-art methods to validate such machines are by means of microbiological analyses, where bacterial spores are used as test organisms because of their high resistance against several sterilants (e.g., gaseous hydrogen peroxide). The main disadvantage of the aforementioned tests is time: it takes at least 36-48 hours to get the results, i.e., the products cannot be delivered to customers without the validation certificate. Just in this example, in 36 hours, 432,000 products would be on hold for dispatchment; if more machines are evaluated, this number would linearly grow and at the end, the costs (only for waiting for the results) would be considerably high. For this reason, it is very valuable to develop new sensor technologies to overcome this issue. Therefore, the main focus of this thesis is on the further development of a spore-based biosensor; this sensor can determine the viability of spores after being sterilized with hydrogen peroxide. However, the immobilization strategy as well as its implementation on sensing elements and a more detailed investigation regarding its operating principle are missing. In this thesis, an immobilization strategy is developed to withstand harsh conditions (high temperatures, oxidizing environment) for spore-based biosensors applied in aseptic processing. A systematic investigation of the surface functionalization’s effect (e.g., hydroxylation) on sensors (e.g., electrolyte-insulator semiconductor (EIS) chips) is presented. Later on, organosilanes are analyzed for the immobilization of bacterial spores on different sensor surfaces. The electrical properties of the immobilization layer are studied as well as its resistance to a sterilization process with gaseous hydrogen peroxide. In addition, a sensor array consisting of a calorimetric gas sensor and a spore-based biosensor to measure hydrogen peroxide concentrations and the spores’ viability at the same time is proposed to evaluate the efficacy of sterilization processes

Torsional oscillation monitoring by means of a magnetoelastic resonator: modeling and experimental functionalization to measure viscosity of liquids

A new application of a high sensitivity magnetoelastic resonator able to measure period and dampingconstant of low frequency torsional oscillation is described and validated by experimental tests. Thesensitive parameter is the amplitude of resonant magnetoelastic waves in the soft ferromagnetic core(Fe62.5Co6Ni7.5Zr6Cu1Nb2B15amorphous ribbon). The theoretical model of the device has been developed,correlating torsional oscillations to the friction force applied by the fluid in which they occur. Thus,an accurate indirect evaluation of fluid viscosity has been demonstrated. The main prerogative of theproposed sensor is to work without contact with the oscillating mechanism. As experimental validation,viscosity of UHT milk was measured versus different fat content. The experimental comparison with astandard rheometer demonstrates the new device competitiveness in the measure of low viscosity fluidsat low share rate. Moreover, the detected behaviors at increasing temperature are in agreement withprevious literature. In perspective, the new magnetoelastic resonators application can be very ductileand effective in on-line monitoring of viscosity change with time to control composition, degradation orcontamination of liquids

Automating a 3D Point Matching System for Human Faces

3D point matching for human faces is opening new possibilities in the fields of face matching, face recognition, face retrieval, biomedical, virtual reality, etc. and is overcoming the limitations of 2D face matching. The purpose of this study is to research and implement an automated 3D point matching system for human faces. This will be added to an existing system implemented for 3D point matching on face models. The current implementation is a manual procedure to find matching between the faces, where a set of landmarks are selected on both sources and target meshes and the faces are registered using ICP and TPS techniques. The study aims to eliminate the manual process by automating the initial landmark selections

Development of a phage-based biosensor to detect Salmonella in food stuff

Tese de doutoramento Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Química e BiológicaFood- and waterborne illnesses are a serious public health concern worldwide and have stimulated research aiming at a rapid and accurate detection of pathogens by applying biosensing technologies. Salmonella, Campylobacter and E. coli are some examples of pathogens that have an enormous impact on public health. Many publications have mentioned different type of biosensors for a broad range of bacteria. These methods may circumvent the limitations that conventional microbiological techniques have. Pathogens of interest need culture enrichment steps to reach the detection limit, a process that requires time, as well as laboratory technicians with expertise skills. Detection of pathogens at a very early stage is not as easy as it seems, due to the necessity to unite a set of characteristics that enable the development of an inexpensive and robust biosensor. The ideal biosensing system should be rapid and accurate and should combine specificity and sensitivity, leading to a marginal amount of false positive or negative results. As the biosensor is composed of two parts, a biological and a sensor element, the biorecognition element of choice plays a crucial role when creating the perfect biosensor. Bacteriophages (or simply phages) are viruses that specifically recognize bacteria and this characteristic can be used as a potential "key" to solve problems related with bacterial detection. Moreover, the easy and low cost production of these viruses combined with their stability in harsh environmental conditions make them excellent competitors with other biological elements (e.g. antibodies, enzymes). The use of phages as a therapeutic agent and as an interface in detection systems has gained special interest of the research community. In many laboratories, phage-based platforms have been developed; however only a few have broken the barrier and went to the market as a clinical diagnostic tool. Nowadays, the food sector still uses conventional methods to detect Salmonella in food stuff that, as mentioned before, take times and requires expert skills. Notwithstanding the great improvements in the detection area, biosensing systems still lack sensitivity and give erroneous results. Furthermore, problems related to the detection of bacteria in a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state is one of the concerns that can give false negatives. VBNC bacteria are not able to grow on standard bacteriological media, but are metabolically active, albeit very low, maintaining the capacity to cause diseases and therefore remain a potential risk in several health facilities and the food industry. The use of standard microbiological methods to detect if the bacterium is dead or alive is no practicable, since the presence of VBNC state is not detectable. Therefore, novel technologies that can overcome this barrier are imperative. The prevalence of this problem and the necessity of finding a detection technology that can fulfill the Salmonella detection needs, led to the proposal of the present work that explores phages as an interface in a magnetoresistive and magnetoelastic biosensor. The work presented herein describes the characterization of a broad host range lytic phage. PVP-SE1, is able to discriminate between cell viability states, including the VBNC condition. This phage was combined with highly sensitive magnetoresistive sensors originating a powerful detection system with highstandard performance at the accuracy, specificity but also sensitivity level, detecting bacteria concentrations in the order of 100 cells/μL (3-4 cells/sensor). Another strategy followed, aiming at circumventing the limitations of using whole phages in a biosensing interface, was the utilization of recognition peptides of phage origin, responsible for the identification of the hosts. The proof-of-concept was demonstrated with a model phage selected from landscape library as a streptavidin binder. The results showed that the streptavidin binding peptides extracted from the phage bind to streptavidin with the same or better affinity than the native phage. The same was demonstrated with the tail fibre proteins of phage PVP-SE1, heterologously expressed, which showed equal binding affinities compared to their parental phage. This work demonstrates how phages can be explored in the development of a biosensor, opening the possibility of using an accurate, sensitive, specific and cheaper device that can be applied to an emergent concern: foodborne pathogens.As doenças transmitidas através de alimentos e água contaminada são uma preocupação mundial e têm estimulado o desenvolvimento de métodos rápidos e precisos na área dos biossensores para a deteção de agentes patogénicos. Salmonela, Campylobacter e a E. coli são exemplos de espécies bacterianas patogénicos que tem um enorme impacto na saúde pública. Atualmente já existem diferentes tipos de biossensores desenvolvidos para uma ampla variedade de bactérias, que contornam as limitações das técnicas convencionais, tais como tempo de medida, devido à amplificação do microrganismo de interesse no seu adequado meio de cultura, e pela necessidade de técnicos com competências específicas. No entanto, a deteção de agentes patogénicos não é assim tão fácil como parece devido à necessidade de combinar um conjunto de características que permita o desenvolvimento de um biossensor robusto e pouco dispendioso. Um sistema de deteção ideal deve ser rápido, preciso e combinar características como especificidade e sensibilidade, de forma a conduzir a resultados livres de falsos positivos/negativos. Como o biossensor é composto por duas partes, i.e. um elemento biológico e um sensor, o elemento biológico escolhido tem um papel crucial no momento da criação de um biossensor perfeito. Bacteriófagos (ou simplesmente fagos) são vírus que infetam especificamente bactérias podendo essa característica ser utilizada como uma “chave” para solucionar problemas relacionados com a deteção de bactérias. Para além disso, a produção simples e económica destes vírus juntamente com a sua estabilidade em condições ambientais adversas, torna-os excelentes ferramentas de deteção, podendo competir com outros elementos biológicos (e.g. anticorpos, enzimas). A sua utilização como agentes terapêuticos e como interface em sistemas de deteção tem recebido uma atenção especial por parte da comunidade científica. Muitos laboratórios têm desenvolvido plataformas de deteção à base de fagos, no entanto, somente algumas conseguiram quebrar a barreira e entrar no mercado para serem usadas como ferramenta deteção para uso clinico. Hoje em dia, indústrias alimentares ainda usam métodos convencionais para detetar Salmonela na alimentação que, tal como previamente referido, são morosas e exigem mão de obra especializada. Mesmo utilizando diversas estratégias de deteção com diferentes plataformas e bio recetores, problemas com resultados falsos positivos e negativos permanecem difíceis de resolver. Bactérias viáveis, mas não cultiváveis são uma preocupação, porque estão relacionadas com resultados falsos negativos. Bactérias viáveis, mas não cultiváveis, não têm capacidade de crescer em meios de cultura convencional, mas encontram-se metabolicamente ativas, conservando a sua capacidade de causar doenças e de serem um potencial perigo em várias setores da saúde e na industria alimentar. Assim, a utilização de métodos de cultura padronizados para detetar se a bactéria está viva ou morta torna-se inviável, já que a presença de bactérias num estado viável, mas não cultivável não é detetada. Portanto, novas tecnologias que possam ultrapassar essa barreira são fundamentais. A prevalência deste problema e a necessidade de encontrar uma tecnologia de deteção que possa satisfazer as necessidades de deteção da Salmonela conduziu à proposta deste trabalho que explora os fagos como uma possível interface a usar em biossensores magneto-resistivos e magneto-elásticos. O trabalho presentado aqui descreve a caracterização de um fago lítico com um amplo espectro lítico, PVP-SE1. Este fago provou capacidade em discriminar os estados de viabilidade celular incluindo o estado viável, mas não cultivável. O fago foi combinado com sensores magneto-resistivos, que têm mostrado uma elevada sensibilidade. Esta combinação originou um poderoso sistema de deteção com um padrão de desempenho elevado, quer em termos de precisão e especificidade, quer em termos de sensibilidade, detetando concentrações de bactérias na ordem de 100 células/μL (3-4 células/sensor). Uma outra estratégia adotada, tendo por objetivo contornar as limitações da utilização dos fagos inteiros numa interface de um biossensor, passou pela utilização dos recetores dos fagos responsáveis pela identificação dos hospedeiros. Como prova de conceito um fago com especificidade de ligação à streptavidin foi selecionado a partir de uma biblioteca de fagos e usado como modelo. Os resultados demonstraram que os recetores do fago ligam-se à streptavidin com a mesma ou melhor afinidade do que o fago inteiro (original). O mesmo foi demonstrado com os recetores do fago PVP-SE1, demonstrando igualmente afinidades de ligação, comparativamente, com o seu fago parental. Este trabalho demonstrou como os fagos podem ser explorados no desenvolvimento de um biossensor abrindo a possibilidade de desenvolver um dispositivo preciso, sensível, específico e económico que possa ser aplicado a uma preocupação emergente: os patogénicos de origem alimentar

Cued Speech Gesture Recognition: A First Prototype Based on Early Reduction

International audienceCued Speech is a specific linguistic code for hearing-impaired people. It is based on both lip reading and manual gestures. In the context of THIMP (Telephony for the Hearing-IMpaired Project), we work on automatic cued speech translation. In this paper, we only address the problem of automatic cued speech manual gesture recognition. Such a gesture recognition issue is really common from a theoretical point of view, but we approach it with respect to its particularities in order to derive an original method. This method is essentially built around a bioinspired method called early reduction. Prior to a complete analysis of each image of a sequence, the early reduction process automatically extracts a restricted number of key images which summarize the whole sequence. Only the key images are studied from a temporal point of view with lighter computation than the complete sequenc