Measuring violence to end violence: mainstreaming gender

Mainstreaming gender into the measurement of violence, in order to assist the development of the theory of change needed to support actions to end violence, is the aim of this paper. It addresses the division between gender-neutral and women-only strategies of data collection that is failing to deliver the quality evidence needed to address the extent and distribution of violence. It develops a better operationalisation of the concepts of gender and violence for purposes of statistical analysis. It produces a check list of criteria to assess the quality of statistics on gendered violence. It assesses the strengths and weakness of surveys linked to two contrasting theoretical perspectives: the Fundamental Rights Agency Survey of Violence against Women; and the Crime Survey for England and Wales. It shows how FRA fails. It shows how the ONS has limited the potential of the CSEW. It offers a solution in: a short questionnaire that is fit for purpose; and ways of analysing data that escape the current polarisation

Pengaruh Suhu Reaksi pada Polimerisasi Hidrogel Berbasis Kitosan

THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON CHITOSAN BASE DHYDROGEL POLYMERIZATION. The grafted copolymer chitosan-g-poly(acrylic acid) has been prepared in aqueous solution by free radical polymerization using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator and methylenebis acrylamide (MBA) as crosslinking agent. The experiment has been conducted using 1 L stirred batch reactor of glass in electric waterbath with condensor and mechanical agitation under inert atmosphere. The grafted copolymerization of monomer acrylic acid onto chitosan has been carried out with fixed condition i.e. : ratio of acrylic acid (AA) to chitosan (CTS) = 7.2; concentration of BPO 2.44% w/w; concentration of MBA 2.44% w/w; speed of mechanical agitation 200 rpm and 3 hours of reaction time but varied in temperature. The temperature has been varied at 30, 50, 70 and 900C. The water absorption capacities of CTS-g-PAA hydrogel was determined. The result of the experiment showed that the graft copolymer CTS-g-PAAproduced at 90oC had the highest water retention capacity of 41.68 g/g in distilate water and 42,55 g/g in 9% aqueous NaCl solution. The results of FT-IR analysis showed that for CTS-g-PAA hydrogel has six peaks of wavelength numbers at 1577, 1404, 1172, 1076, 713, and 632 cm-1. The results of morphology analysis using SEM showed that CTS-g-PAA hydrogel has phorous structure and more compact than pure chitosan

Chaos out of Order:Translations of American and Canadian Contemporary Poetry into Romanian before 1989 from a Complexity Perspective

This essay dwells on Romanian translations of American and Canadian contemporary poetry in stand-alone collections and anthologies between World War II and 1989 against a complexity theory background that sets out to recognize irregularities (or chaotic phenomena) within what is otherwise commonly perceived as an orderly, predictive literary system. Employing a computational social network analysis approach, I examine a corpus of such translations that have been typically considered as part and parcel of a heavily controlled cultural system. The analysis shows that a sizeable part of the corpus were translations projects initiated, carried out, published, and promoted by the translators themselves — the result of a series of interactions in interpersonal and transnational networks of private individuals, rather than the result of established institutional policies and publication agendas. The essay also reflects on the need to carry out agent-oriented research in translation studies within the wider context of the digital social humanities, which present both the theoretical framework and the necessary methodologies for describing translators as agents of change

The ambivalent shadow of the pre-Wilsonian rise of international law

The generation of American international lawyers who founded the American Society of International Law in 1906 and nurtured the soil for what has been retrospectively called a “moralistic legalistic approach to international relations” remains little studied. A survey of the rise of international legal literature in the U.S. from the mid-19th century to the eve of the Great War serves as a backdrop to the examination of the boosting effect on international law of the Spanish American War in 1898. An examination of the Insular Cases before the US Supreme Court is then accompanied by the analysis of a number of influential factors behind the pre-war rise of international law in the U.S. The work concludes with an examination of the rise of natural law doctrines in international law during the interwar period and the critiques addressed.by the realist founders of the field of “international relations” to the “moralistic legalistic approach to international relation

Avoidant Coping Behavior as a Mediator of the Effects of Various Forms of Intimate Partner Abuse and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Women who are Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence

This study explored whether avoidant coping served a meditational role in the association between three forms of intimate partner abuse (sexual coercion, physical aggression, and psychological aggression) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among women who had experienced intimate partner violence (IPV). Eighty nine female IPV survivors were involved in the current study. Results indicated that in the case of sexual coercion and PTSD, avoidant coping was a mediator. Avoidant coping was not found to have a mediating effect between the remaining types of abuse (physical and psychological aggression) and PTSD. However, it was found that physical aggression had a relationship with PTSD severity. These findings support the conceptualization that in women who have experienced IPV, different forms of abuse have different processes associated with PTSD symptomatology. Further, the findings may help mental health professionals advance their understanding on how forms of abuse may impact coping mechanisms and adverse psychological outcomes

Global and Regional Estimates of Violence Against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-Partner Sexual Violence

Violence against women is a significant public health problem, as well as a fundamental violation of women's human rights.This report, developed by the World Health Organization, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the South African Medical Research Council presents the first global systematic review and synthesis of the body of scientific data on the prevalence of two forms of violence against women -- violence by an intimate partner (intimate partner violence) and sexual violence by someone other than a partner (nonpartner sexual violence). It shows, for the first time, aggregated global and regional prevalence estimates of these two forms of violence, generated using population data from all over the world that have been compiled in a systematic way. The report also details the effects of violence on women's physical, sexual and reproductive, and mental health.The findings are striking:* overall, 35% of women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence. While there are many other forms of violence that women may be exposed to, this already represents a large proportion of the world's women;* most of this violence is intimate partner violence. Worldwide, almost one third (30%) of all women who have been in a relationship have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by their intimate partner. In some regions, 38% of women have experienced intimate partner violence;* globally, as many as 38% of all murders of women are committed by intimate partners;* women who have been physically or sexually abused by their partners report higher rates of a number of important health problems. For example, they are 16% more likely to have a low-birth-weight baby. They are more than twice as likely to have an abortion, almost twice as likely to experience depression, and, in some regions, are 1.5 times more likely to acquire HIV, as compared to women who have not experienced partner violence;* globally, 7% of women have been sexually assaulted by someone other than a partner. There are fewer data available on the health effects of non-partner sexual violence. However, the evidence that does exist reveals that women who have experienced this form of violence are 2.3 times more likely to have alcohol use disorders and 2.6 times more likely to experience depression or anxiety.There is a clear need to scale up efforts across a range of sectors, both to prevent violence from happening in the first place and to provide necessary services for women experiencing violence

A comparison of methods for kangaroo population monitoring

Context. Macropods represent a multimillion-dollar industry within Australia, with multiple states employing management and commercial culling operations. All states require monitoring of abundance and distribution to target quotas and management actions. Terrestrial transect techniques such as walked transect survey (WTS) have been traditionally used in the peri-urban context, although new techniques and technologies are emerging. Remote Piloted Aerial System Survey (RPASS), and Camera Trapping (CT) are two such technologies with growing use in wildlife population monitoring, and there exists the need to compare their implementation over WTS methods. Aims. This study compared a WTS, RPASS and CT methods to estimate the abundance of Macropus fuliginosus in an enclosed peri-urban reserve to evaluate the use of these technologies for estimating macropod populations at a small scale. Methods. Survey of M. fuliginosus at a peri-urban reserve (Thompsons Lake, Perth, Western Australia) was carried out over two sampling periods (April: summer and August: winter). Data were analysed using Distance Sampling for both WTS and RPASS, and a spatially correlated detection model for CT survey. Key results. WTS yielded the highest population estimate and variability of all techniques [April: 1687±216, August: 2773±760 kangaroos in the reserve], with RPASS generating number estimates around half of these (with less variability) [April: 796±225, August:1326±365 kangaroos in the reserve]. Estimates derived from CT were unreliable due to statistical method variability. Conclusions. This study finds that RPASS and CT both have significant potential for future survey of Macropus populations; however, does not recommend implementation for monitoring of population number, until further study occurs. CT is highly subject to requirements of the modelling method; and whilst RPAS technology provides a number of benefits detection bias precludes its broad-scale adoption at this time. Implications. CT and RPAS exhibit a number of benefits that would make them ideal for future use in management of Macropus spp. provided that sufficient research can be conducted to overcome the current limitations which inherently bias their estimates, and hence limit their employabilit