Roadmap on signal processing for next generation measurement systems

Signal processing is a fundamental component of almost any sensor-enabled system, with a wide range of applications across different scientific disciplines. Time series data, images, and video sequences comprise representative forms of signals that can be enhanced and analysed for information extraction and quantification. The recent advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning are shifting the research attention towards intelligent, data-driven, signal processing. This roadmap presents a critical overview of the state-of-the-art methods and applications aiming to highlight future challenges and research opportunities towards next generation measurement systems. It covers a broad spectrum of topics ranging from basic to industrial research, organized in concise thematic sections that reflect the trends and the impacts of current and future developments per research field. Furthermore, it offers guidance to researchers and funding agencies in identifying new prospects.AerodynamicsMicrowave Sensing, Signals & System

Roadmap on holography

From its inception holography has proven an extremely productive and attractive area of research. While specific technical applications give rise to 'hot topics', and three-dimensional (3D) visualisation comes in and out of fashion, the core principals involved continue to lead to exciting innovations in a wide range of areas. We humbly submit that it is impossible, in any journal document of this type, to fully reflect current and potential activity; however, our valiant contributors have produced a series of documents that go no small way to neatly capture progress across a wide range of core activities. As editors we have attempted to spread our net wide in order to illustrate the breadth of international activity. In relation to this we believe we have been at least partially successful.This work was supported by Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Spain) under projects FIS2017-82919-R (MINECO/AEI/FEDER, UE) and FIS2015-66570-P (MINECO/FEDER), and by Generalitat Valenciana (Spain) under project PROMETEO II/2015/015

Roadmap on holography

From its inception holography has proven an extremely productive and attractive area of research. While specific technical applications give rise to 'hot topics', and three-dimensional (3D) visualisation comes in and out of fashion, the core principals involved continue to lead to exciting innovations in a wide range of areas. We humbly submit that it is impossible, in any journal document of this type, to fully reflect current and potential activity; however, our valiant contributors have produced a series of documents that go no small way to neatly capture progress across a wide range of core activities. As editors we have attempted to spread our net wide in order to illustrate the breadth of international activity. In relation to this we believe we have been at least partially successful

Split and Shift Methodology: Overcoming Hardware Limitations on Cellular Processor Arrays for Image Processing

Na era multimedia, o procesado de imaxe converteuse nun elemento de singular importancia nos dispositivos electrónicos. Dende as comunicacións (p.e. telemedicina), a seguranza (p.e. recoñecemento retiniano) ou control de calidade e de procesos industriais (p.e. orientación de brazos articulados, detección de defectos do produto), pasando pola investigación (p.e. seguimento de partículas elementais) e diagnose médica (p.e. detección de células estrañas, identificaciónn de veas retinianas), hai un sinfín de aplicacións onde o tratamento e interpretación automáticas de imaxe e fundamental. O obxectivo último será o deseño de sistemas de visión con capacidade de decisión. As tendencias actuais requiren, ademais, a combinación destas capacidades en dispositivos pequenos e portátiles con resposta en tempo real. Isto propón novos desafíos tanto no deseño hardware como software para o procesado de imaxe, buscando novas estruturas ou arquitecturas coa menor area e consumo de enerxía posibles sen comprometer a funcionalidade e o rendemento

Photonic Biosensors: Detection, Analysis and Medical Diagnostics

The role of nanotechnologies in personalized medicine is rising remarkably in the last decade because of the ability of these new sensing systems to diagnose diseases from early stages and the availability of continuous screenings to characterize the efficiency of drugs and therapies for each single patient. Recent technological advancements are allowing the development of biosensors in low-cost and user-friendly platforms, thereby overcoming the last obstacle for these systems, represented by limiting costs and low yield, until now. In this context, photonic biosensors represent one of the main emerging sensing modalities because of their ability to combine high sensitivity and selectivity together with real-time operation, integrability, and compatibility with microfluidics and electric circuitry for the readout, which is fundamental for the realization of lab-on-chip systems. This book, “Photonic Biosensors: Detection, Analysis and Medical Diagnostics”, has been published thanks to the contributions of the authors and collects research articles, the content of which is expected to assume an important role in the outbreak of biosensors in the biomedical field, considering the variety of the topics that it covers, from the improvement of sensors’ performance to new, emerging applications and strategies for on-chip integrability, aiming at providing a general overview for readers on the current advancements in the biosensing field

Problems in Scattering and Imaging

Technology advances are always driven by the discovery of new materials, better understanding of their properties and improvements in processing power. This trend is reflected in this work, where I will demonstrate how new science and applications of both scattering and imaging are enabled by these frontiers. This thesis explores a broad spectrum of topics associated with the problems of scattering and imaging. The first topic concerns the fundamental study of the symmetry breaking and the nonlinear light scattering in the system of gold nanorod. In the most recent experiments, the intrinsic electrostatic asymmetry of gold nanorods was investigated by Ji-Young et al. using a variety of microscopy techniques, and the associated optical asymmetry was immediately demonstrated through the nonlinear optical experiments. The understanding of the symmetry breaking of gold nanorods, motivated the development of a model where the second order longitudinal plasmon resonance mode scatters with the electron gas and accounting for the plasmon damping effect. The new microscopic description self-consistently explains all the main features of the nonlinear optical components, and provides a fresh look that beautifully aligns with the recent observations of the nonlinear optical properties of nanorods. Next, we demonstrate an optical system that enables the control of monochromatic light transmission through highly scattering media, with Complex Semi-Definite Programming (SDP) introduced as a novel approach to solve the associated phase retrieval problem. In contrast to the conventional approach that employed an interferometric design which is vulnerable to system vibration, a simple optical setup without the need for a reference beam is proposed by Moussa et al. The SDP algorithm allows computation of the complex transmission matrix of the system from a sequence of intensity speckle patterns generated with phase-modulated wavefronts. We showed that once the transmission matrix is determined, optimal wavefronts can be computed that focuses the incident beam to any position on the far side of the scattering medium, without the need for subsequent measurements or wavefront shaping iterations. Finally, the optical properties and applications of graphene were explored. As a true 2D material, graphene has a unique electronic band structure and has been demonstrated by various research groups to be an interesting photonic building block. At first, we focused on the absorption saturation in optically excited graphene. The microscopic theory that includes Coulomb-scattering as the dominant relaxation mechanism at high carrier densities was developed and then verified by the optical transmission experiment. Then, we showed a novel scheme of a light field camera using a focal stack proposed by a team at the University of Michigan. The key enabling technology is the highly transparent graphene photodetector fabricated by Che-Hung et al., where graphene is used both as the photoconductive gain material and the circuit interconnects. Physically, we built the prototype single-pixel light field camera and demonstrated its operation through optical experiment. Computationally, a synthetic camera system was designed based on the Fourier slice analysis and the framework for the model-based light field reconstruction was provided.PHDElectrical EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138550/1/mblien_1.pd

Advanced photonic solutions for high precision astronomical imaging

The sharply rising productivity of exoplanet searches over the past two decades has delivered profound statistical insights into the prevalence and diversity of worlds around other stars. The frontier for astronomers has now expanded into the new era of exoplanet characterisation. Major progress here will only be achieved with new instrumental advances. Most highly sought-after is the capability to separate the faint light from a planet from the glare of the host star. The direct detection of planetary photons will enable unique spatial and spectral studies, revealing intrinsic properties of atmospheres and surfaces. In this project, a prototype instrument GLINT South (Guided Light Interferometric Nulling Technology) was developed. It employs nulling interferometry in which the light from the host star is actively rejected though destructive interference. Such advanced control and processing of starlight is accomplished by way of photonic technology fabricated into integrated optical chips. A monochromatic null depth was measured in the laboratory consistent with 0 within an uncertainty of 10-3. The instrument was tested at the Anglo Australian Telescope, and a sample of infrared-bright stars were observed retrieving uniform disk diameters in close agreement to the literature values, despite the stellar diameters being beyond the telescopes formal di raction limit. Furthermore, an algorithm was created to optimise the design of integrated optics waveguides for pupil remapping chips leading to the design of a 4-input remapping chip which will signi cantly expand capabilities and deliver multi-channel nulling as well as complex visibility data. The photonic nulling devices, inscribed within miniature, robust and environmentally stable monolithic chips are a promising avenue to one of astronomy's grandest challenges of characterising the chemical and physical environments of exoplanets

NASA Tech Briefs, January 1992

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