A systematic literature review on the use of artificial intelligence in energy self-management in smart buildings

Buildings are one of the main consumers of energy in cities, which is why a lot of research has been generated around this problem. Especially, the buildings energy management systems must improve in the next years. Artificial intelligence techniques are playing and will play a fundamental role in these improvements. This work presents a systematic review of the literature on researches that have been done in recent years to improve energy management systems for smart building using artificial intelligence techniques. An originality of the work is that they are grouped according to the concept of "Autonomous Cycles of Data Analysis Tasks", which defines that an autonomous management system requires specialized tasks, such as monitoring, analysis, and decision-making tasks for reaching objectives in the environment, like improve the energy efficiency. This organization of the work allows us to establish not only the positioning of the researches, but also, the visualization of the current challenges and opportunities in each domain. We have identified that many types of researches are in the domain of decision-making (a large majority on optimization and control tasks), and defined potential projects related to the development of autonomous cycles of data analysis tasks, feature engineering, or multi-agent systems, among others.European Commissio

A meta-synthesis review of occupant comfort assessment in buildings (2002-2022)

Occupant comfort in buildings is one of the most crucial considerations in designing a building. Accordingly, there is a growing interest in this area. Aspects of comfort include thermal comfort, visual comfort, acoustic comfort, and indoor air quality (IAQ) satisfaction. The objective of this state-of-the-art review was to provide a comprehensive, explicit, and up-to-date literature review on occupant comfort in buildings, since this issue has a great impact on the lifestyle, health, and productivity of occupants. A meta-synthesis method was also used for an analytical-interpretive review of previous studies. In this research, scientific research studies related to the subject of indoor occupant comfort in the period 2002–2022 were reviewed. Previous reviews have often covered the fundamental concepts and principles related to indoor occupant comfort. Although innumerable studies have focused on thermal comfort, other aspects of occupant comfort have not been considered. The review is analyzed and discussed in reference to type of study, case study geographical locations and climate zones, case study building types, decision-making models, assessment criteria, datacollection tools, and data analysis strategies. Finally, future research recommendations are presented. Through the review, we find that the comfort models used in research are mostly based on comfort perception votes collected from experimental studies, which may not reflect the preferences of users well. In addition, only the influence of environmental factors on the models has been investigated, and other personal factors have been ignored. This study presents a useful guide for researchers to determine their outlines for future research in this field

Immersive interconnected virtual and augmented reality : a 5G and IoT perspective

Despite remarkable advances, current augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) applications are a largely individual and local experience. Interconnected AR/VR, where participants can virtually interact across vast distances, remains a distant dream. The great barrier that stands between current technology and such applications is the stringent end-to-end latency requirement, which should not exceed 20 ms in order to avoid motion sickness and other discomforts. Bringing AR/VR to the next level to enable immersive interconnected AR/VR will require significant advances towards 5G ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) and a Tactile Internet of Things (IoT). In this article, we articulate the technical challenges to enable a future AR/VR end-to-end architecture, that combines 5G URLLC and Tactile IoT technology to support this next generation of interconnected AR/VR applications. Through the use of IoT sensors and actuators, AR/VR applications will be aware of the environmental and user context, supporting human-centric adaptations of the application logic, and lifelike interactions with the virtual environment. We present potential use cases and the required technological building blocks. For each of them, we delve into the current state of the art and challenges that need to be addressed before the dream of remote AR/VR interaction can become reality

Evaluation of virtual reality snowplow simulation training

The effectiveness of virtual reality snowplow simulator training for current Iowa Department of Transportation employees was examined. Operators received approximately two hours of training, which included several drives in a driving simulator designed to emulate a snowplow. Performance on a test scenario was compared for operators who had received this training versus those who were trained after the test scenario. Participants also completed a variety of personality and training questionnaires designed to measure personality tendencies, as well as their opinions of training and the realism of the simulator. Responses to these questionnaires were generally positive: operators reported that the features of the simulator mimicked those of a real snowplow, and that they enjoyed all aspects of training. Moreover, several performance differences (e.g., number of collisions, average speed and fuel consumption) were found between trained and untrained operators. They suggest that snowplow simulator training improved the driving performance of trained operators

High-Performance Integrated Window and Façade Solutions for California

The researchers developed a new generation of high-performance façade systems and supporting design and management tools to support industry in meeting California’s greenhouse gas reduction targets, reduce energy consumption, and enable an adaptable response to minimize real-time demands on the electricity grid. The project resulted in five outcomes: (1) The research team developed an R-5, 1-inch thick, triplepane, insulating glass unit with a novel low-conductance aluminum frame. This technology can help significantly reduce residential cooling and heating loads, particularly during the evening. (2) The team developed a prototype of a windowintegrated local ventilation and energy recovery device that provides clean, dry fresh air through the façade with minimal energy requirements. (3) A daylight-redirecting louver system was prototyped to redirect sunlight 15–40 feet from the window. Simulations estimated that lighting energy use could be reduced by 35–54 percent without glare. (4) A control system incorporating physics-based equations and a mathematical solver was prototyped and field tested to demonstrate feasibility. Simulations estimated that total electricity costs could be reduced by 9-28 percent on sunny summer days through adaptive control of operable shading and daylighting components and the thermostat compared to state-of-the-art automatic façade controls in commercial building perimeter zones. (5) Supporting models and tools needed by industry for technology R&D and market transformation activities were validated. Attaining California’s clean energy goals require making a fundamental shift from today’s ad-hoc assemblages of static components to turnkey, intelligent, responsive, integrated building façade systems. These systems offered significant reductions in energy use, peak demand, and operating cost in California

Optimization of Natural Ventilation Design in Hot and Humid Climates Using Building Energy Simulation

This research aims to propose and explore natural ventilation schemes for the design of high-performance, non-residential buildings in hot and humid climates. Three such schemes were applied toward retrofitting the existing Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics buildings on University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa (UHM) campus in Honolulu. The results were investigated by using parametric study and Airflow Network (AN) model, coupled with thermal model in EnergyPlus. Meanwhile, the number of discomfort hours, during the time the buildings are occupied and based on the adaptive thermal comfort, was used as a quantitative index for the performance of the natural ventilation design schemes. The results revealed that pure cross-ventilation is not a feasible mode to deliver adequate thermal comfort to the occupants, per an acceptable number of discomfort hours. However, with the supplementation of vertical ventilation ducts (shafts), the performance of natural ventilation design schemes significantly improved. In these cases, it was found that either ventilation ducts or ventilation windows can be completely closed, thus eliminating the need of one or the other in natural ventilation designs and therefore mitigating the potential for outdoor noise traveling into spaces through ventilation ducts and/or ventilation windows’ openings. This research presents my preliminary investigation toward finding the optimal scheme for natural ventilation design. After the scheme is chosen, the actual geometry of the ventilation ducts and ventilation windows, appropriate louvers and duct fittings, as well as their optimal aspect ratios, should be taken into consideration. For future research to be able to extend to incorporate a wider range of climate conditions, a hybrid ventilation approach integrating both mechanical and natural ventilation should be carried out. Moreover, further study of ventilation effectiveness, as per Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is also recommended.This research aims to propose and explore natural ventilation schemes for the design of high-performance, non-residential buildings in hot and humid climates. Three such schemes were applied toward retrofitting the existing Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics buildings on University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa (UHM) campus in Honolulu. The results were investigated by using parametric study and Airflow Network (AN) model, coupled with thermal model in EnergyPlus. Meanwhile, the number of discomfort hours, during the time the buildings are occupied and based on the adaptive thermal comfort, was used as a quantitative index for the performance of the natural ventilation design schemes. The results revealed that pure cross-ventilation is not a feasible mode to deliver adequate thermal comfort to the occupants, per an acceptable number of discomfort hours. However, with the supplementation of vertical ventilation ducts (shafts), the performance of natural ventilation design schemes significantly improved. In these cases, it was found that either ventilation ducts or ventilation windows can be completely closed, thus eliminating the need of one or the other in natural ventilation designs and therefore mitigating the potential for outdoor noise traveling into spaces through ventilation ducts and/or ventilation windows’ openings. This research presents my preliminary investigation toward finding the optimal scheme for natural ventilation design. After the scheme is chosen, the actual geometry of the ventilation ducts and ventilation windows, appropriate louvers and duct fittings, as well as their optimal aspect ratios, should be taken into consideration. For future research to be able to extend to incorporate a wider range of climate conditions, a hybrid ventilation approach integrating both mechanical and natural ventilation should be carried out. Moreover, further study of ventilation effectiveness, as per Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is also recommended.This research aims to propose and explore natural ventilation schemes for the design of high-performance, non-residential buildings in hot and humid climates. Three such schemes were applied toward retrofitting the existing Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics buildings on University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa (UHM) campus in Honolulu. The results were investigated by using parametric study and Airflow Network (AN) model, coupled with thermal model in EnergyPlus. Meanwhile, the number of discomfort hours, during the time the buildings are occupied and based on the adaptive thermal comfort, was used as a quantitative index for the performance of the natural ventilation design schemes. The results revealed that pure cross-ventilation is not a feasible mode to deliver adequate thermal comfort to the occupants, per an acceptable number of discomfort hours. However, with the supplementation of vertical ventilation ducts (shafts), the performance of natural ventilation design schemes significantly improved. In these cases, it was found that either ventilation ducts or ventilation windows can be completely closed, thus eliminating the need of one or the other in natural ventilation designs and therefore mitigating the potential for outdoor noise traveling into spaces through ventilation ducts and/or ventilation windows’ openings. This research presents my preliminary investigation toward finding the optimal scheme for natural ventilation design. After the scheme is chosen, the actual geometry of the ventilation ducts and ventilation windows, appropriate louvers and duct fittings, as well as their optimal aspect ratios, should be taken into consideration. For future research to be able to extend to incorporate a wider range of climate conditions, a hybrid ventilation approach integrating both mechanical and natural ventilation should be carried out. Moreover, further study of ventilation effectiveness, as per Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is also recommended.This research aims to propose and explore natural ventilation schemes for the design of high-performance, non-residential buildings in hot and humid climates. Three such schemes were applied toward retrofitting the existing Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics buildings on University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa (UHM) campus in Honolulu. The results were investigated by using parametric study and Airflow Network (AN) model, coupled with thermal model in EnergyPlus. Meanwhile, the number of discomfort hours, during the time the buildings are occupied and based on the adaptive thermal comfort, was used as a quantitative index for the performance of the natural ventilation design schemes. The results revealed that pure cross-ventilation is not a feasible mode to deliver adequate thermal comfort to the occupants, per an acceptable number of discomfort hours. However, with the supplementation of vertical ventilation ducts (shafts), the performance of natural ventilation design schemes significantly improved. In these cases, it was found that either ventilation ducts or ventilation windows can be completely closed, thus eliminating the need of one or the other in natural ventilation designs and therefore mitigating the potential for outdoor noise traveling into spaces through ventilation ducts and/or ventilation windows’ openings. This research presents my preliminary investigation toward finding the optimal scheme for natural ventilation design. After the scheme is chosen, the actual geometry of the ventilation ducts and ventilation windows, appropriate louvers and duct fittings, as well as their optimal aspect ratios, should be taken into consideration. For future research to be able to extend to incorporate a wider range of climate conditions, a hybrid ventilation approach integrating both mechanical and natural ventilation should be carried out. Moreover, further study of ventilation effectiveness, as per Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is also recommended.This research aims to propose and explore natural ventilation schemes for the design of high-performance, non-residential buildings in hot and humid climates. Three such schemes were applied toward retrofitting the existing Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics buildings on University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa (UHM) campus in Honolulu. The results were investigated by using parametric study and Airflow Network (AN) model, coupled with thermal model in EnergyPlus. Meanwhile, the number of discomfort hours, during the time the buildings are occupied and based on the adaptive thermal comfort, was used as a quantitative index for the performance of the natural ventilation design schemes. The results revealed that pure cross-ventilation is not a feasible mode to deliver adequate thermal comfort to the occupants, per an acceptable number of discomfort hours. However, with the supplementation of vertical ventilation ducts (shafts), the performance of natural ventilation design schemes significantly improved. In these cases, it was found that either ventilation ducts or ventilation windows can be completely closed, thus eliminating the need of one or the other in natural ventilation designs and therefore mitigating the potential for outdoor noise traveling into spaces through ventilation ducts and/or ventilation windows’ openings. This research presents my preliminary investigation toward finding the optimal scheme for natural ventilation design. After the scheme is chosen, the actual geometry of the ventilation ducts and ventilation windows, appropriate louvers and duct fittings, as well as their optimal aspect ratios, should be taken into consideration. For future research to be able to extend to incorporate a wider range of climate conditions, a hybrid ventilation approach integrating both mechanical and natural ventilation should be carried out. Moreover, further study of ventilation effectiveness, as per Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is also recommended.This research aims to propose and explore natural ventilation schemes for the design of high-performance, non-residential buildings in hot and humid climates. Three such schemes were applied toward retrofitting the existing Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics buildings on University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa (UHM) campus in Honolulu. The results were investigated by using parametric study and Airflow Network (AN) model, coupled with thermal model in EnergyPlus. Meanwhile, the number of discomfort hours, during the time the buildings are occupied and based on the adaptive thermal comfort, was used as a quantitative index for the performance of the natural ventilation design schemes. The results revealed that pure cross-ventilation is not a feasible mode to deliver adequate thermal comfort to the occupants, per an acceptable number of discomfort hours. However, with the supplementation of vertical ventilation ducts (shafts), the performance of natural ventilation design schemes significantly improved. In these cases, it was found that either ventilation ducts or ventilation windows can be completely closed, thus eliminating the need of one or the other in natural ventilation designs and therefore mitigating the potential for outdoor noise traveling into spaces through ventilation ducts and/or ventilation windows’ openings. This research presents my preliminary investigation toward finding the optimal scheme for natural ventilation design. After the scheme is chosen, the actual geometry of the ventilation ducts and ventilation windows, appropriate louvers and duct fittings, as well as their optimal aspect ratios, should be taken into consideration. For future research to be able to extend to incorporate a wider range of climate conditions, a hybrid ventilation approach integrating both mechanical and natural ventilation should be carried out. Moreover, further study of ventilation effectiveness, as per Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is also recommended.This research aims to propose and explore natural ventilation schemes for the design of high-performance, non-residential buildings in hot and humid climates. Three such schemes were applied toward retrofitting the existing Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics buildings on University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa (UHM) campus in Honolulu. The results were investigated by using parametric study and Airflow Network (AN) model, coupled with thermal model in EnergyPlus. Meanwhile, the number of discomfort hours, during the time the buildings are occupied and based on the adaptive thermal comfort, was used as a quantitative index for the performance of the natural ventilation design schemes. The results revealed that pure cross-ventilation is not a feasible mode to deliver adequate thermal comfort to the occupants, per an acceptable number of discomfort hours. However, with the supplementation of vertical ventilation ducts (shafts), the performance of natural ventilation design schemes significantly improved. In these cases, it was found that either ventilation ducts or ventilation windows can be completely closed, thus eliminating the need of one or the other in natural ventilation designs and therefore mitigating the potential for outdoor noise traveling into spaces through ventilation ducts and/or ventilation windows’ openings. This research presents my preliminary investigation toward finding the optimal scheme for natural ventilation design. After the scheme is chosen, the actual geometry of the ventilation ducts and ventilation windows, appropriate louvers and duct fittings, as well as their optimal aspect ratios, should be taken into consideration. For future research to be able to extend to incorporate a wider range of climate conditions, a hybrid ventilation approach integrating both mechanical and natural ventilation should be carried out. Moreover, further study of ventilation effectiveness, as per Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is also recommended.This research aims to propose and explore natural ventilation schemes for the design of high-performance, non-residential buildings in hot and humid climates. Three such schemes were applied toward retrofitting the existing Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics buildings on University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa (UHM) campus in Honolulu. The results were investigated by using parametric study and Airflow Network (AN) model, coupled with thermal model in EnergyPlus. Meanwhile, the number of discomfort hours, during the time the buildings are occupied and based on the adaptive thermal comfort, was used as a quantitative index for the performance of the natural ventilation design schemes. The results revealed that pure cross-ventilation is not a feasible mode to deliver adequate thermal comfort to the occupants, per an acceptable number of discomfort hours. However, with the supplementation of vertical ventilation ducts (shafts), the performance of natural ventilation design schemes significantly improved. In these cases, it was found that either ventilation ducts or ventilation windows can be completely closed, thus eliminating the need of one or the other in natural ventilation designs and therefore mitigating the potential for outdoor noise traveling into spaces through ventilation ducts and/or ventilation windows’ openings. This research presents my preliminary investigation toward finding the optimal scheme for natural ventilation design. After the scheme is chosen, the actual geometry of the ventilation ducts and ventilation windows, appropriate louvers and duct fittings, as well as their optimal aspect ratios, should be taken into consideration. For future research to be able to extend to incorporate a wider range of climate conditions, a hybrid ventilation approach integrating both mechanical and natural ventilation should be carried out. Moreover, further study of ventilation effectiveness, as per Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is also recommended.This research aims to propose and explore natural ventilation schemes for the design of high-performance, non-residential buildings in hot and humid climates. Three such schemes were applied toward retrofitting the existing Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics buildings on University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa (UHM) campus in Honolulu. The results were investigated by using parametric study and Airflow Network (AN) model, coupled with thermal model in EnergyPlus. Meanwhile, the number of discomfort hours, during the time the buildings are occupied and based on the adaptive thermal comfort, was used as a quantitative index for the performance of the natural ventilation design schemes. The results revealed that pure cross-ventilation is not a feasible mode to deliver adequate thermal comfort to the occupants, per an acceptable number of discomfort hours. However, with the supplementation of vertical ventilation ducts (shafts), the performance of natural ventilation design schemes significantly improved. In these cases, it was found that either ventilation ducts or ventilation windows can be completely closed, thus eliminating the need of one or the other in natural ventilation designs and therefore mitigating the potential for outdoor noise traveling into spaces through ventilation ducts and/or ventilation windows’ openings. This research presents my preliminary investigation toward finding the optimal scheme for natural ventilation design. After the scheme is chosen, the actual geometry of the ventilation ducts and ventilation windows, appropriate louvers and duct fittings, as well as their optimal aspect ratios, should be taken into consideration. For future research to be able to extend to incorporate a wider range of climate conditions, a hybrid ventilation approach integrating both mechanical and natural ventilation should be carried out. Moreover, further study of ventilation effectiveness, as per Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is also recommended.This research aims to propose and explore natural ventilation schemes for the design of high-performance, non-residential buildings in hot and humid climates. Three such schemes were applied toward retrofitting the existing Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics buildings on University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa (UHM) campus in Honolulu. The results were investigated by using parametric study and Airflow Network (AN) model, coupled with thermal model in EnergyPlus. Meanwhile, the number of discomfort hours, during the time the buildings are occupied and based on the adaptive thermal comfort, was used as a quantitative index for the performance of the natural ventilation design schemes. The results revealed that pure cross-ventilation is not a feasible mode to deliver adequate thermal comfort to the occupants, per an acceptable number of discomfort hours. However, with the supplementation of vertical ventilation ducts (shafts), the performance of natural ventilation design schemes significantly improved. In these cases, it was found that either ventilation ducts or ventilation windows can be completely closed, thus eliminating the need of one or the other in natural ventilation designs and therefore mitigating the potential for outdoor noise traveling into spaces through ventilation ducts and/or ventilation windows’ openings. This research presents my preliminary investigation toward finding the optimal scheme for natural ventilation design. After the scheme is chosen, the actual geometry of the ventilation ducts and ventilation windows, appropriate louvers and duct fittings, as well as their optimal aspect ratios, should be taken into consideration. For future research to be able to extend to incorporate a wider range of climate conditions, a hybrid ventilation approach integrating both mechanical and natural ventilation should be carried out. Moreover, further study of ventilation effectiveness, as per Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is also recommended.This research aims to propose and explore natural ventilation schemes for the design of high-performance, non-residential buildings in hot and humid climates. Three such schemes were applied toward retrofitting the existing Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics buildings on University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa (UHM) campus in Honolulu. The results were investigated by using parametric study and Airflow Network (AN) model, coupled with thermal model in EnergyPlus. Meanwhile, the number of discomfort hours, during the time the buildings are occupied and based on the adaptive thermal comfort, was used as a quantitative index for the performance of the natural ventilation design schemes. The results revealed that pure cross-ventilation is not a feasible mode to deliver adequate thermal comfort to the occupants, per an acceptable number of discomfort hours. However, with the supplementation of vertical ventilation ducts (shafts), the performance of natural ventilation design schemes significantly improved. In these cases, it was found that either ventilation ducts or ventilation windows can be completely closed, thus eliminating the need of one or the other in natural ventilation designs and therefore mitigating the potential for outdoor noise traveling into spaces through ventilation ducts and/or ventilation windows’ openings. This research presents my preliminary investigation toward finding the optimal scheme for natural ventilation design. After the scheme is chosen, the actual geometry of the ventilation ducts and ventilation windows, appropriate louvers and duct fittings, as well as their optimal aspect ratios, should be taken into consideration. For future research to be able to extend to incorporate a wider range of climate conditions, a hybrid ventilation approach integrating both mechanical and natural ventilation should be carried out. Moreover, further study of ventilation effectiveness, as per Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is also recommended

Electric Vehicles for Public Transportation in Power Systems: A Review of Methodologies

[EN] The market for electric vehicles (EVs) has grown with each year, and EVs are considered to be a proper solution for the mitigation of urban pollution. So far, not much attention has been devoted to the use of EVs for public transportation, such as taxis and buses. However, a massive introduction of electric taxis (ETs) and electric buses (EBs) could generate issues in the grid. The challenges are different from those of private EVs, as their required load is much higher and the related time constraints must be considered with much more attention. These issues have begun to be studied within the last few years. This paper presents a review of the different approaches that have been proposed by various authors, to mitigate the impact of EBs and ETs on the future smart grid. Furthermore, some projects with regard to the integration of ETs and EBs around the world are presented. Some guidelines for future works are also proposed.This research was funded by the project SIS.JCG.19.03 of Universidad de las Americas, Ecuador.Clairand-Gómez, J.; Guerra-Terán, P.; Serrano-Guerrero, JX.; González-Rodríguez, M.; Escrivá-Escrivá, G. (2019). Electric Vehicles for Public Transportation in Power Systems: A Review of Methodologies. Energies. 12(16):1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163114S1221216Emadi, A. (2011). Transportation 2.0. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 9(4), 18-29. doi:10.1109/mpe.2011.941320Fahimi, B., Kwasinski, A., Davoudi, A., Balog, R., & Kiani, M. (2011). Charge It! IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 9(4), 54-64. doi:10.1109/mpe.2011.941321Yilmaz, M., & Krein, P. T. (2013). Review of Battery Charger Topologies, Charging Power Levels, and Infrastructure for Plug-In Electric and Hybrid Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 28(5), 2151-2169. doi:10.1109/tpel.2012.2212917Tagliaferri, C., Evangelisti, S., Acconcia, F., Domenech, T., Ekins, P., Barletta, D., & Lettieri, P. (2016). Life cycle assessment of future electric and hybrid vehicles: A cradle-to-grave systems engineering approach. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 112, 298-309. doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2016.07.003Zackrisson, M., Fransson, K., Hildenbrand, J., Lampic, G., & O’Dwyer, C. (2016). Life cycle assessment of lithium-air battery cells. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 299-311. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.104Wu, Y., Yang, Z., Lin, B., Liu, H., Wang, R., Zhou, B., & Hao, J. (2012). Energy consumption and CO2 emission impacts of vehicle electrification in three developed regions of China. Energy Policy, 48, 537-550. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.05.060Shen, W., Han, W., Chock, D., Chai, Q., & Zhang, A. (2012). Well-to-wheels life-cycle analysis of alternative fuels and vehicle technologies in China. Energy Policy, 49, 296-307. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.038Wang, R., Wu, Y., Ke, W., Zhang, S., Zhou, B., & Hao, J. (2015). Can propulsion and fuel diversity for the bus fleet achieve the win–win strategy of energy conservation and environmental protection? Applied Energy, 147, 92-103. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.107Clement-Nyns, K., Haesen, E., & Driesen, J. (2010). The Impact of Charging Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on a Residential Distribution Grid. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 25(1), 371-380. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2009.2036481Shafiee, S., Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M., & Rastegar, M. (2013). Investigating the Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Power Distribution Systems. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 4(3), 1351-1360. doi:10.1109/tsg.2013.2251483Pieltain Fernandez, L., Gomez San Roman, T., Cossent, R., Mateo Domingo, C., & Frias, P. (2011). Assessment of the Impact of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on Distribution Networks. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 26(1), 206-213. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2010.2049133Lucas, A., Bonavitacola, F., Kotsakis, E., & Fulli, G. (2015). Grid harmonic impact of multiple electric vehicle fast charging. Electric Power Systems Research, 127, 13-21. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2015.05.012Turker, H., Bacha, S., Chatroux, D., & Hably, A. (2012). Low-Voltage Transformer Loss-of-Life Assessments for a High Penetration of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 27(3), 1323-1331. doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2012.2193423Kempton, W., & Tomić, J. (2005). Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue. Journal of Power Sources, 144(1), 268-279. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.12.025Guille, C., & Gross, G. (2009). A conceptual framework for the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) implementation. Energy Policy, 37(11), 4379-4390. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.05.053Geng, Z., Conejo, A. J., Chen, Q., Xia, Q., & Kang, C. (2017). Electricity production scheduling under uncertainty: Max social welfare vs. min emission vs. max renewable production. Applied Energy, 193, 540-549. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.051Verbruggen, A., Fischedick, M., Moomaw, W., Weir, T., Nadaï, A., Nilsson, L. J., … Sathaye, J. (2010). Renewable energy costs, potentials, barriers: Conceptual issues. Energy Policy, 38(2), 850-861. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.036Oda, T., Aziz, M., Mitani, T., Watanabe, Y., & Kashiwagi, T. (2018). Mitigation of congestion related to quick charging of electric vehicles based on waiting time and cost–benefit analyses: A japanese case study. Sustainable Cities and Society, 36, 99-106. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.10.024Arkin, E. M., Carmi, P., Katz, M. J., Mitchell, J. S. B., & Segal, M. (2019). Locating battery charging stations to facilitate almost shortest paths. Discrete Applied Mathematics, 254, 10-16. doi:10.1016/j.dam.2018.07.019Gallardo-Lozano, J., Milanés-Montero, M. I., Guerrero-Martínez, M. A., & Romero-Cadaval, E. (2012). Electric vehicle battery charger for smart grids. Electric Power Systems Research, 90, 18-29. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2012.03.015Aziz, M., Oda, T., & Ito, M. (2016). Battery-assisted charging system for simultaneous charging of electric vehicles. Energy, 100, 82-90. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.01.069Mehboob, N., Restrepo, M., Canizares, C. A., Rosenberg, C., & Kazerani, M. (2019). Smart Operation of Electric Vehicles With Four-Quadrant Chargers Considering Uncertainties. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 10(3), 2999-3009. doi:10.1109/tsg.2018.2816404García-Villalobos, J., Zamora, I., San Martín, J. I., Asensio, F. J., & Aperribay, V. (2014). Plug-in electric vehicles in electric distribution networks: A review of smart charging approaches. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38, 717-731. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.040Richardson, D. B. (2013). Electric vehicles and the electric grid: A review of modeling approaches, Impacts, and renewable energy integration. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 19, 247-254. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.042Haidar, A. M. A., Muttaqi, K. M., & Sutanto, D. (2014). Technical challenges for electric power industries due to grid-integrated electric vehicles in low voltage distributions: A review. Energy Conversion and Management, 86, 689-700. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.06.025Mwasilu, F., Justo, J. J., Kim, E.-K., Do, T. D., & Jung, J.-W. (2014). Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: A review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 34, 501-516. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.031Habib, S., Kamran, M., & Rashid, U. (2015). Impact analysis of vehicle-to-grid technology and charging strategies of electric vehicles on distribution networks – A review. Journal of Power Sources, 277, 205-214. doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.12.020Tan, K. M., Ramachandaramurthy, V. K., & Yong, J. Y. (2016). Integration of electric vehicles in smart grid: A review on vehicle to grid technologies and optimization techniques. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 720-732. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.012Raslavičius, L., Azzopardi, B., Keršys, A., Starevičius, M., Bazaras, Ž., & Makaras, R. (2015). Electric vehicles challenges and opportunities: Lithuanian review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 786-800. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.076Rahman, I., Vasant, P. M., Singh, B. S. M., Abdullah-Al-Wadud, M., & Adnan, N. (2016). Review of recent trends in optimization techniques for plug-in hybrid, and electric vehicle charging infrastructures. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 58, 1039-1047. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.353Faddel, S., Al-Awami, A., & Mohammed, O. (2018). Charge Control and Operation of Electric Vehicles in Power Grids: A Review. Energies, 11(4), 701. doi:10.3390/en11040701Ercan, T., Onat, N. C., & Tatari, O. (2016). Investigating carbon footprint reduction potential of public transportation in United States: A system dynamics approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 1260-1276. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.051Kwan, S. C., & Hashim, J. H. (2016). A review on co-benefits of mass public transportation in climate change mitigation. Sustainable Cities and Society, 22, 11-18. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2016.01.004Kolbe, K. (2019). Mitigating urban heat island effect and carbon dioxide emissions through different mobility concepts: Comparison of conventional vehicles with electric vehicles, hydrogen vehicles and public transportation. Transport Policy, 80, 1-11. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.05.007Zalakeviciute, R., Rybarczyk, Y., López-Villada, J., & Diaz Suarez, M. V. (2018). Quantifying decade-long effects of fuel and traffic regulations on urban ambient PM 2.5 pollution in a mid-size South American city. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9(1), 66-75. doi:10.1016/j.apr.2017.07.001Dell’ Olio, L., Ibeas, A., & Cecin, P. (2011). The quality of service desired by public transport users. Transport Policy, 18(1), 217-227. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.08.005Mahmoud, M., Garnett, R., Ferguson, M., & Kanaroglou, P. (2016). Electric buses: A review of alternative powertrains. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 673-684. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.019Nissan Leafhttps://www.nissan.co.uk/vehicles/new-vehicles/leaf/range-charging.htmlIntroducing the Fully Charged 2020 Kia Soul EVhttps://www.kia.com/us/en/content/vehicles/upcoming-vehicles/2020-soul-eve6https://en.byd.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/e6_cutsheet.pdfTesla Model Shttps://www.tesla.com/modelsBushttps://en.byd.com/bus/40-electric-motor-coach/Urbino Electrichttps://www.solarisbus.com/en/vehicles/zero-emissions/urbino-electricVolvo 7900 Electrichttps://www.volvobuses.co.uk/en-gb/our-offering/buses/volvo-7900-electric/specifications.htmlCollin, R., Miao, Y., Yokochi, A., Enjeti, P., & von Jouanne, A. (2019). Advanced Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Technologies. Energies, 12(10), 1839. doi:10.3390/en12101839Yang, Y., El Baghdadi, M., Lan, Y., Benomar, Y., Van Mierlo, J., & Hegazy, O. (2018). Design Methodology, Modeling, and Comparative Study of Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Electric Vehicles. Energies, 11(7), 1716. doi:10.3390/en11071716Bi, Z., Song, L., De Kleine, R., Mi, C. C., & Keoleian, G. A. (2015). Plug-in vs. wireless charging: Life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions for an electric bus system. Applied Energy, 146, 11-19. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.02.031Siqi Li, & Mi, C. C. (2015). Wireless Power Transfer for Electric Vehicle Applications. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 3(1), 4-17. doi:10.1109/jestpe.2014.2319453Musavi, F., & Eberle, W. (2014). Overview of wireless power transfer technologies for electric vehicle battery charging. IET Power Electronics, 7(1), 60-66. doi:10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0047Wang, Z., Wei, X., & Dai, H. (2015). Design and Control of a 3 kW Wireless Power Transfer System for Electric Vehicles. Energies, 9(1), 10. doi:10.3390/en9010010Sarker, M. R., Pandzic, H., & Ortega-Vazquez, M. A. (2015). Optimal Operation and Services Scheduling for an Electric Vehicle Battery Swapping Station. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 30(2), 901-910. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2014.2331560Adegbohun, F., von Jouanne, A., & Lee, K. (2019). Autonomous Battery Swapping System and Methodologies of Electric Vehicles. Energies, 12(4), 667. doi:10.3390/en12040667OPPChargeCommon Interface for Automated Charging of Hybrid Electric and Electric Commercial Vehicleshttps://www.oppcharge.org/dok/OPPCharge Specification 2nd edition 20190421.pdfFast Charging of Electric Vehicleshttps://www.oppcharge.orgJiang, C. X., Jing, Z. X., Cui, X. R., Ji, T. Y., & Wu, Q. H. (2018). Multiple agents and reinforcement learning for modelling charging loads of electric taxis. Applied Energy, 222, 158-168. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.164Fraile-Ardanuy, J., Castano-Solis, S., Álvaro-Hermana, R., Merino, J., & Castillo, Á. (2018). Using mobility information to perform a feasibility study and the evaluation of spatio-temporal energy demanded by an electric taxi fleet. Energy Conversion and Management, 157, 59-70. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2017.11.070Rao, R., Cai, H., & Xu, M. (2018). Modeling electric taxis’ charging behavior using real-world data. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 12(6), 452-460. doi:10.1080/15568318.2017.1388887Litzlbauer, M. (2015). Technische Machbarkeitsanalyse einer rein elektrisch betriebenen Taxiflotte. e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, 132(3), 172-177. doi:10.1007/s00502-015-0296-3Liao, B., Li, L., Li, B., Mao, J., Yang, J., Wen, F., & Salam, M. A. (2016). Load modeling for electric taxi battery charging and swapping stations: Comparison studies. 2016 IEEE 2nd Annual Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC). doi:10.1109/spec.2016.7846135Zou, Y., Wei, S., Sun, F., Hu, X., & Shiao, Y. (2016). Large-scale deployment of electric taxis in Beijing: A real-world analysis. Energy, 100, 25-39. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.01.062Asamer, J., Reinthaler, M., Ruthmair, M., Straub, M., & Puchinger, J. (2016). Optimizing charging station locations for urban taxi providers. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 85, 233-246. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2016.01.014Yang, J., Dong, J., & Hu, L. (2017). A data-driven optimization-based approach for siting and sizing of electric taxi charging stations. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 77, 462-477. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2017.02.014Jiang, C., Jing, Z., Ji, T., & Wu, Q. (2018). Optimal location of PEVCSs using MAS and ER approach. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 12(20), 4377-4387. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.1907Pan, A., Zhao, T., Yu, H., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Deploying Public Charging Stations for Electric Taxis: A Charging Demand Simulation Embedded Approach. IEEE Access, 7, 17412-17424. doi:10.1109/access.2019.2894780Chen Lianfu, Zhang, W., Huang, Y., & Zhang, D. (2014). Research on the charging station service radius of electric taxis. 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific). doi:10.1109/itec-ap.2014.6941081Yang, Y., Zhang, W., Niu, L., & Jiang, J. (2015). Coordinated Charging Strategy for Electric Taxis in Temporal and Spatial Scale. Energies, 8(2), 1256-1272. doi:10.3390/en8021256Niu, L., & Zhang, D. (2015). Charging Guidance of Electric Taxis Based on Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization. The Scientific World Journal, 2015, 1-9. doi:10.1155/2015/354952Yang, Z., Guo, T., You, P., Hou, Y., & Qin, S. J. (2019). Distributed Approach for Temporal–Spatial Charging Coordination of Plug-in Electric Taxi Fleet. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 15(6), 3185-3195. doi:10.1109/tii.2018.2879515Rossi, F., Iglesias, R., Alizadeh, M., & Pavone, M. (2020). On the Interaction Between Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Systems and the Power Network: Models and Coordination Algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Control of Network Systems, 7(1), 384-397. doi:10.1109/tcns.2019.2923384Liang, Y., Zhang, X., Xie, J., & Liu, W. (2017). An Optimal Operation Model and Ordered Charging/Discharging Strategy for Battery Swapping Stations. Sustainability, 9(5), 700. doi:10.3390/su9050700XU, X., YAO, L., ZENG, P., LIU, Y., & CAI, T. (2015). Architecture and performance analysis of a smart battery charging and swapping operation service network for electric vehicles in China. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, 3(2), 259-268. doi:10.1007/s40565-015-0118-yJing, Z., Fang, L., Lin, S., & Shao, W. (2014). Modeling for electric taxi load and optimization model for charging/swapping facilities of electric taxi. 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific). doi:10.1109/itec-ap.2014.6941160Wang, Y., Ding, W., Huang, L., Wei, Z., Liu, H., & Stankovic, J. A. (2018). Toward Urban Electric Taxi Systems in Smart Cities: The Battery Swapping Challenge. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 67(3), 1946-1960. doi:10.1109/tvt.2017.2774447You, P., Yang, Z., Zhang, Y., Low, S. H., & Sun, Y. (2016). Optimal Charging Schedule for a Battery Switching Station Serving Electric Buses. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 31(5), 3473-3483. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2015.2487273Yang, Z., Sun, L., Chen, J., Yang, Q., Chen, X., & Xing, K. (2014). Profit Maximization for Plug-In Electric Taxi With Uncertain Future Electricity Prices. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 29(6), 3058-3068. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2014.2311120Yang, Z., Sun, L., Ke, M., Shi, Z., & Chen, J. (2014). Optimal Charging Strategy for Plug-In Electric Taxi With Time-Varying Profits. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 5(6), 2787-2797. doi:10.1109/tsg.2014.2354473Yang, J., Xu, Y., & Yang, Z. (2017). Regulating the Collective Charging Load of Electric Taxi Fleet via Real-Time Pricing. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 32(5), 3694-3703. doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2016.2643685Du, R., Liao, G., Zhang, E., & Wang, J. (2018). Battery charge or change, which is better? A case from Beijing, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 192, 698-711. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.021Yang, J., Dong, J., Lin, Z., & Hu, L. (2016). Predicting market potential and environmental benefits of deploying electric taxis in Nanjing, China. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 49, 68-81. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2016.08.037You, P., Low, S. H., Yang, Z., Zhang, Y., & Lingkun Fu. (2016). Real-time recommendation algorithm of battery swapping stations for electric taxis. 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). doi:10.1109/pesgm.2016.7741620Dai, Q., Cai, T., Duan, S., & Zhao, F. (2014). Stochastic Modeling and Forecasting of Load Demand for Electric Bus Battery-Swap Station. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 29(4), 1909-1917. doi:10.1109/tpwrd.2014.2308990Mohamed, M., Farag, H., El-Taweel, N., & Ferguson, M. (2017). Simulation of electric buses on a full transit network: Operational feasibility and grid impact analysis. Electric Power Systems Research, 142, 163-175. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2016.09.032Zhang, X. (2018). Short-Term Load Forecasting for Electric Bus Charging Stations Based on Fuzzy Clustering and Least Squares Support Vector Machine Optimized by Wolf Pack Algorithm. Energies, 11(6), 1449. doi:10.3390/en11061449Ding, H., Hu, Z., & Song, Y. (2015). Value of the energy storage system in an electric bus fast charging station. Applied Energy, 157, 630-639. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.058Qin, N., Gusrialdi, A., Paul Brooker, R., & T-Raissi, A. (2016). Numerical analysis of electric bus fast charging strategies for demand charge reduction. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 94, 386-396. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2016.09.014Huimiao Chen, Zechun Hu, Zhiwei Xu, Jiayi Li, Honggang Zhang, Xue Xia, … Mingwei Peng. (2016). Coordinated charging strategies for electric bus fast charging stations. 2016 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). doi:10.1109/appeec.2016.7779677Chen, H., Hu, Z., Zhang, H., & Luo, H. (2018). Coordinated charging and discharging strategies for plug-in electric bus fast charging station with energy storage system. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, 12(9), 2019-2028. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0636Gao, Y., Guo, S., Ren, J., Zhao, Z., Ehsan, A., & Zheng, Y. (2018). An Electric Bus Power Consumption Model and Optimization of Charging Scheduling Concerning Multi-External Factors. Energies, 11(8), 2060. doi:10.3390/en11082060Cheng, Y., & Tao, J. (2018). Optimization of A Micro Energy Network Integrated with Electric Bus Battery Swapping Station and Distributed PV. 2018 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). doi:10.1109/ei2.2018.8582236Sebastiani, M. T., Luders, R., & Fonseca, K. V. O. (2016). Evaluating Electric Bus Operation for a Real-World BRT Public Transportation Using Simulation Optimization. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 17(10), 2777-2786. doi:10.1109/tits.2016.2525800Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Xu, J., & Barclay, N. (2017). Optimal recharging scheduling for urban electric buses: A case study in Davis. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 100, 115-132. doi:10.1016/j.tre.2017.01.001Liu, Z., Song, Z., & He, Y. (2018). Planning of Fast-Charging Stations for a Battery Electric Bus System under Energy Consumption Uncertainty. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2672(8), 96-107. doi:10.1177/0361198118772953Leou, R.-C., & Hung, J.-J. (2017). Optimal Charging Schedule Planning and Economic Analysis for Electric Bus Charging Stations. Energies, 10(4), 483. doi:10.3390/en10040483Bak, D.-B., Bak, J.-S., & Kim, S.-Y. (2018). Strategies for Implementing Public Service Electric Bus Lines by Charging Type in Daegu Metropolitan City, South Korea. Sustainability, 10(10), 3386. doi:10.3390/su10103386Chen, Z., Yin, Y., & Song, Z. (2018). A cost-competitiveness analysis of charging infrastructure for electric bus operations. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 93, 351-366. doi:10.1016/j.trc.2018.06.006Cheng, Y., Wang, W., Ding, Z., & He, Z. (2019). Electric bus fast charging station resource planning consid

Explainable post-occupancy evaluation using a humanoid robot

The paper proposes a new methodological approach for evaluating the comfort condition using the concept of explainable post occupancy to make the user aware of the environmental state in which (s)he works. Such an approach was implemented on a humanoid robot with social capabilities that aims to enforce human engagement to follow recommendations. The humanoid robot helps the user to position the sensors correctly to acquire environmental measures corresponding to the temperature, humidity, noise level, and illuminance. The distribution of the last parameter due to its high variability is also retrieved by the simulation software Dialux. Using the post occupancy evaluation method, the robot also proposes a questionnaire to the user for collecting his/her preferences and sensations. In the end, the robot explains to the user the difference between the suggested values by the technical standards and the real measures comparing the results with his/her preferences and perceptions. Finally, it provides a new classification into four clusters: True positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative. This study shows that the user is able to improve her/his condition based on the explanation given by the robot