On the use of the l(2)-norm for texture analysis of polarimetric SAR data

In this paper, the use of the l2-norm, or Span, of the scattering vectors is suggested for texture analysis of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, with the benefits that we need neither an analysis of the polarimetric channels separately nor a filtering of the data to analyze the statistics. Based on the product model, the distribution of the l2-norm is studied. Closed expressions of the probability density functions under the assumptions of several texture distributions are provided. To utilize the statistical properties of the l2-norm, quantities including normalized moments and log-cumulants are derived, along with corresponding estimators and estimation variances. Results on both simulated and real SAR data show that the use of statistics based on the l2-norm brings advantages in several aspects with respect to the normalized intensity moments and matrix variate log-cumulants.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Statistical modeling of polarimetric SAR data: a survey and challenges

Knowledge of the exact statistical properties of the signal plays an important role in the applications of Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) data. In the last three decades, a considerable research effort has been devoted to finding accurate statistical models for PolSAR data, and a number of distributions have been proposed. In order to see the differences of various models and to make a comparison among them, a survey is provided in this paper. Texture models, which could capture the non-Gaussian behavior observed in high resolution data, and yet keep a compact mathematical form, are mainly explained. Probability density functions for the single look data and the multilook data are reviewed, as well as the advantages and applicable context of those models. As a summary, challenges in the area of statistical analysis of PolSAR data are also discussed.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

A Non-Parametric Texture Descriptor for Polarimetric SAR Data with Applications to Supervised Classification

The paper describes a novel representation of polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) data that is inherently non-parametric and therefore particularly suited for characterising data in which the commonly adopted hypothesis of Gaussian backscatter is not appropriate. The descriptor is also non-local and can capture image structure in terms of the arrangement of edge-, ridge- and point-like features, to yield a salient characerisation of semi-periodic spatial patterns. The basic approach is based closely on [1] and has been adapted for application to PolSAR data. As an example application, the descriptor is evaluated in the context of supervised classification. The performance is compared with conventional statistical approaches on both simulated and real PolSAR dat

Polarimetric SAR Change Detection with the Complex Hotelling-Lawley Trace Statistic

Accepted manuscript version. Published version at http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2016.2532320.In this paper, we propose a new test statistic for unsupervised change detection in polarimetric radar images. We work with multilook complex covariance matrix data, whose underlying model is assumed to be the scaled complex Wishart distribution. We use the complex-kind Hotelling-Lawley trace statistic for measuring the similarity of two covariance matrices. The distribution of the Hotelling-Lawley trace statistic is ap- proximated by a Fisher-Snedecor distribution, which is used to define the significance level of a false alarm rate regulated change detector. Experiments on simulated and real PolSAR data sets demonstrate that the proposed change detection method gives detections rates and error rates that are comparable with the generalized likelihood ratio test

Higher order statistics for texture analysis and physical interpretation of polarimetric SAR data

The logarithmic cumulants (log-cumulants for short) of the second and third orders are widely used in the statistical analysis of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data. However, both the product model and the finite mixture model may produce the same values of these statistics, which means that the use of these log-cumulants is not enough to determine the statistical model of the data. In this letter, it is demonstrated that the log-cumulants of higher orders can help to distinguish the concept of texture from that of mixture, providing a physical insight into the data statistics. A tool called log-cumulant cube, which helps to visualize this difference, is proposed by considering texture distributions from the Pearson's family. Results on both simulated and real SAR data show that the use of higher order statistics is useful when it comes to the texture analysis of PolSAR data.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

A K-Wishart Markov random field model for clustering of polarimetric SAR imagery

Accepted manuscript, embargo 24 months. Link to publishers version: https://doi.org/10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6049317A clustering method that combines an advanced statistical distribution with spatial contextual information is proposed for multilook polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data. It is based on a Markov random field (MRF) model that integrates a K-Wishart distribution for the PolSAR data statistics conditioned to each image cluster and a Potts model for the spatial context. Specifically, the proposed algorithm is constructed based upon the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. A new formulation of EM is developed to jointly address parameter estimation in the K-Wishart distribution and the spatial context model, and also minimization of the energy function. Experiments are presented with simulated and real quad-pol L-band data

Hierarchical Segmentation of Polarimetric SAR Images Using Heterogeneous Clutter Models

International audienceIn this paper, heterogeneous clutter models are used to describe polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data. The KummerU distribution is introduced to model the PolSAR clutter. Then, a detailed analysis is carried out to evaluate the potential of this new multivariate distribution. It is implemented in a hierarchical maximum likelihood segmentation algorithm. The segmentation results are shown on both synthetic and high-resolution PolSAR data at the X- and L-bands. Finally, some methods are examined to determine automatically the "optimal" number of segments in the final partition

CFAR Ship Detection in Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar Images Based on Whitening Filter

Polarimetric whitening filter (PWF) can be used to filter polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) images to improve the contrast between ships and sea clutter background. For this reason, the output of the filter can be used to detect ships. This paper deals with the setting of the threshold over PolSAR images filtered by the PWF. Two parameter-constant false alarm rate (2P-CFAR) is a common detection method used on whitened polarimetric images. It assumes that the probability density function (PDF) of the filtered image intensity is characterized by a log-normal distribution. However, this assumption does not always hold. In this paper, we propose a systemic analytical framework for CFAR algorithms based on PWF or multi-look PWF (MPWF). The framework covers the entire log-cumulants space in terms of the textural distributions in the product model, including the constant, gamma, inverse gamma, Fisher, beta, inverse beta, and generalized gamma distributions (GΓDs). We derive the analytical forms of the PDF for each of the textural distributions and the probability of false alarm (PFA). Finally, the threshold is derived by fixing the false alarm rate (FAR). Experimental results using both the simulated and real data demonstrate that the derived expressions and CFAR algorithms are valid and robust