Les transports : un terrain fertile pour la plasticité des Interfaces Homme-Machine

National audienceCe chapitre structure les éléments clés de l'évolution des IHM en intelligence ambiante. Il montre, selon une perspective utilisateur, que la plasticité se pose finalement comme intégrateur de ces évolutions. La plasticité est ensuite illustrée dans le domaine des transports qui se révèle être un terrain extrêmement fertile à son application

Um modelo baseado em agentes para simular políticas de ordenamento de áreas de acolhimento empresarial: o caso da rede do Quadrilátero Urbano

Tese de doutoramento em Engenharia CivilA distribuição espacial das atividades económicas e, em particular das empresas, é um tema que tem estado no topo das preocupações do planeamento do território pelas suas fortes implicações económicas e sociais. Por isso, as entidades que gerem o território têm-se esforçado por atrair empresas através da disponibilização de espaços qualificados para o efeito - as áreas de acolhimento empresarial (AAE’s), que encerram objetivos de natureza económica, territorial e ambiental. Um planeamento adequado é uma condição fundamental para que um espaço empresarial registe uma elevada taxa de ocupação de empresas. Um mau planeamento, por seu lado, repele as empresas e obriga a esforços/custos adicionais para tornar estes espaços atrativos. Estas questões tornam-se ainda mais pertinentes quando estão em causa políticas públicas que têm contribuído para aumentar a oferta de AAE’s. Esse foi o caso do que aconteceu em Portugal ao longo das últimas décadas, o que torna esse contexto particularmente interessante para o estudo em questão. O objetivo da investigação foi o de desenvolver um modelo baseado em agentes para testar o impacto que diferentes políticas podem ter na melhoria da atratividade das AAE’s do Quadrilátero Urbano, designação dada a uma rede constituída pelos municípios de Barcelos, Braga, Guimarães e Vila Nova de Famalicão. O estudo identificou 79 AAE’s com condições de atratividade muito diversas, integrando-se a maior parte delas na tipologia de parques industriais. As políticas simuladas, através da plataforma NetLogo, diferem no nível de qualificação e de coordenação com que são aplicadas nas AAE’s. Os impactos das políticas foram avaliados através da simulação de cinco cenários: 1) contexto de baixa qualificação das AAE’s; 2) qualificação seletiva das AAE’s; 3) qualificação geral das AAE’s; 4) implementação das estratégias previstas pelos municípios; 5) simulação dinâmica com todas as empresas. Além disso, com o modelo procurou-se validar um conjunto de hipóteses sobre a implicação das políticas nas AAE’s. As hipóteses consideradas foram: 1) a coordenação supramunicipal das políticas provoca um aumento da atratividade de todas as AAE’s; 2) a coordenação supramunicipal das políticas conduz a um ritmo de ocupação igual das AAE’s nos municípios; 3) a coordenação supramunicipal das políticas gera uma diminuição da dispersão das empresas de igual forma nos quatro municípios; 4) as políticas de qualificação das AAE’s provocam um aumento da taxa de ocupação de todas as AAE’s; 5) as políticas de promoção de espaços empresariais desqualificados e dispersos são ineficazes na atração de empresas. Os resultados obtidos mostram que uma política de (re)qualificação se traduz num aumento do número de AAE’s atrativas, do número de empresas instaladas e do número de lotes/pavilhões ocupados pelas empresas. Estes benefícios aplicam-se tanto no caso da requalificação das AAE’s já instaladas, como no caso dos espaços previstos para o futuro. Além disso, se as políticas de (re)qualificação das AAE’s forem implementadas de uma forma coordenada, os impactos serão mais positivos do que se os municípios prosseguirem com políticas individuais. A coordenação é, portanto, fundamental para reforçar a competitividade dos territórios que pretendem afirmar-se em rede. No entanto, a conclusão mais importante revela que uma política integrada de qualificação poderá ter impactos diferenciados à escala local, pois nem todas as AAE’s se tornam atrativas para as empresas. A simulação demonstrou que os espaços com má localização e com baixos níveis de qualificação são repulsivos para as empresas, mesmo se forem sujeitos a um conjunto de melhorias ao nível das infraestruturas e das amenidades. Neste caso, os resultados mostram que a política de promoção de AAE’s dispersas e com baixos níveis de qualificação é ineficiente na atração de empresas. Estas ilações poderão, assim, ser um contributo importante para nortear as políticas de ordenamento preconizadas para as AAE’s, com o objetivo de reforçar a competitividade dos territórios e das empresas.The spatial distribution of economic activities and, in particular, of firms is a topic widely studied in territory planning for its strong economic and social implications. For that reason, the entities that manage the territory have made significant efforts to attract firms by offering specific areas for this purpose - the industrial estates, which encompass economic, territorial and environmental goals. Appropriate planning is an essential condition for the success of an industrial estate, towards assuring a high level of occupancy. On the other hand, inadequate planning can make these spaces unattractive to firms, requiring additional costs and efforts in order to improve its competitiveness. These issues are even more critical as public policies have contributed to increase the offer of industrial estates. This is the case of Portugal in recent decades, hence this issue is particularly interesting in the scope of the current study. The goal of this research is the development of an agent-based model to assess the impact of different policies in the attractiveness of the industrial estates located in the Quadrilátero Urbano, designation given to a network composed by the Portuguese municipalities of Barcelos, Braga, Guimarães and Vila Nova de Famalicão. The study identified 79 industrial estates with different attractiveness conditions, the majority of which are classified as industrial parks. The policies were simulated through the NetLogo toolkit and can be distinguished by the level of qualification and coordination implemented by the municipalities. The impact of these policies were evaluated through the simulation of the five following scenarios: 1) low level of qualification of the industrial estates; 2) selective qualification of the industrial estates; 3) general qualification of all industrial estates; 4) implementation of the strategies defined by the municipalities; 5) dynamic simulation with all the firms. Furthermore, the model was developed to validate a set of five hypotheses in the implication of the policies adopted in the industrial estates. The following hypotheses were considered: 1) the supramunicipal coordination of the policies increases the attractiveness of all industrial estates; 2) the supramunicipal coordination of the policies leads to a similar occupancy pattern of the estates in all municipalities; 3) the supramunicipal coordination of the policies generates an even reduction of the sprawl of firms in the four municipalities; 4) the qualification policies increase the occupancy rate in all estates; 5) the policies of promotion of diffused estates with low levels of qualification are inefficient tools to attract firms. Results show that the adoption of a qualification policy has a positive impact in the performance of the industrial estates, improving the number of attractive estates, the number of relocated firms and the number of plots occupied by firms. These benefits encompass both the existing estates, as well as the predicted new sites. In addition, the model demonstrated that if these policies are implemented in a coordinated manner, the impact will be greater than if municipalities individually pursue their initiatives. Thus, the coordination and the adoption of supramunicipal planning principles are essential to strengthen the competitiveness of territories that aim to grow as a network. However, the most important outcome shows that the adoption of a coordinated qualification policy can produce different impacts at a local/municipal scale, as some industrial estates remain unattractive to firms. The simulation demonstrated that the estates with worst location and with low coverage of facilities and amenities remain repulsive to firms even if subjected to an upgrade. In this case, the model clearly validated the hypothesis that the promotion of dispersed industrial estates with low levels of qualification is an inefficient policy to attract firms. These conclusions can provide an important contribution to guide planning policies directed to industrial estates with the aim of enhancing its territorial and entrepreneurial competitiveness

Designing for the Cooperative Use of Multi-user, Multi-device Museum Exhibits.

This work explores software-based museum exhibits that allow groups of visitors to employ their own personal mobile devices as impromptu user interfaces to the exhibits. Personal devices commandeered into service in this fashion are dubbed Opportunistic User Interfaces (O-UIs). Because visitors usually prefer to engage in shared learning experiences, emphasis is placed on how to design software interfaces to support collaborative learning. To study the issue, a Design-Based Research approach was taken to construct an externally valid exemplar of this type of exhibit, while also conducting more traditional experiments on specific features of the O-UI design. Three analyses, of – (1) museums as a context, (2) existing computer-based museum exhibits, and (3) computer support of collaborative processes in both work and classroom contexts – produced guidelines that informed the design of the software-based exhibit created as a testbed for O-UI design. The exhibit was refined via extensive formative testing on a museum floor. The experimental phase of this work examined the impact of O-UI design on (1) the visual attention and (2) collaborative learning behaviors of visitors. Specifically, an O-UI design that did not display any graphical output (the “simple” condition) was contrasted against an O-UI design that displayed multi-element, dynamically animated graphics (the “complex” condition). The “complex” O-UIs promoted poor visual attention management, an effect known as the heads-down phenomenon, wherein visitors get so enmeshed with their O-UIs that they miss out on the shared context, to the detriment of group outcomes. Despite this shortcoming, the “complex” O-UIs better promoted goal awareness, on-task interactions between visitors, and equity in participation and performance. The tight output coupling (visitors see only one shared display) of the “simple” O-UI condition promoted emergent competition, and it encouraged some visitors (especially males) to become more engaged than others. Two design recommendations emerge: (1) incorporating devices with private displays (O-UIs with output) as interfaces to a single large display better promotes collaboration (especially equity), and (2) O-UIs with “complex” displays may be used in museum exhibits, but visitors would benefit from mechanisms to encourage them to direct their attention to the shared display periodically.Ph.D.Computer Science & EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/61771/1/ltoth_1.pd