17,211 research outputs found
Impact of spatially constrained sampling of temporal contact networks on the evaluation of the epidemic risk
The ability to directly record human face-to-face interactions increasingly
enables the development of detailed data-driven models for the spread of
directly transmitted infectious diseases at the scale of individuals. Complete
coverage of the contacts occurring in a population is however generally
unattainable, due for instance to limited participation rates or experimental
constraints in spatial coverage. Here, we study the impact of spatially
constrained sampling on our ability to estimate the epidemic risk in a
population using such detailed data-driven models. The epidemic risk is
quantified by the epidemic threshold of the
susceptible-infectious-recovered-susceptible model for the propagation of
communicable diseases, i.e. the critical value of disease transmissibility
above which the disease turns endemic. We verify for both synthetic and
empirical data of human interactions that the use of incomplete data sets due
to spatial sampling leads to the underestimation of the epidemic risk. The bias
is however smaller than the one obtained by uniformly sampling the same
fraction of contacts: it depends nonlinearly on the fraction of contacts that
are recorded and becomes negligible if this fraction is large enough. Moreover,
it depends on the interplay between the timescales of population and spreading
dynamics.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figure
Applying the Wells-Riley equation to the risk of airborne infection in hospital environments: The importance of stochastic and proximity effects
Although the Wells-Riley equation for airborne infection is used to estimate infection risk in a range of environments, researchers generally assume complete air mixing and don’t consider either the stochastic effects in a small population or the proximity of susceptible people to an
infectious source. This study presents stochastic simulations using the Wells-Riley model to evaluate the infection risk and variability among small populations such as hospital patients. This is linked with a simple multi-zone ventilation model to demonstrate the influence of
airflow patterns and proximity to an infectious source on the risk of infection for an individual. The results also highlight that risk assessments made using data derived using complete mixing assumptions may significantly underestimate the real risk for those close to
the infectious source
Robust modeling of human contact networks across different scales and proximity-sensing techniques
The problem of mapping human close-range proximity networks has been tackled
using a variety of technical approaches. Wearable electronic devices, in
particular, have proven to be particularly successful in a variety of settings
relevant for research in social science, complex networks and infectious
diseases dynamics. Each device and technology used for proximity sensing (e.g.,
RFIDs, Bluetooth, low-power radio or infrared communication, etc.) comes with
specific biases on the close-range relations it records. Hence it is important
to assess which statistical features of the empirical proximity networks are
robust across different measurement techniques, and which modeling frameworks
generalize well across empirical data. Here we compare time-resolved proximity
networks recorded in different experimental settings and show that some
important statistical features are robust across all settings considered. The
observed universality calls for a simplified modeling approach. We show that
one such simple model is indeed able to reproduce the main statistical
distributions characterizing the empirical temporal networks
Exploring the evidence base for national and regional policy interventions to combat resistance
The effectiveness of existing policies to control antimicrobial resistance is not yet fully understood. A strengthened evidence base is needed to inform effective policy interventions across countries with different income levels and the human health and animal sectors. We examine three policy domains—responsible use, surveillance, and infection prevention and control—and consider which will be the most effective at national and regional levels. Many complexities exist in the implementation of such policies across sectors and in varying political and regulatory environments. Therefore, we make recommendations for policy action, calling for comprehensive policy assessments, using standardised frameworks, of cost-effectiveness and generalisability. Such assessments are especially important in low-income and middle-income countries, and in the animal and environmental sectors. We also advocate a One Health approach that will enable the development of sensitive policies, accommodating the needs of each sector involved, and addressing concerns of specific countries and regions
Sustainability Capacity of HIV/AIDS Programmes in YOGYAKARTA, Indonesia
The Indonesian government established the prevalence target of HIV <0.50% in 2019 to control the spreading of HIV through the National Medium Term Development Plan. To ensure the sustainability of this development plan, a study of the strategic capacity of HIV/AIDS programmes is needed to provide an overview so that the program can be sustained over time. This study aimed to explore the sustainability capacity of HIV/AIDS programmes in Yogyakarta. This was a descriptive study utilizing a qualitative approach. The study involved 42 participants as key informants selected by a purposive sampling technique, and the data were examined using content analysis. By setting priorities of the local government supported by the Provincial Health Office and with the coordination of the Yogyakarta Province AIDS Commission, the programs are able to maintain sustainable HIV and AIDS programmes in Yogyakarta. Funding capacity, evaluation, programme adaptation and communication have not been optimal to ensure the sustainability. Stability of funding is the main obstacle to achieving the sustainability of HIV and AIDS programs. However, with good planning, partnership structure and sufficient organizational capacity, this approach can ensure the HIV and AIDS programmes will continue with the targets set by the Yogyakarta Provincial Health Office. The government in Yogyakarta needs to increase funding capacity, and improve communication to ensure sustainability. The strategy should include adaptation and evaluation of programs through strengthening private sector financing, formulating a communication plan and improving the capacity to respond to change
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