A New Framework to Build a Touristic Strategy in Global Destination Management

Globalization age led to creation of new markets and to unveil new scenarios. This contingency highlighted the existence of a broader range of tourist offerings; a factor which, frequently, has undermined the most traditionally established destinations. The model of new destinations must not ignore the peculiarities of territories on they insist creating a unique amalgam and differentiating it from other neighboring or similar destinations. Due to this proliferation of factors that destabilize the governance of tourism management models in the public and private sector, it is necessary to start an analysis of government indicators that consider peculiar aspects of destination management in the era of globalization. For these reasons we conducted an analysis of the business-economic literature about the themes of tourism and governance in tourist destinations and we selected a set of indicators to describe, assess and control extended, slow and sustainable destinations. In this work, we want to illustrate a heuristic approach to build glocal destination based on the pillars of extended, slow and sustainable tourism. From the results of the literature analysis it will be possible to create a framework to build a tourist strategy in glocal destination management, useful to implementation of territorial tourism strategies for both institutional, public and private actors. The use of the key factors of the model could favor the insertion of new tourist routes respecting the cornerstones of the tourism ecosystem of sustainability

都市の持続可能性に向けた旅行行動と知的移動データ統合に関する包括的研究

過去数十年にわたり世界中で都市の持続可能性がトレンドとなり研究対象となっている．人々は，非効率な天然資源の消費や社会経済活動による環境破壊など，地球環境に有害な活動を行い，これには都市計画や交通計画を始め，多くの分野が密接に関係している．現在では，これらを解決する新技術の開発や応用が広範囲な研究分野で日々取り組まれている．本研究では観光に関する問題を，交通と都市の研究の観点からさまざまなビックデータを使用し，持続可能な都市開発を目標とした具体的な解決策を示した．本研究では都市や地域の持続可能性に資するデータの活用方法として，Wi-Fiパケットセンサーを使用した旅行者にとって魅力的な観光目的地マネジメントに関する研究，およびETCプローブデータを使用した旅行時間の信頼性の観測における天候の影響に関する分析を組み合わせて示した．本論文では，都市の移動性の認知に対して以下に示す3つの研究から，特徴的な結果と有効な分析手法を確立した．1）Wi-Fiパッケージセンシング調査を使用した，広域観光エリアでの周遊パターンのマイニングベースの関連法則の調査，2）Wi-Fi追跡データでの大規模な観光地の持続可能な開発に向けた魅力的な目的地の抽出，3）ETC2.0プローブデータを使用して，様々な道路タイプを考慮した旅行の信頼性に対する降雪の影響の評価．以上の研究から，複数視点の考察を積み重ね，包括的な評価と提案を行い，いくつかの重要な結果が得られた．この論文の貢献は，より良い社会への問題解決への糸口となり，今後の政策立案者にとって有意義な内容となるだろう．According to sustainability, the trend is spreading out around the world for past decades. There are many area subjects involved, such as city planning, transportation planning, and so on, because people realized human activities harmful to the environment by consuming natural resources with less efficiency process or damage environment by social and economic movements. Currently, emerging technologies considered for the proactive procedure in extensive study areas regarding new technology application and knowledge based. In term of transport and urban study, including tourism concerns, we used intelligent data from deferent sources to be demonstrating the possible solutions which involve sustainable urban development concept. In this study, as a method of utilizing data that contributes to the sustainability of cities and regions, consideration of attractive destination management for tourists by using wireless probe data, and the weather impact on travel time reliability observation by using electronic toll collection probe data, it represented as combination experiments throughout comprehensive study. This dissertation addressed three contribution studies to the composed acknowledgment of urban mobility, and it obtained the intelligent data and specific method of research-based. It consists of; 1) an association rule mining-based exploration of travel patterns in wide tourism areas using a Wi-Fi package sensing survey, 2) Attractive destinations mining towards massive tourism area sustainable development on Wi-Fi tracking data, and 3) Assessment of the impact of snowfall on travel reliability considering different road types using ETC2.0 probe data. Hence, a stack of varying viewpoints researches provided a comprehensive review and suggestion throughout significant results. The contribution of this dissertation could be an advantage substance for strategy and policies planner to recognize alternative solutions leading to a better society.室蘭工業大学 (Muroran Institute of Technology)博士（工学

Landscape and Tourism, Landscapes of Tourism

Landscape is central to tourism. It is key to the development, marketing/promotion, and consumption of tourism destinations, to triggering and sustaining tourism markets, and to enticing tourist dreams, fantasies, and behaviors. From ‘sight-seeing’ practices—at the basis of all tourism activities—landscape figures prominently all the way to the overall spatial planning and management of a destination for tourism development. The intertwined relationship between tourism and landscape comes with a series of costs and benefits, in the context of tourism landscapes. Landscapes of tourism reflect and stage recreational trends, multifunctional livelihood systems, conflicts and opportunities for employment and income generation, as well as human, cultural, and natural resource management and use. This Special Issue aims to enhance the interdisciplinary scientific dialogue on these issues and challenges, while highlighting their range and significance for tourism and the landscape, in terms of theory, empirical practice, approach, policy, ethics, and future prospects. Some of the questions posed for consideration here are: What are landscapes of tourism, for whom and how/why? What is the role of the landscape in tourism promotion, attraction, and experience? How does tourism affect the landscape? What lessons do the history and geography of tourism have to offer to tourism landscape stewardship? How may we best plan for and manage the landscape in the context of various forms of tourism growth and spread, at various scales? Scholarly advances in the past few decades have steadily built on a diverse—but spread-out and not adequately connected—bibliographical basis for future research. Much remains to be understood and exchanged as landscape and tourism—two highly complex and multifaceted scientific areas—come together in the scope of this Special Issue in a variety of ways across time, space, and culture

The International Decision-Making and Travel Behavior of Graduates Participating in Working Holiday

After graduation, most graduates find themselves at a significant stage in their life as they have to decide between “further study” and “working.” When faced with this confusion and uncertainty, a “working holiday” combining travel and work has coincidentally becomes a third option. This study employed a qualitative approach through literature review, in-depth interviews, and semi-structured interviews. The research revealed that graduates are influenced by “internal personal thinking” and “external driving forces” when they embark on a working holiday. The former includes negative obstructions and positive stimulus. The latter factor’s stimulus includes attraction of natural landscapes, history and culture, learning foreign languages, safety concerns, difficulties in visa application, and the opportunity to obtain a salaried job. The process of embarking on a working holiday was complex and unpredictable. The traveling behavior of working holiday destinations included short-distance leisure behavior and long-distance traveling behavior. In terms of the influences of short-distance leisure behavior, graduates preferred being employed by service industries that had less working hours, flexible work arrangements and included the purchase of preferential price tickets. Graduates’ long-distance traveling behavior was affected by the work they performed. The travel time was different between various industries

Las Vegas Versus Macao as Diversified Travel Destinations

Events and festivals can help attract people to a destination, and this study was to examine how events and festivals can build and diversify tourism. With their programs of pleasurable activities and entertainment, events and festivals have a historical trajectory of delivering development outcomes such as economic restructuring and tourism revenue generation. In addition, events and festivals can provide an opportunity for a leisure, social, or cultural experience that is outside the normal range of visitors’ choices. Furthermore, events and festivals can raise market awareness and boost the local economy. Based on secondary data from books, research papers, and websites, this study compared Macao and Las Vegas in their events and festivals, visitor data, and expenditure data. The findings indicate that Macao is primarily a day-trip destination for gaming and shopping, with a narrow base of customers mostly from China and Hong Kong. On the other hand, Las Vegas seems to be more diversified in events and festivals, and its visitors are younger and more international. Events and festivals have played a major role in the growth and diversity of tourism for Las Vegas. On the other hand, Macao lags far behind Las Vegas in quantity and variety of events and festivals, but it can learn from the Las Vegas experience and diversify its tourism though continued development of festivals and events

Direct use of point clouds in real-time interaction with the cultural heritage in pandemic and post-pandemic tourism on the case of Kłodzko Fortress

In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, technology and interactive communication methods increased in importance. One of the sectors most affected by the lockdown was the tourism industry. It became necessary to apply a new approach to the research and development of this field using the virtual world. This paper presents the implementation of direct use of raw point cloud data enriched with digital historical resources on the case of the historic Klodzko Fortress in Poland’s Lower Silesia. Terrestrial laser scanning was used to visualise the real world, later used in a game engine to create space for real-time virtual interaction. Like the touring paths in the real world, the interaction in the adopted solution went beyond observation and understanding of the space unified with historical resources. The project’s overall goal was to create a safe and accessible digital tool to popularise the region’s cultural heritage resources in pandemic and post-pandemic times

Being away or being there:British holidaymakers' motivations and experiences visiting Alanya, Turkey

This thesis investigates British holidaymakers' motivations, behaviours and experiences visiting Alanya, Turkey, based on the analysis of quantitative and qualitative data gathered through structured self-administrated questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Employing a convenience sample of 505 holidaymakers visiting a coastal holiday resort in the Mediterranean, the thesis provides a destination-based analysis of the tourist experience process in three analytical phases. Utilising qualitative and quantitative techniques, the study investigates and addresses, in particular, two specific issues: Motivators, constraints and facilitators of holiday choice; and evaluation of holiday/destination behaviour and experiences. The underlying characteristic of Alanya holiday was found to be seeking 'fun in the sun'. ‗Being away‘ was more important than ‗being there‘ as long as sunny weather and the 'right price‘ were guaranteed. Coastal pleasures dominated the holiday activity, and social and cultural contacts were also significant. Motivations, constraints and facilitators were significant determinants of holiday choice and holiday activity patterns. Supporting consumption experiences were the facilitators of peak experiences. Both peak and supporting consumption experiences were crucial in combination for holidaymakers‘ satisfaction. Preferences and perceptions indicated both similarities and differences between holidaymakers. Differences that are rather more significant were based on repeat visitation patterns. Socio-demographic characteristics were more significant for pre-and on-site experience phases. Trip characteristics were more significant for on-site- and post-experience phases. This study adds substantially to our understanding of tourist motivations, behaviours and experiences and provides additional evidence in terms of their complexity and heterogeneity. Demonstrating the relevance of peak touristic experiences and supporting consumption experiences, the study highlighted the importance of the constraints/facilitators, on the structural, interpersonal and intrapersonal levels. Using mixed methods research design and studying three phases of the tourist experience process simultaneously, the study provides both a theoretical and a methodological base for future research. The study has important implications for the management and marketing of destination experiences. This study calls for cross-national research involving its replication with random sampling in the same resort area, and other tourist resorts in the Mediterranean

The affective impact of sightseeing bus tour experiences:using Affective Events Theory (AET) to examine length-of-stay and electronic word-of-mouth

This study investigates the key components and influences of positive affect and electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) on tourist visits at two developing urban destinations, namely Birmingham,United Kingdom and Valencia, Spain. These two data collection sites yielded evidence gatheredfrom 615 and 627 sightseeing bus tourists, respectively. Through the analytic lens of AffectiveEvents Theory (AET), data were examined, and results verify the significant mediating role ofaffect in two regards: (1) tourists’decision to extend their visits and (2) eWOM of sightseeingbus tour experiences. The moderating role of past sightseeing experiences in theserelationships was also supported by the data analysis. This paper further strengthens the role ofaffect in tourism management scholarship as well as expands AET from the work-setting intothe tourism context thus marking a new research trail. Practical implications for tourismdestination management organizations (DMOs) are also discussed

Measuring cruiser's satisfaction of Lisbon and intention to return to Portugal as independent visitor

JEL Classification System: L83, M31Last years, the approach of the media about cruise tourism has becoming more relevant. As in the tourism as a whole, the cruise industry has been acting in a contradictory movement facing the economic and financial tendencies of Portugal, mostly because of the positive indicators, the arrival of more and bigger luxury cruise ships to the principal maritime ports, or the construction of new terminals, as a consequence of the activity increase. Nowadays, the weight of the tourism achieves more and more expression in Portugal and in 2012 around 5,7% of the GDP came from tourism receipts (WTTC). The subsector of cruises is seen by the principal entities related to the sea with considerable potential to contribute to the growth of exportation: “The cruise tourism has been revealing one of the most dynamic tourism segments, presenting good levels of growth, year by year” (PwC, 2012). One of the most common and efficient ways to evaluate the tourism development is through the tourists’ feedback. As the efforts are driven to them, they are the ideal to evaluate and corroborate what the best has been made in the country in relation to the tourism activity. In research, “Satisfaction” is one of the most used “non-tourism keywords” in the cruise sector (Papathanassis & Beckmann, 2011). Through linear regression (Galton, 1894; Pearson, 1930) applied in a questionnaire conducted nearby the Port of Lisbon, it was studied the international passengers’ satisfaction and their behavioral intentions, such as intention to return and to recommend Portugal.Nos últimos anos tem sido notória a crescente abordagem dos media sobre o turismo de cruzeiros. Tal como no turismo como um todo, a indústria dos cruzeiros tem actuado num movimento contraditório à tendência económico-financeira de Portugal, maioritariamente devido aos seus indicadores positivos, quer pela chegada de mais e maiores navios de luxo aos principais portos marítimos, ou pela construção, como consequência do aumento da atividade, de novos terminais. Hoje em dia, o peso da indústria do turismo tem ganho cada vez maior expressão, sendo que em 2012 cerca de 5,7% do PIB foi gerado com receitas do turismo (WTTC). O subsector dos cruzeiros é visto pelas principais personalidades ligadas ao mar com um grande potencial para a contribuição do aumento das exportações: “O turismo de cruzeiros tem-se vindo a revelar um dos segmentos turísticos mais dinâmicos, apresentando bons níveis de crescimento, ano após ano” (PwC, 2012). Um das formas mais comuns e eficientes de se avaliar o desenvolvimento do turismo é através da opinião dos próprios turistas. Como o esforço é dirigido a eles, são os ideais para avaliar e corroborar o que de bem se tem feito no país em prol da atividade turística. Na área da investigação, “Satisfação” é uma das palavras mais utilizadas no sector dos cruzeiros (Papathanassis & Beckmann, 2011). Através de regressão linear (Galton, 1894; Pearson, 1930) aplicada a um questionário realizado junto ao Porto de Lisboa, foi avaliada a satisfação de passageiros internacionais, bem como as suas intenções de voltar e recomendar Portugal