Performance assessment & synergic operation of algorithmic solutions enabling opportunistic networks– D4.2

Deliverable D4.2 del projecte europeu OneFITPeer ReviewedPostprint (updated version

Survey of Transportation of Adaptive Multimedia Streaming service in Internet

[DE] World Wide Web is the greatest boon towards the technological advancement of modern era. Using the benefits of Internet globally, anywhere and anytime, users can avail the benefits of accessing live and on demand video services. The streaming media systems such as YouTube, Netflix, and Apple Music are reining the multimedia world with frequent popularity among users. A key concern of quality perceived for video streaming applications over Internet is the Quality of Experience (QoE) that users go through. Due to changing network conditions, bit rate and initial delay and the multimedia file freezes or provide poor video quality to the end users, researchers across industry and academia are explored HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS), which split the video content into multiple segments and offer the clients at varying qualities. The video player at the client side plays a vital role in buffer management and choosing the appropriate bit rate for each such segment of video to be transmitted. A higher bit rate transmitted video pauses in between whereas, a lower bit rate video lacks in quality, requiring a tradeoff between them. The need of the hour was to adaptively varying the bit rate and video quality to match the transmission media conditions. Further, The main aim of this paper is to give an overview on the state of the art HAS techniques across multimedia and networking domains. A detailed survey was conducted to analyze challenges and solutions in adaptive streaming algorithms, QoE, network protocols, buffering and etc. It also focuses on various challenges on QoE influence factors in a fluctuating network condition, which are often ignored in present HAS methodologies. Furthermore, this survey will enable network and multimedia researchers a fair amount of understanding about the latest happenings of adaptive streaming and the necessary improvements that can be incorporated in future developments.Abdullah, MTA.; Lloret, J.; Canovas Solbes, A.; García-García, L. (2017). Survey of Transportation of Adaptive Multimedia Streaming service in Internet. Network Protocols and Algorithms. 9(1-2):85-125. doi:10.5296/npa.v9i1-2.12412S8512591-

Enhanced caching mechanisms for named data networking

The rapid growth of the Internet has shifted its primary use towards content distribution, prominently through the Named Data Network (NDN). As a pivotal component of Information-Centric Networking (ICN) for the Future Internet, there’s a pressing need to develop effective caching strategies for NDN. As routers face challenges with memory constraints, this research introduces the Alternative Caching Strategy (ACS) to address content replacement and updating. The ACS integrates two core mechanisms: The Content Replacement Mechanism (CRM) and the Content Update Mechanism (CUM). Both mechanisms employ Fuzzy Set Theory and Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM). Specifically, the CRM uses the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), while the CUM adopts the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) Method. The performance of ACS is evaluated through simulations and compared across various topologies with the conventional First-In-First-Out (FIFO), Least Recently Used (LRU), Least Frequently Used (LFU), and Cache Content Popularity (CCP) strategies. ACS demonstrated significant improvements in hit ratio, throughput, and reduced hops and server load. Specifically, the enhancements in average hit ratio are 43%, 30%, 21%, and 10% sequentially, throughput enhancements are 38%, 23%, 16%, and 9%, and the averages of reduction hops number are 21%, 18%, 14%, and 8%. Finally, in the average server load, ACS registered the highest enhancement with 22% from FIFO and the lowest with 10% from CCP. The ACS presents a promising approach for the future of Internet content distribution, particularly in the realm of IoT technology deployment

Recent Trends in Communication Networks

In recent years there has been many developments in communication technology. This has greatly enhanced the computing power of small handheld resource-constrained mobile devices. Different generations of communication technology have evolved. This had led to new research for communication of large volumes of data in different transmission media and the design of different communication protocols. Another direction of research concerns the secure and error-free communication between the sender and receiver despite the risk of the presence of an eavesdropper. For the communication requirement of a huge amount of multimedia streaming data, a lot of research has been carried out in the design of proper overlay networks. The book addresses new research techniques that have evolved to handle these challenges

Flexpop: A popularity-based caching strategy for multimedia applications in information-centric networking

Information-Centric Networking (ICN) is the dominant architecture for the future Internet. In ICN, the content items are stored temporarily in network nodes such as routers. When the memory of routers becomes full and there is no room for a new arriving content, the stored contents are evicted to cope with the limited cache size of the routers. Therefore, it is crucial to develop an effective caching strategy for keeping popular contents for a longer period of time. This study proposes a new caching strategy, named Flexible Popularity-based Caching (FlexPop) for storing popular contents. The FlexPop comprises two mechanisms, i.e., Content Placement Mechanism (CPM), which is responsible for content caching, and Content Eviction Mechanism (CEM) that deals with content eviction when the router cache is full and there is no space for the new incoming content. Both mechanisms are validated using Fuzzy Set Theory, following the Design Research Methodology (DRM) to manifest that the research is rigorous and repeatable under comparable conditions. The performance of FlexPop is evaluated through simulations and the results are compared with those of the Leave Copy Everywhere (LCE), ProbCache, and Most Popular Content (MPC) strategies. The results show that the FlexPop strategy outperforms LCE, ProbCache, and MPC with respect to cache hit rate, redundancy, content retrieval delay, memory utilization, and stretch ratio, which are regarded as extremely important metrics (in various studies) for the evaluation of ICN caching. The outcomes exhibited in this study are noteworthy in terms of making FlexPop acceptable to users as they can verify the performance of ICN before selecting the right caching strategy. Thus FlexPop has potential in the use of ICN for the future Internet such as in deployment of the IoT technology

Proactive Mechanisms for Video-on-Demand Content Delivery

Video delivery over the Internet is the dominant source of network load all over the world. Especially VoD streaming services such as YouTube, Netflix, and Amazon Video have propelled the proliferation of VoD in many peoples' everyday life. VoD allows watching video from a large quantity of content at any time and on a multitude of devices, including smart TVs, laptops, and smartphones. Studies show that many people under the age of 32 grew up with VoD services and have never subscribed to a traditional cable TV service. This shift in video consumption behavior is continuing with an ever-growing number of users. satisfy this large demand, VoD service providers usually rely on CDN, which make VoD streaming scalable by operating a geographically distributed network of several hundreds of thousands of servers. Thereby, they deliver content from locations close to the users, which keeps traffic local and enables a fast playback start. CDN experience heavy utilization during the day and are usually reactive to the user demand, which is not optimal as it leads to expensive over-provisioning, to cope with traffic peaks, and overreacting content eviction that decreases the CDN's performance. However, to sustain future VoD streaming projections with hundreds of millions of users, new approaches are required to increase the content delivery efficiency. To this end, this thesis identifies three key research areas that have the potential to address the future demand for VoD content. Our first contribution is the design of vFetch, a privacy-preserving prefetching mechanism for mobile devices. It focuses explicitly on OTT VoD providers such as YouTube. vFetch learns the user interest towards different content channels and uses these insights to prefetch content on a user terminal. To do so, it continually monitors the user behavior and the device's mobile connectivity pattern, to allow for resource-efficient download scheduling. Thereby, vFetch illustrates how personalized prefetching can reduce the mobile data volume and alleviate mobile networks by offloading peak-hour traffic. Our second contribution focuses on proactive in-network caching. To this end, we present the design of the ProCache mechanism that divides the available cache storage concerning separate content categories. Thus, the available storage is allocated to these divisions based on their contribution to the overall cache efficiency. We propose a general work-flow that emphasizes multiple categories of a mixed content workload in addition to a work-flow tailored for music video content, the dominant traffic source on YouTube. Thereby, ProCache shows how content-awareness can contribute to efficient in-network caching. Our third contribution targets the application of multicast for VoD scenarios. Many users request popular VoD content with only small differences in their playback start time which offers a potential for multicast. Therefore, we present the design of the VoDCast mechanism that leverages this potential to multicast parts of popular VoD content. Thereby, VoDCast illustrates how ISP can collaborate with CDN to coordinate on content that should be delivered by ISP-internal multicast

Formulation, implementation considerations, and first performance evaluation of algorithmic solutions - D4.1

Deliverable D4.1 del projecte Europeu OneFIT (ICT-2009-257385)This deliverable contains a first version of the algorithmic solutions for enabling opportunistic networks. The presented algorithms cover the full range of identified management tasks: suitability, creation, QoS control, reconfiguration and forced terminations. Preliminary evaluations complement the proposed algorithms. Implementation considerations towards the practicality of the considered algorithms are also included.Preprin