Architecture of Jesuit Churches in the Former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1564–1773

The article presents the history and accomplishments of Jesuit architecture in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the late sixteenth to the late eighteenth century. The author sees Jesuit architecture as a distinct and homogeneous element within Polish architecture. The paper starts with a brief presentation of the existing research in the subject. It moves on to enumerate the activities of the Society in the field of construction, divided into three major booms: the first roughly between 1575 and 1650, the second between 1670 and 1700, and the third from 1740 to 1770, divided by periods of relative decline caused by a succession of devastating wars. The paper identifies the most important architects involved in the construction of Jesuit churches, as well as their most notable works. The paper ends with a brief note concerning the fate of the Jesuit churches after the suppression of the Society and the partitions of Poland

Kodėl vystyklėliuose jo kiaulės nesurijo: Balcerio Wilkowskio laiškas sūnui (1584)

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English] This paper gives a translation and analysis of the letter (1583) written by Balcer Wilkowski, a member of the Polish Brethren, to his son Kaspar, who was the physician of Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł the Orphan (1549–1616), as well as a renowned translator and polemist. In 1583, Kaspar Wilkowski left the Polish Brethren in Lublin and departed for Vilnius, where he published his Przyczyny nawrocenia do wiary powszechneyod sekt nowokrzczeńcow samosateńskich (“The Causes for the Conversion to the Universal Faith from the Samosatene Anabaptist Sects,” Vilnius, 1583). Contained in two volumes, this book provides an explanation for his turn to the Catholic Church. The same year, his father Balcer Wilkowski, in all probability without seeing the son’s book, wrote him a letter, asking Kaspar to return to the “true faith.” The letter was first published in 1584, as an annex to Jan Niemojewski’s (1526–1598) Vkazanie iż Koscioł Rzymski Papieski nie iestapostolski áni swięty, áni ieden, áni powszechny (“An Argument that the Roman Church is neither Apostolic, nor Holy, nor One, nor Universal,” Kraków, 1584). Using passages from the Scripture, Balcer warns his son that his turn to Catholicism will only end in his personal perdition.This egodocument demonstrates not only Balcer’s personal reaction to the apostasy of his son, but the reaction of the whole Polish Brethren in Lublin likewise. It proves to be a valuable historical source for the Wilkowski biographies and the studies of the Community, including their religious beliefs.[straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba] Straipsnyje pateikiamas Lenkų brolių bendruomenės nario Balcerio Wilkowskio laiško (parašytas 1583 m.) sūnui Kasparui vertimas ir analizė. Kasparas Wilkowskis (XVI a. antra pusė–XVII a. pr.) – didiko Mikalojaus Kristupo Radvilos Našlaitėlio (1549–1616) gydytojas, polemikas ir vertėjas. Tekstas pirmą kartą kaip priedas išspausdintas Jano Niemojewskio (1526–1598) traktate „Įrodymas, kad Popiežiaus Romos Bažnyčia yra nei apaštalinė, nei šventa, nei viena, nei visuotinė“ (Vkazanie iż KosciołRzymski Papieski nie iest apostolski áni swięty, áni ieden, áni powszechny, Kraków, 1584). Balceris, sužinojęs, kad jo sūnus, nuo vaikystės auklėtas pagal Lenkų brolių išpažįstamą doktriną, perėjo į Romos katalikų tikėjimą, parašo jausmingą laišką, kuriame ir gražiuoju, ir grasinimais kviečia Kasparą grįžti į „tikrąjį“ kelią. Egodokumentas liudija ne tik asmeninę vieno žmogaus, bet ir visos tikinčiųjų bendruomenės reakciją į bendruomenės nario apostazę, atspindi Lenkų brolių tikėjimo postulatus. Tai vertingas šaltinis tiriant Wilkowskių biografijas, Reformacijos ir Kontrreformacijos sandūros socialinę, religinę situacijas

Žurnalas „Mūsų žinynas“ apie matematikos taikymus karo topografijoje: autoriai ir jų straipsniai (1922–1940 m.)

Just after the end of the struggles for consolidation of the Independence, Lithuanian Army began care about development of military science. In addition to other sciences, a great attention was paid to applications of mathematics in military arts. In 1922-1940, journal of military science and history “Mūsų žinynas” (“Our Directory”) published 87 articles about various applications of mathematics in the Army. They included 27 articles on  application of mathematics in military topography. The articles were written by 14 known and 1 unknown authors. 14 known authors included 12 army officers and 2 civilians.  Karo mokslų ir istorijos žurnale „Mūsų žinynas“ 1922–1940 m. buvo paskelbti 87 straipsniai apie įvairius matematikos taikymus kariuomenėje. Iš tų straipsnių 27 buvo skirti matematikos taikymams karo topografijoje. Tuos straipsnius parašė 15 autorių: 12  karininkų, 2 civiliai ir 1 nežinomas

Katalog biblioteki księcia Aleksandra Ludwika Radziwiłła w Nieświeżu (1651)

The studies on book culture and the functioning of various libraries have been present in academic circle for many decades. For obvious reasons the interest in books among the illustrious members of Radziwiłł magnate family as well as their scope of activity as the patrons of culture have been analyzed by historians. In the context, the history of the famous Radziwiłł library in Nesvizh can be considered as a separate research topic. This magnificent collection was confiscated after the first partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1772) by order of Empress Catherine the Great. Some 15.000 volumes were transported to Saint Petersburg and offered to the Russian Academy of Sciences and Fine Arts (later Russian Academy of Sciences).Nicolas Radziwiłł the Black (1515–1565) is considered to be the founder of the Nesvizh library; however, its full development can be dated back to the time of Nicholas Christopher Radziwiłł “the Orphan” (1549–1616), who rebuilt the ducal palace and organized a library in one of the specially adopted rooms. The Nesvizh collection has been enriched by numerous donations, including that of cardinal and bishop of Vilnius George Radziwiłł (1556–1600), Sigismund Charles Radziwiłł (1591–1642), and many other members ofthe family.The presented catalogue was compiled under the request of Duke Alexander Louis Radziwiłł. This magnate, born in 1594 as a son of Nicolas Christopher Radziwiłł and Elisabeth Eufemia née Wiśniowiecka, received a most privileged education. In 1610 he began his studies in Germany then traveled throughout Germany, France and Italy. He returned to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the end of 1620, but in 1624 he left for Italy again, this time in the company of Prince Vladislas Vasa. In summer 1625 he again returned to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but soon was totally immersed in political life. Thanks to family connections he advanced his career very fast, becoming in the court marshal of Lithuania in 1635, and grand marshal of Lithuania only two years later. In December 1652 he went to Italy again and died in Bologna March 30, 1654. The manuscript catalogue of the library of Alexander Louis Radziwiłł is currently preserved in the Kórnicka Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Ms BK 1320). It contains of two parts. The first of them (f. 1–25r), compiled according to subjects, was written down in April 1651, then second one (f. 26r–46v), compiled alphabetically – in May and June this year. The catalogues are not identical. The first part, divided into classes, is more comprehensive than the second one (alphabetical). The catalogue was composed by John Hanowicz, mayor of Nesvezh. The manuscript has been marked with the ex-libris of the Radziwiłł library (Ex Bibliotheca Radivilliana Ducali Nesvisiensi) and pressmark (Loc. X, No 17). Hanowicz did not state usually the information about the place and year of publication, which makes the precise identification of the books very difficult. Therefore, one can only predict the exact number of the books (and volumes) preserved in the Nesvezh library at that time. It also happened that Hanowicz stated a title of this same book in both versions: once in the original Latin version and then in (abbreviated) Polish form. Among items included the catalogue one can also find manuscripts, maps, drawings and landed estate documents. Most the books were bound with white or red leather, less frequently with green, cherish, orange or red colored leather, and seldom with morocco leather or paper. The bibliographical descriptions provided in the footnotes should be considered only as suggestions, for only direct analysis of a given book (in visu) allows one to identify and link a book with the Radziwiłł Library. Some of the most precious books were kept in the castle treasury. The Nesvizh collections included also musical pieces, e.g. the libretto (?) of the first opera – Il ratto di Helena – performed on September 4th, 1636, in the theater of the lower ducal castle in Vilnius. The music of the famous opera was composed by an anonymous author, but the libretto was produced by Virgilio Puccitelli.The significance of the magnate families (e.g. that of the Radziwiłłs or the Sapiehas) as promoters and patrons of fine arts and literature was enormous and hard to over-estimate in the history of Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A further and detailed study on the content of the Nesvizh library of Duke Alexander Louis Radziwiłł in 1651 gives one the opportunity to present in full and broad contexts a truly European library collection of Baroque culture in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.Katalog biblioteki księcia Aleksandra Ludwika Radziwiłła w Nieświeżu, ułożony w 1651 r., nie był dotychczas przedmiotem szerszych analiz, choć studia nad bibliotekami magnackiego rodu Radziwiłłów mają już swoją historię. Rękopiśmienny katalog, przechowywany obecnie w Bibliotece Kórnickiej PAN (sygn. BK 1320), został ułożony przez Jana Hanowicza, burgrabiego nieświeskiego. Spisał go w dwóch częściach (tematycznej i alfabetycznej) między kwietniem a czerwcem 1651 r. Wśród spisanych drukowanych książek znalazły się także rękopisy, mapy, rysunki i papiery majątkowe. Większość książek nieświeskich była wówczas oprawiona w białą lub czerwoną skórę, niekiedy w zieloną, wiśniową, czarną czy pomarańczową, a rzadziej w safian czy papier. Oprócz dzieł polskich i łacińskich znalazły się tam także książki po niemiecku, włosku, francusku i okazjonalnie w innych językach. Katalog biblioteki księcia Aleksandra Ludwika stanowi wartościowe źródło do poznania fragmentu dziejów przebogatej kolekcji bibliotecznej Radziwiłłów w Nieświeżu

Projekt szkolenia wojskowego szlachty autorstwa Bartłomieja Nowodworskiego

Bartłomiej Nowodworski’s project of military training for nobility In modern Polish Republic there appeared a number of projects postulating the creation of a new military training system. Many political writers urged for the need to open a school for knights. One of the most interesting projects for training and maintenance of cadets for the so-called foreign  contingent was designed by Bartłomiej Nowodworski, a famous knight of Malta and courtier of Sigismund III Vasa. Due to its interesting character the project is worth presenting to a wider circle of historians. Initially Nowodworski presented his concept during local gatherings of the nobility. In 1611 he presented his project during Warsaw Sejm. The project was undoubtedly inspired by the long and painstaking siege of Smolensk, in which Nowodwroski took an active part and during which he could see for himself inadequate preparation of Polish military forces for the execution of regular modern siege operations. A copy of Bartłomiej Nowodworski’s project is kept in the National Library of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (PAU) and Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) in Kraków, no. 2255, cat. 277–278Bartłomiej Nowodworski’s project of military training for nobility In modern Polish Republic there appeared a number of projects postulating the creation of a new military training system. Many political writers urged for the need to open a school for knights. One of the most interesting projects for training and maintenance of cadets for the so-called foreign  contingent was designed by Bartłomiej Nowodworski, a famous knight of Malta and courtier of Sigismund III Vasa. Due to its interesting character the project is worth presenting to a wider circle of historians. Initially Nowodworski presented his concept during local gatherings of the nobility. In 1611 he presented his project during Warsaw Sejm. The project was undoubtedly inspired by the long and painstaking siege of Smolensk, in which Nowodwroski took an active part and during which he could see for himself inadequate preparation of Polish military forces for the execution of regular modern siege operations. A copy of Bartłomiej Nowodworski’s project is kept in the National Library of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (PAU) and Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) in Kraków, no. 2255, cat. 277–27

Książe, „co krajowi byt swój poświęcił”. Portrety IX ordynata Ołyckiego, pułkownika Dominika Hieronima Radziwiłła (1786–1813)

THE PRINCE, “WHO DEDICATED HIS LIFE FOR THE HOMELAND”. PORTRAITS OF COLONEL DOMINIK HIERONIM RADZIWIŁŁ (1786–1813) – THE IX ORDYNAT OF OLYKA. Dominik Hieronim Radziwiłł (1786–1813) was the last Ordynat of Olyka from the Nesvizh line. He was the son of Hieronim Wincenty Radziwiłł (1759-1786) and the nephew of Karol Stanisław „Panie Kochanku” Radziwiłł (1734–1790). Despite the fact, that in his period family residences had deteriorated or became derelict, the estimation about his owner behaviour cannot be negative. It is not denying that this nobleman was a patriot who dedicated his life for the homeland. In 1812, Prince joined Napoleon Army and died in 1813 after the Battle of Hanau. In consequence his name became famous and respected by such an influential generals as Józef Załuski and Zygmunt Krasiński. The symbols of Radziwiłł’s heroism were presented in archival documents, graphics and paintings (for example in pictures from the collections stored in the National Museum in Warsaw and in Schillingsfürst residence). The selected aspects of his life and interpretations of portraits were presented in that paper

Павятовыя соймікі Новагародскага ваяводства Вялікага Княства Літоўскага, Рускага і Жамойцкага напярэдадні кракаўскага ардынарнага сойма Рэчы Паспалітай абодвух народаў 1603 г.

[email protected]@gmail.comUrodzony 2 I 1971 r. w Mińsku (Białoruś). W 1988 r. zdał maturę w szkole nr 78 w Mińsku. W tym roku rozpoczął studia historyczne i prawnicze w Mińskim Państwowym Instytucie Pedagogicznym (obecnie Białoruski Państwowy Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Maksima Tanka). Ukończył studia z wyróżnieniem w 1993 r. Pracę magisterską z historii prawa WKsL pisał pod kierunkiem dr Leokadii Mołczadskiej. Od października 1993 roku rozpoczął studia podyplomowe na Białoruskim Państwowym Uniwersytecie Pedagogicznym. W sierpniu 1995 r. został zatrudniony na stanowisku wykładowcy katedry teorii prawa i historii na Akademii Milicji MSW Białorusi. W latach 2003–2016 starzy wykładowca katedry teorii i historii państwa i prawa na Akademii Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych Białorusi. W latach 2016–2018 pracownik naukowy na Wydziale Historycznym Białoruskiego Uniwersytetu Państwowego. W latach 2018–2020 r. pracownik naukowy w Instytucie Historii Narodowej Akademii Nauk Białorusi. W latach 1995–1997 członek redakcji czasopisma «Беларускі гістарычны агляд» («Belaruski histaryčny ahljad», «Belarusian Historical Review»). W okresie od 2000 do 2002 r. sekretarz naukowy Centrum Studiów Prawno-Historycznych przy Międzynarodowym Stowarzyszeniu Białorutenistów. Od 2016 r. zasiada w Radzie Naukowej «Rocznika Lituanistycznego» (Warszawa). W latach 2013–2021 Członek Rady Redakcyjnej czasopisma «Герольд Litherland» (Grodno-Mińsk). Stypendysta fundacji Królowej Jadwigi (2002) oraz Niemieckiego Instytutu Historycznego w Warszawie i Instytutu Historii im. T. Manteuffla PAN (2021). Zainteresowania badawcze koncentrują się wokół historii politycznej i historii państwa i prawa Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego i Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów epoki nowożytnej, w tym historii parlamentaryzmu, samorządu sejmikowego, edytorstwa historycznego i nauk pomocniczych historii – genealogii, prozopografii i sfragistyki. Prowadzę również badania nad historią regionalną terenów historycznego województwa nowogródzkiego WKsL i historią państwa i prawa Białorusi wieku XX.122125

Konserwacja szesnastowiecznej powieści alegorycznej Desiderosvs ze zbiorów Biblioteki Opactwa Sióstr Benedyktynek w Krzeszowie

Conservation and microbiological research was carried out on a sixteenth-century collection entitled Desiderosvs, Abo Scieszka Do Milosci Bozey Y To Excellence, Zywota Chrzescianskiego: Dialog strangely devotional, from Spanish to Italian, French, German, Dutch Y Laciński ięzyk, and now for Poland postponed by Gaspra Wilkowski. The original work was published in 1515 under the title Espill de la vida religiosa. The book was printed in Krakow in 1589 at the printing house of Andrzej Piotrkowczyk. The book is printed on a handmade paper with a non-homogeneous basis weight ranging from 52g/ m2 to 76g/m2. It contains 154 cards printed on both sides, the fi rst 18 cards have no numbering, then there are 128 numbered cards and 8 unnumbered cards. The book is small. The dimensions of the book block are 15×10 cm. The contribution of the book is multiple. The rear cladding was made of beech wood. Before conservation works were carried out, photographic and descriptive documentation was made, including historical analyzes of the reconstruction of the luminaire. Paper laboratory tests were carried out: paper pH, fi ber composition, thickness and basis weight were tested and microbiological tests were carried out. Mushrooms isolated from the object were identifi ed to three species: Chaetomium globosum, Alternaria alternata and Aspergillus niger. Therefore, the paper was disinfected. After testing the resistance of the printing ink to water, the paper cards were subjected to a disinfectant bath in sterinol and the object was rinsed several times in pure distilled water, followed by a proper bath of cards in lukewarm water with the addition of gray soap. Smaller paper losses were supplemented manually with paper pulp from ICE in Lodz on the vacuum table, and large losses and missing card 15 were supplemented with a mass replenishment machine. The cards were then wet-glued using a 3% aqueous solution of methylcellulose while subjecting the paper to deacidifi cation. Calcium hydroxide was used as deacidifying agent. The acidic substances contained in the paper reacted with calcium hydroxide and the excess of hydroxide in a few days under the infl uence of carbon dioxide from the air gave the reaction product, i.e. calcium carbonate, which is an alkaline reserve. As a result of the work carried out, the book was cleaned of various impurities, the paper structure was strengthened, tears and cavities were supplemented. The frame was reconstructed using beech wood and calf leather. Thanks to this research, the book will survive for the next years and will serve the next generations