9,596 research outputs found

    Identification of heat exchange process in the evaporators of absorption refrigerating units under conditions of uncertainty

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    Проведено аналіз функціонування випарників абсорбційно-холодильних установок блоку вторинної конденсації типового для України агрегату синтезу аміаку. Обґрунтована необхідність мінімізації температури вторинної конденсації за рахунок створення автоматизованої адаптивної системи оптимального програмного управління. Встановлені рівняння для чисельної оцінки невизначеності теплового навантаження випарника та коефіцієнту теплопередачі. Розроблено алгоритмічне забезпечення щодо розв’язання задач ідентифікації та створення математичної моделі. Визначена технічна структура автоматизованої системи для їх реалізації

    Identification of target system operations. 1. Determination of the time of the actual completion of the target operation

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    It was found in the paper that the time frames of the studied system operation depend on the research objective. In cases when it comes to problems, related to the physical movement of the input and output products, limits of the study are defined by the time of the beginning of the movement of the first input product of the operation and ends with the time of issue of the last output product of the operation by the system. Time of completion of the physical movement of products is defined in the paper as the time of the physical completion of the operation. Since the purpose of any operation is to increase the value of the output products in relation to the value of input products of the operation, in cases when there is a problem of investigating the target operation, the time of completion of the target operation is determined not by the physics of the process, but its cybernetics. Since for the time of the operation, conversion processes link input products in time, the added value of output products is intended to compensate in time the costs of temporary binding of input products that initially have their value. The time, when the added value of output products of the target operation compensates the value of tight input products for the time of the operation, is defined in the paper as the time of the actual completion of the target operation. A system of notations to describe the system processes of target operations was proposed. The expressions for the numerical and analytical determination of the time of actual completion of the target operation were obtained. A link to the resource, with examples of calculations of the time of the actual completion of the operation with the use of numerical methods and analytic expressions, obtained in the paper was given.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figure

    Influence of the thermal factor on the composition of electron-beam high-entropy ALTiVCrNbMo coatings

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    This paper reports results of studying the element and phase compositions of electron-beam coatings based on the high-entropy alloy AlTiVCrNbMo, depending on the deposition temperature (in the range of 300...700 °С). The high-entropy alloys were melted in an arc furnace in an atmosphere of high-purity argon. Vacuum condensates of the high-entropy alloy (AlTiVCrNbMo) with a thickness of 3–5 µm were obtained in the vacuum setup UVN-2M-1 at a working vacuum of 5·10-5 mТоrr. The alloy evaporation was performed from the water-cooled ingot mold using an electron-beam gun with a power of 5 kW. Condensation of vapors of all the elements of the alloy was performed onto copper substrates at temperatures of 300, 500, 700 °C. Based on analysis of the element composition of materials of the target made of the high-entropy six-element alloy AlTiVCrNbMo and electron-beam coatings, based on it, we established the critical parameter (specific heat of vaporization of an element) that defined a selective change in the element composition. In accordance with a characteristic change in the composition of coatings of the multi-element high-entropy alloy, 3 groups of elements were distinguished: with a specific heat of evaporation of 280...350 kJ/mol (group 1), 420…460 kJ/mol (group 2), and 590…680 kJ/mol (group 3). It was shown that the formation of a single-phase coating of the high-entropy alloy (based on BCC of the crystalline lattice) occurs at the higher deposition temperature of 500...700 °C when the coating consists of not less than 5 elements. It was established that based on the conditions for an electron-beam process of materials formation, the results obtained can be divided into two types: those determined by the condition of evaporation of the target and those determined by the conditions of coating deposition. The density of flows of elements, evaporated from the target, is determined by their specific heat of evaporation. However, the ratio of atoms in the flow, derived in this way, may not be retained in the formed coating due to the secondary evaporation of elements from the growth surface. The obtained results allow us to substantiate principles for the selection of components for achieving the optimal element and phase compositions of high-entropy alloys.На основі аналізу елементного складу матеріалів мішені з високоентропійного шестиелементного сплаву AlTiVCrNbMo і електронно-променевих покриттів на його основі встановлено критичний параметр (питома теплота випаровування елемента), який визначає селективну зміну елементного складу. Показано, що формування однофазного покриття високоентропійного сплаву відбувається, коли до складу покриття входить не менше 5 елементів. Отримані результати дозволяють обґрунтувати принципи підбору компонент для досягнення оптимальних елементного та фазового складу високоентропійних сплавів

    Assessment of Efficiency of Drying Grain Materials Using Microwave Heating

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    We present results of experimental work on studying the drying of a dense layer of grain using microwave heating. We investigated a series of techniques to supply heat to grain to assess energy efficiency of a microwave field. We studied the following ways of drying: a microwave method, a pulsating microwave method, a microwave-convective cyclic method with blow of a layer with heated air flow and air without preheating, simultaneous microwave-convective drying method.Studying the kinetics of drying in a microwave field showed that we can divide the process into heating periods (zero drying rate), constant (first drying rate) and falling (second drying rate). These periods are characteristic for drying of colloidal capillary-porous bodies at other methods of heat supply. We obtained empirical relationships for the drying rate and the average temperature of grain in the first period based on the generalization of experimental data on the study on drying of grain of buckwheat, barley, oats, and wheat. We presented kinetic dependences in a dimensionless form. They summarize data on the studied grains. The aim of comprehensive studies of various methods of heat supply during drying was determination of the optimal method and rational operational parameters, which ensure high intensity of the process and the required quality of the finished product with minimal energy consumption.All studies took place under identical conditions and for the same grain (oats) to ensure the accuracy of the comparison. We determined that the most preferable method is a simultaneous microwave-convective energy supply without air preheating, which minimizes specific energy consumption. Experimental studies on drying using a microwave field made possible to select the required process parameters: power, heating rate, mass, and form of loading. We plan to develop a technology for drying of grain using microwave energy based on the study dat

    Is students' qualitative feedback changing, now it is online?

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    The current state of ecological safety evaluation problem in design stage is analysed. Procedure of ecological safety estimation on the basis of index of objects danger and ecological risk is offered.Проанализирован современное состояние проблемы оценки экологической безопасности на этапе проектирования. Предлагаемая процедура оценки экологической безопасности на основе индекса опасности объектов и экологического риска.Проаналізований сучасний стан проблеми оцінки екологічної безпеки на етапі проектування. Запропонована процедура оцінки екологічної безпеки на основі індексу небезпечності об’єктів та екологічного ризику

    Information technology of higher education monitoring: a quality-based approach

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    The principles of information technology development for the system of higher education monitoring are considered. For education quality estimation the evidence model is built. It consists of scoring models based on stakeholders’ preferences and measurement model which is implemented using the modern measurement theory.Розглянуто принципи розробки інформаційної технології моніторинга системи вищої освіти. Побудована модель оцінювання якості освіти, що складається з оціночних моделей, основаних на вподобаннях зацікавлених осіб, та вимірювальної моделі, реалізованої засобами сучасної теорії вимірювань

    Research into the process of preparation of Ukrainian coal by the oil aggregation method

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    We conducted a study into concentration of Donetsk coal with varying degrees of coalification – anthracite and grade G – by the method of oil aggregation. We determined the character of impact of the following factors on the results of oil aggregation of coal: the ash content of original coal, pulp agitation duration, pulp density, consumption and type of reagent-binder. The research demonstrated a possibility of effective preparation of finely- and thinly dispersed Donetsk coal the size of 0–0.1; 0–1(2) mm and ash content from 10–15 % to 65–70 % by the method of oil aggregation. In this case, it was established that with an increase in the ash content of original coal, the process of oil aggregation displays a capacity of self-leveling. By reducing the speed of aggregation, it is possible to attain practically stable technological results over the entire examined range of ash content of original coal – from 10–15 % to 65–70 %. Obtained results substantiate the possibility of employing the process of oil aggregation for the re-preparation of waste, in particular, waste of flotation and gravitation separation of coal preparation.Досліджено збагачення донецького вугілля різного ступеня вуглефікації масляною агрегацією. Встановлено вплив на результати процесу зольності вугілля, тривалості агітації, густини пульпи, витрат і виду реагенту. Показано можливість ефективного збагачення вугілля крупності 0–0,1 (2) мм, зольності 10–70 % і самовирівнювання масляної агрегації при збільшенні зольності. Обгрунтовано застосування масляної агрегації для перезбагачення відходів флотації

    Development of the algorithm for aircraft control at inaccurate measurement of the state vector and variable accuracy parameter

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    A parametric method of the synthesis of control in the closed circuit, taking into account explicitly generalized error of the inertial module, is presented. The law of control in the form of analytical formulas is typically assigned to the control program and does not change during flight of an unmanned aerial vehicle. This decreases the capabilities of the autonomous flight control system to overcome control errors, which occur for various reasons. To verify assumptions about a possibility of improving the accuracy of an aerial vehicle control by the data of the strapdown inertial navigation system on a certain time interval of autonomous operation, the calculation experiment was conducted with the use of the developed software complex, simulating operation of the automatic flight control system. Parametrization of the law of control is considered as the main contribution (the outcome). Introduction of the parameter made it possible to decrease a negative impact of measurement errors and other disturbing factors on accuracy of reaching by the point of flight destination. Through computer modeling, it was shown that it is possible to decrease the impact of a generalized measurement error on generation of values of control functions by changing the value of the parameter. Analytical expressions for the estimation of accuracy of automatic control at the known generalized error of the inertial module and limited disturbing influences were obtained. After analyzing the influence of these factors on accuracy of the object control, a set of recommendations on selection of a variable parameter of synthesis of control depending on precision level of the sensors, used in the inertial module of measuring sensors, was generated.Розглянуто розв’язання термінальної задачі управління та синтезований параметризований закон управління в аналітичному вигляді, який залежить від змінного параметра глибини прогнозу. Досліджено особливості впливу величини параметра управління на точність досягнення кінцевої точки, дані рекомендації з вибору параметра для нівелювання помилки інерційних вимірювань. Синтез управління здійснюється методом переслідування ведучої точки за інформацією, отриманою інтегруванням вимірювань фактичного прискорення і містить помилку, характерну для акселерометрів

    Research into the process of preparation of Ukrainian coal by the oil aggregation method

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    We conducted a study into concentration of Donetsk coal with varying degrees of coalification – anthracite and grade G – by the method of oil aggregation. We determined the character of impact of the following factors on the results of oil aggregation of coal: the ash content of original coal, pulp agitation duration, pulp density, consumption and type of reagent-binder. The research demonstrated a possibility of effective preparation of finely- and thinly dispersed Donetsk coal the size of 0–0.1; 0–1(2) mm and ash content from 10–15 % to 65–70 % by the method of oil aggregation. In this case, it was established that with an increase in the ash content of original coal, the process of oil aggregation displays a capacity of self-leveling. By reducing the speed of aggregation, it is possible to attain practically stable technological results over the entire examined range of ash content of original coal – from 10–15 % to 65–70 %. Obtained results substantiate the possibility of employing the process of oil aggregation for the re-preparation of waste, in particular, waste of flotation and gravitation separation of coal preparation.Досліджено збагачення донецького вугілля різного ступеня вуглефікації масляною агрегацією. Встановлено вплив на результати процесу зольності вугілля, тривалості агітації, густини пульпи, витрат і виду реагенту. Показано можливість ефективного збагачення вугілля крупності 0–0,1 (2) мм, зольності 10–70 % і самовирівнювання масляної агрегації при збільшенні зольності. Обгрунтовано застосування масляної агрегації для перезбагачення відходів флотації

    Evaluation of quality level in managing the development of industrial enterprises

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    The research focuses on the substantiation of theoretical aspects and practical support for assessing the quality level of managing enterprises development taking into account the influence of the external and internal environment. The conceptual apparatus for estimation of quality development of enterprise management was refined, which makes it possible to determine reasonably the level of management according to the generally known elements (economic, social and ecological) that are proposed to be supplemented with an energy component. A new conceptual approach to the procedure of evaluation of the quality of development management by levels, the stages of which are proposed to expand by: the formation of the database by levels of management (state, regional), choice and evaluation of indicators by components of development and spheres of activity, development of the tools for management improvement. The integrated indicator has been proposed, which differs from the existing ones by the fact that it estimates the quality of development management, rather than the development level. In contrast to the previously proposed ones, the integrated indicator takes into account the influence of external environment by the components of development and of the internal environment – by the areas of activity for each component. That is why it has practical significance, since it allows performing monitoring and detecting the negative influence of management on the enterprise development. Taking coke plants as an example, the structures of the indicators that characterize the management quality were determined. A large number of indicators were reduced by the method of expert assessments, which increases the validity of the choice. Indicator estimates were constructed solely based on relative indicators (indices), which improves consistency. Using the integrated method, the estimation of the indicators by individual components and on the whole was performed. The scale for evaluation of the quality level of enterprise development management was constructed using the Harrington function. The new approach to assessing the quality of the enterprise development management and a complex of mathematical support will lead to the uniform economic, social, environmental and energy development of enterprises.Роботу присвячено обґрунтуванню теоретичних аспектiв та практичного забезпечення оцiнки якiсного рiвня управлiння розвитком пiдприємств з урахуванням впливу зовнiшнього та внутрiшнього середовища. Уточнено понятiйний апарат щодо оцiнки якiсного розвитку управлiння пiдприємствами, який дозволяє обґрунтовано визначати рiвень управлiння за загальновiдомими складовими (економiчної, соцiальної та екологiчної), до яких запропоновано додати енергетичну складову. Побудовано новий концептуальний пiдхiд до процедури оцiнки якостi управлiння розвитком за рiвнями, етапи якої запропоновано розширити за: формуванням бази даних за рiвнями управлiння (державний, регiональний), вибiр та оцiнка iндикаторiв за складовими розвитку та сферами дiяльностi, розробка iнструментiв щодо покращення управлiння. Запропоновано iнтегральний показника, який вiдрiзняється вiд iснуючих тим, що оцiнює якiсть управлiння розвитком, а не рiвень розвитку. На вiдмiну вiд запропонованих ранiше iнтегральний показник враховує вплив зовнiшнього середовища за складовими розвитку та внутрiшнього – за сферами дiяльностi по кожнiй складовiй. Тому, має практичну значимiсть, оскiльки стає можливим проводити монiторинг та виявляти негативний вплив управлiння на розвиток пiдприємства. На прикладi коксохiмiчних пiдприємств визначено склад iндикаторiв, якi характеризують якiсть управлiння. Велику кiлькiсть iндикаторiв скорочено за допомогою методу експертних оцiнок, що пiдвищує обґрунтованiсть вибору. Iндикаторнi оцiнки побудовано виключно за вiдносними показниками (iндексами), що покращує узгодженiсть. За iнтегральним методом проведена оцiнка iндикаторiв за окремими складовими та у цiлому. За функцiєю Харрiнгтону побудовано шкалу оцiнки якiсного рiвня управлiння розвитком пiдприємств. Новий пiдхiд щодо оцiнки якостi управлiння розвитком пiдприємств та комплекс математичного забезпечення приведе до рiвномiрного економiчного, соцiального, екологiчного i енергетичного розвитку пiдприємств
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