A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment between a Metered Dose Inhaler and Electric Nebulizer

Life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluates the environmental impact of a product based on the materials and processes used to manufacture the item as well as the item’s use and disposal. The objective of this LCA was to evaluate and compare the environmental impact of a metered dose inhaler, specifically the Proventil® HFA inhaler (Merk & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA), and an electric nebulizer, specifically the DeVilbiss Pulmo-Aide® nebulizer (DeVilbiss, Port Washington, NY, USA). GaBi LCA software was used to model the global warming potential (GWP) of each product by using substantiated data and well-justified assumptions for the components, manufacturing, assembly, and use of both devices. The functional unit used to model each device was one dose of the active drug, albuterol sulfate. The inhaler’s GWP, 0.0972 kg CO2-eq, was greater than the nebulizer’s even when uncertain parameters were varied ±100x. During the use phase ofa the inhaler, which accounted for approximately 96% of the inhaler’s total GWP, HFA 134a is used as a propellant to deliver the drug. The total GWP for the electric nebulizer was 0.0294 kg CO2-eq assuming that the mouthpiece was cleaned in a dishwasher, while it was 0.0477 kg CO2-eq when the nebulizer mouthpiece was hand washed between uses. The GWP breakeven scenario between dishwashing and hand washing occurred when the mouthpiece accounted for 10% of the dishwasher load

Characterization of a Human Powered Nebulizer Compressor for Resource Poor Settings

Background Respiratory disease accounts for three of the ten leading causes of death worldwide. Many of these diseases can be treated and diagnosed using a nebulizer. Nebulizers can also be used to safely and efficiently deliver vaccines. Unfortunately, commercially available nebulizers are not designed for use in regions of the world where lung disease is most prevalent: they are electricity-dependent, cost-prohibitive, and not built to be reliable in harsh operating conditions or under frequent use. To overcome these limitations, the Human Powered Nebulizer compressor (HPN) was developed. The HPN does not require electricity; instead airflow is generated manually through a hand-crank or bicycle-style pedal system. A health care worker or other trained individual operates the device while the patient receives treatment. This study demonstrates functional specifications of the HPN in comparison with a standard commercially available electric jet nebulizer compressor, the DeVilbiss Pulmo-Aide 5650D (Pulmo-Aide). Methods Pressure and flow characteristics were measured with a rotameter and pressure transducer, respectively. Volume nebulized by each compressor was determined by mass, and particle size distribution was determined via laser diffraction. The Hudson RCI Micro Mist nebulizer mouthpiece was used with both compressors. Results The pressure and flow generated by the HPN and Pulmo-Aide were: 15.17 psi and 10.5 L/min; and 14.65 psi and 11.2 L/min, respectively. The volume of liquid delivered by each was equivalent, 1.097 ± 0.107 mL (mean ± s.e.m., n = 13) for the HPN and 1.092 ± 0.116 mL for the Pulmo-Aide. The average particle size was also equivalent, 5.38 ± 0.040 micrometers (mean ± s.e.m., n = 7) and 5.40 ± 0.025 micrometers, respectively. Conclusions Based on these characteristics, the HPN’s performance is equivalent to a popular commercially available electric nebulizer compressor. The findings presented in this paper, combined with the results of two published clinical studies, suggest that the HPN could serve as an important diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the fight against global respiratory health challenges including: tuberculosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and lower respiratory infections

Home nebulizer therapy in children

Drug administration in children is never easy especially in those under five years of age. This is even more so in the case of prophylactic inhalational treatment of asthma in children. The role of home nebulizer therapy is reviewed. Its impact on the need for hospital admission because of acute asthma is discussed.peer-reviewe

Evaluasi Cara Penggunaan Inhaler Dan Nebulizer Pada Pasien

Inhaler dan nebulizer merupakan jenis sediaan farmasi dengan cara penggunaan khusus, keberhasilan terapi dipengaruhi oleh ketepatan cara penggunaannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi cara penggunaan inhaler dan nebulizer pada pasien. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian non eksperimental, dilakukan secara observasional dan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Sampel penelitian adalah pasien Apotek Bunda Surakarta yang terpilih menjadi responden. Data diperoleh berdasarkan kuesioner dan peragaan dari responden. Diperoleh 35 orang responden inhaler jenis MDI (Metered Dose Inhaler) dan 10 orang responden nebulizer. Responden dikatakan tepat berdasarkan peragaan jika melakukan semua langkah-langkah penggunaan inhaler dan nebulizer, responden tidak tepat jika melewatkan salah satu langkah-langkah penggunaannya. Sejumlah 35 orang responden inhaler berdasarkan peragaan diantaranya 15 orang (42,86%) tepat. Sedangkan pada 10 orang responden nebulizer berdasarkan peragaan 7 orang (70,00%) dikatakan tepat dalam langkah-langkah penggunaan nebulize

PENGARUH TERAPI NEBULIZER TERHADAP FREKUENSI NAPAS PADA PASIEN PENYAKIT PARU OBSTRUKTIF KRONIK (PPOK)

Physiological changes due to inflammation in COPD patients significantly reduce the low level of carbon dioxide in the blood which causes shortness of breath with increased respiratory rate, so the importance of therapy that quickly dilutes secretions, clears the airway, and weakens the respiratory tract such as nebulizer therapy. This study aims to identify the effect of nebulizer therapy on respiratory rate in COPD patients. The research design used was a quasi-experimental pre and post test one sample test. The sample in this study amounted to 49 respondents by calculating the respiratory rate through the inspection method. The test used was the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The results of this study showed that there was an effect before and after nebulizer therapy on respiratory rate in COPD patients with value = 0.000. Based on the research, it can be concluded that the action of nebulizer therapy greatly affects the decrease in respiratory rate in COPD patients. It is recommended that nurses perform nebulizer therapy with the right frequency and duration for the successful effect of decreasing respiratory frequency.  Perubahan fisiologis akibat inflamasi pada pasien PPOK secara signifikan menurunkan tingkat karbon dioksida yang rendah didalam darah yang menimbulkan sesak dengan frekuensi napas meningkat, sehingga pentingnya terapi yang cepat mengencerkan sekret, melancarkan jalan napas, dan melemahkan saluran pernapasan seperti terapi nebulizer. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi pengaruh terapi nebulizer terhadap frekuensi napas pada pasien PPOK. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah quasi eksperimen pre dan post test one sample test. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 49 responden dengan menghitung frekuensi napas melalui metode inspeksi. Uji yang digunakan wilcoxon signed rank test. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan adanya pengaruh sebelum dan sesudah terapi nebulizer tehadap frekuensi napas pada pasien PPOK dengan nilai ƥ value = 0,000. Berdasarkan penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa tindakan terapi nebulizer sangat berpengaruh terhadap penurunan frekuensi napas pada pasien PPOK. Disarankan agar perawat melakukan terapi nebulizer dengan frekuensi dan durasi waktu yang tepat untuk efek keberhasilan penurunan frekuensi pernapasan.&nbsp

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) in a Novel Molten Salt Aerosol System

In the pyrochemical separation of used nuclear fuel (UNF), fission product, rare earth, and actinide chlorides accumulate in the molten salt electrolyte over time. Measuring this salt composition in near real-time is advantageous for operational efficiency, material accountability, and nuclear safeguards. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been proposed and demonstrated as a potential analytical approach for molten LiCl–KCl salts. However, all the studies conducted to date have used a static surface approach which can lead to issues with splashing, low repeatability, and poor sample homogeneity. In this initial study, a novel molten salt aerosol approach has been developed and explored to measure the composition of the salt via LIBS. The functionality of the system has been demonstrated as well as a basic optimization of the laser energy and nebulizer gas pressure used. Initial results have shown that this molten salt aerosol–LIBS system has a great potential as an analytical technique for measuring the molten salt electrolyte used in this UNF reprocessing technology

A Nebulizer System For Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Aerosols and Nanoparticles for Use in Preclinical Pulmonary Drug Delivery Studies

This research project proposes to develop, integrate and characterize a nebulizer system for the nasal pulmonary delivery of radiopharmaceuticals in the form of aerosols containing nanoparticles for dynamic imaging studies using positron emission tomography (PET) in small animal models of disease. PET imaging of inhaled radiolabeled drugs in the form of aerosols containing nanoparticles can provide an in vivo measurement of drug distribution using the drug itself as the tracer. The system will be composed of 1) a nebulizer generator, 2) an anesthesia system, 3) a gas exhaust system, 4) a physiological monitoring system for respiratory synchronization and nebulizer triggering, and 5) a cylindrical bed to house in isolation the rodent. The proposed nebulizer system will be integrated into the Albira Si micro-PET/SPECT/CT imaging unit and it will help carry out translational imaging studies of novel PET radiolabeled drugs in small animal models of lung disease, such as lung cancer. The nebulizer system will be integrated and characterized for activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) particle size distribution, aerosol mass distribution, nebulizer triggering using the respiratory cycle, drug and activity pulmonary distribution, and inhalation fraction and particle distribution in a normal and diseased rodent’s lung model

A Nebulizer System For Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Aerosols and Nanoparticles for Use in Preclinical Pulmonary Drug Delivery Studies

This research project proposes to develop, integrate and characterize a nebulizer system for the nasal pulmonary delivery of radiopharmaceuticals in the form of aerosols containing nanoparticles for dynamic imaging studies using positron emission tomography (PET) in small animal models of disease. PET imaging of inhaled radiolabeled drugs in the form of aerosols containing nanoparticles can provide an in vivo measurement of drug distribution using the drug itself as the tracer. The system will be composed of 1) a nebulizer generator, 2) an anesthesia system, 3) a gas exhaust system, 4) a physiological monitoring system for respiratory synchronization and nebulizer triggering, and 5) a cylindrical bed to house in isolation the rodent. The proposed nebulizer system will be integrated into the Albira Si micro-PET/SPECT/CT imaging unit and it will help carry out translational imaging studies of novel PET radiolabeled drugs in small animal models of lung disease, such as lung cancer. The nebulizer system will be integrated and characterized for activity median aerodynamic diameter (AMAD) particle size distribution, aerosol mass distribution, nebulizer triggering using the respiratory cycle, drug and activity pulmonary distribution, and inhalation fraction and particle distribution in a normal and diseased rodent’s lung model

Automated online preconcentration system for the determination of trace amounts of lead using Pb-selective resin and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry

An automated sequential-injection online preconcentration system was developed for the determination of lead by inductively coupled plasma - atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The preconcentration of lead was performed with a minicolumn containing a lead-selective resin, Analig Pb-01, which was installed between a selection and a switching valve. In an acidic condition ( pH 1), lead could be adsorbed on the resin. The concentrated lead was afterward eluted with 25 mu L of 0.06 M nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) solution ( pH 9) and was subsequently transported into the nebulizer of ICP-AES for quantification. The selectivity of the resin toward lead was examined using a solution containing a mixture of 61 elements. When a sample volume of 5 mL was used, the quantitative collection of lead ( &#62;= 97%) was achieved, along with an enrichment factor of 19, a sampling frequency of 12 samples hr(-1), a detection limit of 70 pg mL(-1), and a lowest quantification limit of 100 pg mL(-1). The linear dynamic range was 0.1 to 5 ng mL(-1), and the relative standard deviation (n = 9) was 0.5% at a 5 ng mL(-1) Pb level. The detection limit of 30 pg mL(-1) and lowest quantification limit of 50 pg mL(-1) could be achieved when 10 mL of sample volume was used. The accuracy of the proposed method was validated by determining lead in the standard reference material of river water (SLRS-4), and its applicability to the determination of lead in environmental river water samples was demonstrated.</p

Penurunan Frekuensi Pernafasan Pada Klien Tumor Paru Dengan Pemberian Terapi Inhalasi Nebulizer

Tumorparu dapat menyebabkan berbagai gejala yang timbul bagi pasien, gejalayang sering dirasakan pasien dengan tumor paru adalah sesak. Sesak pada malam hari dapat meyebabkan kualitas tidur pasien terganggu. Tindakan keperawatan untuk mengatasi gejala tersebut adalah terapi inhalasi. Terapi inhalasi adalah pemberian obat secara inhalasi (hirupan) ke dalam saluran respiratori.Studi kasus ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruhpemberian terapi inhalasi nebulizer terhadap penurunan frekuensi pernafasan pada pasien tumor paru. Desain studi kasus ini menggunakan deskriptif dengan pendekatan proses asuhan keperawatan. Subjek studi kasus adalah pasien tumor paru yang menjalani rawat inap. Subjek studi kasus berjumlah 2 pasien, yang didapatkan secara purposive sampling. Pengambilan data menggunakan instrumen lembar observasi sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan kolaborasi terapi inhalasi nebulizer selama 15 menit. Pasien telah menandatangi lembar persetujuan. Hasil studi kasus menunjukan rata-rata frekuensi pernafasan kedua subjek studi kasus mengalami penurunan setelah diberikan terapi inhalasi nebulizer. Kolaborasi terapi inhalasi nebulizer mampu menurunkan frekuensi pernafasan pada pasien tumor paru. Diharapkan perawat mampu menerapkan terapi inhalasi nebulizer untuk menurunkan frekuensi pernafasan