The encapsulation selectivity for anionic fission products imparted by an electride

The nanoporous oxide 12CaO•7Al2O3 (C12A7) can capture large concentrations of extra-framework species inside its nanopores, while maintaining its thermodynamical stability. Here we use atomistic simulation to predict the efficacy of C12A7 to encapsulate volatile fission products, in its stoichiometric and much more effective electride forms. In the stoichiometric form, while Xe, Kr and Cs are not captured, Br, I and Te exhibit strong encapsulation energies while Rb is only weakly encapsulated from atoms. The high electronegativities of Br, I and Te stabilize their encapsulation as anions. The electride form of C12A7 shows a significant enhancement in the encapsulation of Br, I and Te with all three stable as anions from their atom and dimer reference states. Successive encapsulation of multiple Br, I and Te as single anions in adjacent cages is also energetically favourable. Conversely, Xe, Kr, Rb and Cs are unbound. Encapsulation of homonuclear dimers (Br2, I2 and Te2) and heteronuclear dimers (CsBr and CsI) in a single cage is also unfavourable. Thus, C12A7 offers the desirable prospect of species selectivity

Encapsulation and Aggregation

A notion of object ownership is introduced as a solution to difficult problems of specifying and reasoning about complex linked structures and of modeling aggregates (composit objects). Syntax and semantics are provided for extending Eiffel with language support for object ownership annotation and checking. The ideas also apply to other OOPLs such as C++

Photovoltaic module encapsulation design and materials selection, volume 1

Encapsulation material system requirements, material selection criteria, and the status and properties of encapsulation materials and processes available are presented. Technical and economic goals established for photovoltaic modules and encapsulation systems and their status are described. Available encapsulation technology and data are presented to facilitate design and material selection for silicon flat plate photovoltaic modules, using the best materials available and processes optimized for specific power applications and geographic sites. The operational and environmental loads that encapsulation system functional requirements and candidate design concepts and materials that are identified to have the best potential to meet the cost and performance goals for the flat plate solar array project are described. Available data on encapsulant material properties, fabrication processing, and module life and durability characteristics are presented

What Can Information Encapsulation Tell Us About Emotional Rationality?

What can features of cognitive architecture, e.g. the information encapsulation of certain emotion processing systems, tell us about emotional rationality? de Sousa proposes the following hypothesis: “the role of emotions is to supply the insufficiency of reason by imitating the encapsulation of perceptual modes” (de Sousa 1987: 195). Very roughly, emotion processing can sometimes occur in a way that is insensitive to what an agent already knows, and such processing can assist reasoning by restricting the response-options she considers. This paper aims to provide an exposition and assessment of de Sousa’s hypothesis. I argue information encapsulation is not essential to emotion-driven reasoning, as emotions can determine the relevance of response-options even without being encapsulated. However, I argue encapsulation can still play a role in assisting reasoning by restricting response-options more efficiently, and in a way that ensures which options emotions deem relevant are not overridden by what the agent knows. I end by briefly explaining why this very feature also helps explain how emotions can, on occasion, hinder reasoning

Encapsulation of heavy metals by a nanoporous complex oxide 12CaO · 7Al₂ O₃

The nanoporous oxide 12CaO ⋅ 7Al2O3 (C12A7) offers the possibility of capturing large concentrations of environmentally damaging extra-framework species in its nanopores. Using density functional theory with a dispersion correction, we predict the structures and energetics of some heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Pb) trapped by the stoichiometric and electride form of C12A7. In the stoichiometric form, while Zn, Cd, Hg, and Pb are encapsulated weakly, Cr, Ni, and Cu exhibit strong encapsulation energies. The electride form of C12A7 shows a significant enhancement in the encapsulation of Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb. Successive encapsulation of multiple Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb as single species in adjacent cages of C12A7 is also energetically favorable

Electricity from photovoltaic solar cells: Flat-Plate Solar Array Project final report. Volume VII: Module encapsulation

The Flat-Plate Solar Array (FSA) Project, funded by the U.S. Government and managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, was formed in 1975 to develop the module/array technology needed to attain widespread terrestrial use of photovoltaics by 1985. To accomplish this, the FSA Project established and managed an Industry, University, and Federal Government Team to perform the needed research and development. The objective of the Encapsulation Task was to develop, demonstrate, and qualify photovoltaic (PV) module encapsulation systems that would provide 20-year (later increased to 30-year) life expectancies in terrestrial environments, and which would be compatible with the cost and performance goals of the FSA Project. The scope of the Encapsulation Task included the identification, development, and evaluation of material systems and configurations required to support and protect the optically and electrically active solar cell circuit components in the PV module operating environment. Encapsulation material technologies summarized in this report include the development of low-cost ultraviolet protection techniques, stable low-cost pottants, soiling resistant coatings, electrical isolation criteria, processes for optimum interface bonding, and analytical and experimental tools for evaluating the long-term durability and structural adequacy of encapsulated modules. Field testing, accelerated stress testing, and design studies have demonstrated that encapsulation materials, processes, and configurations are available that will meet the FSA cost and performance goals. Thirty-year module life expectancies are anticipated based on accelerated stress testing results and on extrapolation of real-time field exposures in excess of 9 years

Encapsulation performance of layer-by-layer microcapsules for proteins

This study reports on the encapsulation efficiency of proteins in dextran sulfate/poly-l-arginine-based microcapsules, fabricated via layer-by-layer assembly (LbL). For this purpose, radiolabeled proteins are entrapped in CaCO3 microparticles, followed by LbL coating of the CaCO3 cores and subsequent dissolving of the CaCO3 using EDTA. To allow to improve protein encapsulation in LbL microcapsules, we studied all steps in the preparation of the microcapsules where loss of protein load might occur. The encapsulation efficiency of proteins in LbL microcapsules turns out to be strongly dependent on both the charge and molecular weight of the protein as well as on the number of polyelectrolyte bilayers the microcapsules consist of

Cucurbit[n]uril binding of platinum anticancer complexes

The encapsulation of cisplatin by cucurbit[7]uril (Q[7]) and multinuclear platinum complexes linked via a 4,4′-dipyrazolylmethane (dpzm) ligand by Q[7] and cucurbit[8]uril (Q[8]) has been studied by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling. The NMR studies suggest that some cisplatin binds in the cucurbituril cavity, while cis-[PtCl(NH3)2(H2O)]+ only binds at the portals. Alternatively, the dpzm-linked multinuclear platinum complexes are quantitatively encapsulated within the cavities of both Q[7] and Q[8]. Upon encapsulation, the non-exchangeable proton resonances of the multinuclear platinum complexes show significant upfield shifts in 1H NMR spectra. The H3/H3* resonances shift upfield by 0.08 to 0.55 ppm, the H5/H5* shift by 0.9 to 1.6 ppm, while the methylene resonances shift by 0.74 to 0.88 ppm. The size of the resonance shift is dependent on the cavity size of the encapsulating cucurbituril, with Q[7] encapsulation producing larger shifts than Q[8]. The upfield shifts of the dpzm resonances observed upon cucurbituril encapsulation indicate that the Q[7] or Q[8] is positioned directly over the dpzm linking ligand. The terminal platinum groups of trans-[{PtCl(NH3)2}2μ-dpzm]2+ (di-Pt) and trans-[trans-{PtCl(NH3)2}2-trans-{Pt(dpzm)2(NH3)2}]4+ (tri-Pt) provide a barrier to the on and off movement of cucurbituril, resulting in binding kinetics that are slow on the NMR timescale for the metal complex. Although the dpzm ligand has relatively few rotamers, encapsulation by the larger Q[8] resulted in a more compact di-Pt conformation with each platinum centre retracted further into each Q[8] portal. Encapsulation of the hydrolysed forms of di-Pt and tri-Pt is considerably slower than for the corresponding Cl forms, presumably due to the high-energy cost of passing the +2 platinum centres through the cucurbituril portals. The results of this study suggest that cucurbiturils could be suitable hosts for the pharmacological delivery of multinuclear platinum complexe