Instrumentos aplicados en la evaluación psicológica realizada en el deporte

M. Roffé, Evaluación psicodeportológica. 30 Test psicométricos y proyectivo

Exercise addiction: an emergent behavioral disorder

relevante en el mantenimiento de la salud y en la prevención de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, el ejercicio en exceso puede generar efectos adversos tanto sobre la salud física como mental. Objetivos: sintetizar el estado actual de los conocimientos sobre la adicción al ejercicio, considerando su definición, síntomatología, diagnóstico, aspectos epidemiológicos, factores etiológicos y posibilidades de intervención. Método: se revisaron artículos relacionados con el tema en las bases de datos Pubmed, Sportdiscus, PsycINFO, Scopus y Web of Science, utilizando combinaciones de las siguientes palabras clave: “ejercicio”, “adicción” y “dependencia”. Resultados: el ejercicio regular practicado en exceso puede generar comportamientos adictivos con consecuencias adversas sobre la salud y pérdida de la calidad de vida. El diagnóstico de la adicción al ejercicio se apoya en la utilización de cuestionarios, siendo los más empleados la Escala de Dependencia del Ejercicio (EDS) y el Inventario de Adicción al Ejercicio (EAI). Mediante dichos instrumentos se ha estimado una prevalencia entre quienes practican habitualmente ejercicio en torno a un 3%. Las distintas hipótesis propuestas para explicar la etiología de este trastorno incluyen mecanismos tanto fisiológicos como psicológicos. El tratamiento se basa en aproximaciones cognitivo-conductuales, cuya eficacia requiere confirmación. Conclusiones: aunque existen distintas hipótesis para explicar la dependencia del ejercicio, aún son necesarios modelos integrativos. También se requiere una validación clínica de los instrumentos utilizados para el diagnóstico y la profundización en la relación con las alteraciones de la conducta alimentaria.Background: regular physical activity plays a relevant role in health maintenance and disease prevention. However, excess exercise may generate adverse effects both on physical and mental activity. Aims: to provide a state-of-the-art overview on exercise addiction, considering its concept, symptoms, diagnosis, epidemiological aspects, etiological factors, and potential interventions. Methods: articles related to the topic were reviewed through Pubmed, Sportdiscus, PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of Science databases, using combinations of the following keywords: “exercise”, “addiction” and “dependence”. Results: regular exercise taken into excess may result in adverse health consequences and quality of life impairment. Diagnosis of exercise addiction requires the employment of questionnaires such as the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS) and the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI). These instruments have allowed the estimation of a 3% prevalence among exercise practitioners. Proposed hypotheses to explain the etiology of this disorder include both physiological and psychological mechanisms. Treatment is based on the cognitive-behavioral approach, but effectiveness needs to be evaluated. Conclusions: although different hypotheses have been proposed to explain exercise dependence, integrative models are still necessary. A clinical validation of diagnostic instruments and a deepening into the relationship with behavioral eating disorders are also required

La convicción en las actitudes relacionadas con el dopaje : un estudio experimental con entrenadores de fútbol

Este experimento analizó el efecto que el pensamiento deliberativo involucrado en el procesamiento de información relevante produjo sobre la convicción de los participantes en sus actitudes relacionadas con el dopaje. Los participantes fueron entrenadores de fútbol que recibieron por escrito una propuesta (i.e., un mensaje persuasivo) en contra (o a favor) de la legalización de algunas sustancias y conductas consideradas como dopaje en la actualidad. A su vez, la cantidad de pensamiento deliberativo (i.e., la probabilidad de elaboración, alta vs. baja) fue manipulada entre los participanes. Finalmente, las actitudes hacia la propuesta de legalización y la convicción en esas actitudes fueron medidas como variables dependientes. Como se predijo, los resultados mostraron que las actitudes fueron significativamente influidas sólo por la dirección del mensaje persuasivo (η2 = .064); de tal forma que los entrenadores que recibieron el mensaje en contra de la legalización mostraron actitudes más desfavorables que los que recibieron el mensaje a favor. Sin embargo, como se esperaba, la convicción en las actitudes estuvo sólo en función de la elaboración (η2 = .050). Así, los entrenadores de la condición de alta probabilidad de elaboración mostraron más convicción en sus actitudes que los de la condición de baja probabilidad de elaboración. En este artículo, discutimos la importancia de esta convicción para comprender y predecir mejor el impacto que las actitudes tienen sobre los consecuentes modos de pensar y de actuar de entrenadores y deportistas respecto al dopaje.This experiment analysed the effect that deliberative thinking involved in the processing of relevant information had on the conviction of the participants in their doping-related attitudes. Participants were football coaches who received a written proposal (i.e., a persuasive message) against (or in favour of) the legalization of several banned substances and doping behaviours. Moreover, the extent of deliberative thinking (i.e., the elaboration likelihood, high vs. low) was manipulated between participants. Finally, attitudes towards legalization and conviction in those attitudes were assessed as dependent variables. As predicted, results showed attitudes were only affected by the direction of the message (η2 = .064). Therefore, coaches who received the message against legalisation showed attitudes which were less favourable than coaches who received the message in favour of legalization. However, as expected, conviction was only in relation to elaboration likelihood (η2 = .050). Thus, coaches with a high elaboration likelihood showed more conviction in their attitudes than coaches with a low elaboration likelihood. In this paper, we discuss the importance of conviction in the understanding and the prediction of the impact of attitudes on subsequent thinking and behaviour with respect to doping in coaches and athletes.Este estudo analisou o efeito que o pensamento deliberativo envolvido no processamento de informação relevante produziu sobre a convicção dos participantes nas suas atitudes relacionadas com o doping. Os participantes foram treinadores de futebol que receberam por escrito uma proposta (i.e., uma mensagem persuasiva) contra (ou a favor) da legalização de algumas substâncias e comportamentos considerados como doping na actualidade. Por seu turno, a quantidade de pensamento deliberativo (i.e., a probabilidade de elaboração, Alta vs. Baixa) foi manipulada entre os participantes. Por último, as atitudes face à proposta de legalização e a convicção nessas atitudes foram medidas como variáveis dependentes. Como foi hipotetizado, os resultados mostram que as atitudes foram significativamente influídas apenas pela direcção da mensagem persuasiva (η2 = .064); de tal forma que os treinadores que receberam a mensagem contra a legalização revelaram atitudes mais desfavoráveis que os que receberam a mensagem a favor. Contudo, como esperado, a convicção nas atitudes variaram apenas em função da elaboração (η2 = .050). Assim, os treinadores da condição de alta probabilidade de elaboração revelaram mais convicção nas suas atitudes que os da condição de baixa probabilidade de elaboração. Neste artigo, discutimos a importância desta convicção para compreender e prever melhor o impacto que as atitudes têm sobre os consequentes modos de pensar e actuar dos treinadores e atletas a respeito do doping

Hybrid analysis of nonlinear circuits: DAE models with indices zero and one

We extend in this paper some previous results concerning the differential-algebraic index of hybrid models of electrical and electronic circuits. Specifically, we present a comprehensive index characterization which holds without passivity requirements, in contrast to previous approaches, and which applies to nonlinear circuits composed of uncoupled, one-port devices. The index conditions, which are stated in terms of the forest structure of certain digraph minors, do not depend on the specific tree chosen in the formulation of the hybrid equations. Additionally, we show how to include memristors in hybrid circuit models; in this direction, we extend the index analysis to circuits including active memristors, which have been recently used in the design of nonlinear oscillators and chaotic circuits. We also discuss the extension of these results to circuits with controlled sources, making our framework of interest in the analysis of circuits with transistors, amplifiers, and other multiterminal devices

Passion and exercise addiction: Healthier profiles in team than in individual sports

New evidence suggests that passion is linked to exercise addiction. The objective of this work was to determine the strength of the relationship between exercise addiction, obsessive passion, and harmonious passion in team versus individual sports. Athletes (n = 190) from three team and three individual sports were examined. Results of hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that obsessive passion and harmonious passion were significant (p < .001) predictors (R2 = .39) of exercise addiction. Obsessive passion accounted for 25% and 50% of the variance in team and individual sports, respectively. Harmonious passion added little to the shared variance (3–4%). The levels of risk for exercise addiction were identical (15%) in the two groups. In team sports, harmonious passion was higher than in individual sports (p < .001). The current results suggest that profiles of passion in team sports are superior to those in individual sports, while the risk for exercise addiction is similar

Saddle-Node bifurcations in classical and memristive circuits

This paper addresses a systematic characterization of saddle-node bifurcations in nonlinear electrical and electronic circuits. Our approach is a circuit-theoretic one, meaning that the bifurcation is analyzed in terms of the devices’ characteristics and the graph-theoretic properties of the digraph underlying the circuit. The analysis is based on a reformulation of independent interest of the saddle-node theorem of Sotomayor for semiexplicit index one differential-algebraic equations (DAEs), which define the natural context to set up nonlinear circuit models. The bifurcation is addressed not only for classical circuits, but also for circuits with memristors. The presence of this device systematically leads to nonisolated equilibria, and in this context the saddle-node bifurcation is shown to yield a bifurcation of manifolds of equilibria; in cases with a single memristor, this phenomenon describes the splitting of a line of equilibria into two, with different stability properties

LSS-3 leadership scale adaptation in soccer

Dadas las características teóricas y empíricas del Modelo Multidimensional de Liderazgo de Chelladurai, el presente trabajo de investigación tiene por objetivo adaptar la escala de Liderazgo al deporte del Fútbol (versión percepción de los propios entrenadores; LSS-3) en castellano, analizando sus propiedades psicométricas y el grado de congruencia y divergencia hallado en estudios precedentes. La adaptación se ha realizado a partir de la escala de Crespo, Balaguer y Atienza (1994) en el deporte del tenis. Los resultados muestran como no se mantiene la estructura factorial de cinco factores propuesta por Chelladurai y Saleh (1980), si bien se obtiene de forma significativa un importante grado de estabilidad factorial en las dimensiones Entrenamiento e Instrucción, Feedback Positivo y Conducta Autocrática. Asimismo, se obtienen valores adecuados de consistencia interna en todas las escalas, a excepción de Conducta Democrática y Conducta Autocrática. Por último, se discuten las implicaciones prácticas y de investigación de esta escala para el fútbolGiven the theoretical and empirical characteristics of the Multidimensional Model of Leadership Chelladurai, this research aims to adapt the level of leadership to football soccer (version perception of their own coaches, LSS-3) in Spanish, analyzing its psychometric properties and the degree of congruence and divergence in previous studies. The adjustment has been made taking the scale of Crespo, Balaguer and Atienza (1994) point of departure in tennis. The results show how the factor structure of five factors proposed by Chelladurai and Saleh (1980) is not kept, although one gets a significantly high degree of stability factor in the following dimensions: Training and Instruction, Positive Feedback and Autocratic Behavior. Except for Conduct Democratic and Autocratic Conduct, good internal consistency values on all scales are also obtained. Finally, we address the practical implications and research of this scale on football socce

Hardiness in endurence races: a comparision between skyrunning and 10 kilometers

Esta investigación ha sido realizada, en parte, dentro del programa de Máster en Psicología de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (UAM-COE)Hardiness is an individual characteristic which allows to coping with life stressors and turning them into advantages (Kobasa, 1979; Maddi, 2006). Their components of Commitment, Control & Challenge can protect the athletes against the unpredictable circumstances of endurance running. The purpose of this study was to compare for the first time the hardiness levels between two groups of endurance runners and to determinate if this levels were related with a successful race performance. Volunteers 130 (69 ultra trail and 61 10.06K) runners, ranged in age from 20 to 56 years (M = 35.4, SD = 7.3), who completed the 30-item Hardiness for Marathoners Scale (EPRM) (Jaenes, Godoy and Román, 2008) during the day race. Mean analysis comparison revealed that there was no differences in hardiness levels between the two groups (Z = .280, p = .77), the fastest ultra trail race times were independent from high hardiness levels (r = -.072, p = .30). Moreover, no differences in hardiness were found between ultra runners who finished the race and those who drop out (p = .78). The results suggest that high Hardiness levels are a psychological characteristic of long distance runners. Furthermore, sport performance was not related with high Hardiness levels.: La Personalidad Resistente es una característica individual que permite hacer frente a los estímulos estresores de la vida y convertirlos en oportunidades de crecimiento (Kobasa, 1979; Maddi, 2006). Sus tres componentes: Compromiso, Control y Desafío pueden proteger a los deportistas contra las impredecibles situaciones de las carreras de fondo. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar por primera vez los niveles de personalidad resistente de dos grupos de corredores de fondo, así como determinar si existe una relación entre los niveles de personalidad resistente y el rendimiento deportivo. 130 voluntarios (69 corredores de ultrafondo y 61 corredores participantes de una prueba de 10.06 kilómetros) con un rango de edad de 20 a 56 años (M = 35.4, DT = 7.3), quienes completaron el día de la competición la Escala de Personalidad Resistente en Maratonianos (EPRM) (Jaenes, Godoy y Román, 2008). El análisis de comparación de medias, reveló que no existieron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos de corredores de fondo (Z = .280, p = .77), así mismo las mejores marcas en la prueba de ultra fondo fueron independientes de los niveles de personalidad resistente (r = -.072, p = .30), aquellos corredores que completaron el recorrido de ultrafondo no presentaron niveles mayores de personalidad resistente que los deportistas que abandonaron (p =. 78). Los resultados sugieren que un nivel elevado de personalidad resistente forma parte de las características psicológicas de los corredores de fondo. Por otra parte un nivel elevado de personalidad resistente no tuvo influencia sobre el rendimiento obtenido en una carrera de ultrafondo.A Personalidade Resistente é uma característica individual que permite fazer frente aos estímulos stressores da vida e convertê-los em oportunidades de crescimento (Kobasa, 1979; Maddi, 2006). Os seus três componentes: Compromisso, Controlo e Desafio podem proteger os desportistas contra situações imprevisíveis das corridas de fundo. O objectivo deste estudo foi comparar pela primeira vez os níveis de personalidade resistente de dois grupos de corredores de fundo, assim como determinar se existe uma relação entre os níveis de personalidade resistente e rendimento desportivo. Para tal, 130 voluntários (69 corredores de ultra-fundo e 61 corredores participantes de uma prova de 10.06 kilómetros) com idades compreendidas entre os 20 e os 56 anos (M = 35.4, DP = 7.3), completaram no dia da competição a Escala de Personalidad Resistente en Maratonianos (EPRM) (Jaenes, Godoy & Román, 2008). A análise de comparação de médias revelou que não existem diferenças significativas entre ambos os grupos de corredores de fundo (Z = .280, p = .77), contudo as melhores marcas na prova de ultra-fundo foram independentes dos níveis de personalidade resistente (r = -.072, p = .30) e os corredores que completaram a prova de ultra-fundo não apresentaram níveis superiores de personalidade resistente comparativamente com os atletas que desistiram (p = .78). Os resultados sugerem que um nível elevado de personalidade resistente faz parte das características psicológicas dos corredores de fundo. Por outro lado, um nível elevado de personalidade resistente não revelou influência sobre o rendimento obtido numa corrida de ultra-fundo

Las crisis durante el juego : el gol psicológico en el fútbol

The objective of this study is to delve empirically and theoretically into the relationship between an essential situational variable in football scoring a goal in the last stretch of the first period and its consequences in terms of the matchs final score. A theoretical framework was devised and the results of data from two top-level championships the Spanish and Argentine national leagues confirm the existence of this effect. The discussion analyses the importance of the players cognitive interpretation of the situation to explain the phenomenon