Editorial: The model of Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting: unraveling the health implications, volume II

International audienc

EFFECTS OF VEST LOADING ON SPRINT RUNNING BIOMECHANICS

The study investigated the influence of vest loading on relative GRF’s during maximum velocity sprinting, and determined the relationship between flight times and relative vertical GRF’s. As a vertical vector-training stimulus, vest loading decreased flight times and vertical GRFs. Vertical loading does not seem to produce desirable effects on sprinting performance or GRFs

Physical Fitness Responses after Sixteen Weeks of Three Fitness Program Trainings in Untrained Subjects

International Journal of Exercise Science 17(4): 54 - 72, 2024. The remarkable popularity of fitness trends like high intensity functional training (HIFT), choreographed high intensity classes (CHIC) and resistance (RT) trainings raises the question on their effect on cardio-respiratory, lactate removal rate, endurance and body composition responses. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare these effects. Ninety-five participants were randomly assigned into 16 weeks of these trainings, five sessions/week. Anthropometric and fitness tests were carried out before training (PRE), after eight (8W) and sixteen weeks (16W). Body composition measures demonstrated significant decrease in body fat percentage (p\u3c0.001, d=0.17–0.54) for all groups and fat mass (p\u3c 0.001, d= 0.26–0.53) for HIFT and CHIC in 8W,16W and in 16W for RT (p= 0.03 , d= 0.14), also significant increase in fat free mass only in HIFT (p\u3c 0.002, d= 0.06–0.21) and RT (p\u3c 0.001, d= 0.17–0.33) in 8W,16W. Cardio-respiratory measures demonstrated significant improvements in maximal aerobic capacity for HIFT (p\u3c 0.001, d= 0.58–1.26) and CHIC (p\u3c 0.001, d= 0.45–1.21) in 8W,16W. Endurance tests demonstrated significant improvements in 8W,16W in aerobic endurance among HIFT (p\u3c 0.001 , d= 1.28–3.19) and CHIC (p\u3c 0.001 , d= 1.16–1.79), in muscle absolute endurance in three groups (p\u3c 0.002, d= 0.14–1.17)and muscle relative endurance in HIFT (p\u3c 0.02, d= 0.13–0.2)and RT (p= 0.03, d= 0.3) in 16W. We can conclude that HIFT and CHIC are effective for cardio–respiratory and endurance improvement and all three programs are effective in reducing body fa

Physical exercise for a healthy pregnancy: the role of placentokines and exerkines

Complications such as diabetes and preeclampsia can occur during pregnancy. Moderate-intensity exercise can prevent such complications by releasing placentokines and exerkines, such as apelin, adiponectin, leptin, irisin, and chemerin. Exercise and apelin increase thermogenesis and glucose uptake in pregnancy by activating AMPK, PI3K, PGC-1α, AKT1, UCP3, and sarcolipin. Exercise increases apelin levels to reduce preeclampsia symptoms by increasing eNOS, NO, placental growth factor (PlGF), and VEGF and decreasing levels of fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1), soluble endoglin (sEng), and oxidative stress. A negative relationship has been reported between plasma leptin and VO$_{2}$peak/kg and VO$_{2}$peak in women with gestational diabetes. In active women, decreases in leptin levels reduce the risk of preeclampsia by ~ 40%. Higher adiponectin levels are associated with greater physical activity and lead to increased insulin sensitivity. Increased adiponectin levels in preeclampsia and exercise counteract inflammatory and atherogenic activities while also having vascular protective effects. Exercise increases irisin levels that correlate negatively with fasting glucose, insulin concentration, and glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Irisin augments mRNA expression levels of UCP1 and cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-like effector A (cidea) to cause browning of adipose tissue, increased thermogenesis, and increased energy consumption. Irisin concentrations in mothers with preeclampsia in the third trimester negatively correlate with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Expression levels of chemerin, IL-6, and TNF-α are increased in gestational diabetes, and the increases in chemerin in late pregnancy positively correlate with the ratio of sFlt-1 to PlGF as a marker of preeclampsia. The effects of physical exercise on placentokines and exerkines in women at various stages of pregnancy remain poorly understood

How to Use Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Data to Monitor Training Load in the “Real World” of Elite Soccer

[EN] Modern physical training in elite sport is characterized by the systematic and continuous assessment of data on competitive and training performances (Clemente et al., 2019a). In team sports, Global Positioning Systems (GPS) technology is probably the most used monitoring tool to record workloads during training and competitions (Akenhead and Nassis, 2016). In soccer, the training load (TL) has previously been defined as the input variable that is manipulated to elicit the desired training response (Impellizzeri et al., 2019) and it can be differentiated into external and internal loads (Jaspers et al., 2017). While external TL refers to the overall activities of a player, internal TL encompasses the psycho-physiological stress imposed on the player’s body (Jaspers et al., 2017). Both internal and external TLs represent the cumulative exposure of each player to training and competitions (Jaspers et al., 2018). TL can be assessed by means of internal and external measures (Impellizzeri et al., 2019). For internal measures, heart rate or rating of perceived exertion have traditionally been applied (Owen et al., 2015). For external measures, GPS data have proven to be a valid and reliable means (Nikolaidis et al., 2018). GPS measures time motion parameters represented by the distance covered and the number of efforts at different running velocities (e.g., up to 25.2 km/h), as well as bouts of acceleration and deceleration throughout an activity (e.g., up to 3 m/s² or −3 m/s², respectively) at different intensities (Akenhead and Nassis, 2016) over a few meters which are too short to reach high speed running (Varley et al., 2017)

Editorial: Acute: Chronic Workload Ratio: Is There Scientific Evidence?

[EN] The scientific monitoring of athletes is fundamental to determine and understand the individual biological responses to training (Halson, 2014). In elite sports, it is crucial to regularly monitor training and performance to detect biopositive or negative responses that can be used to effectively program training according to the needs of each athlete (Bourdon et al., 2017). Moreover, workload monitoring can also help to assess fatigue and indicate the need for recovery in different physically demanding situations to ultimately avoid injuries (Halson, 2014). As there is evidence that lower injury rates are associated with higher team sport performances (Eirale et al., 2013), sport scientists and medical staff should regularly and accurately evaluate athletes’ injury risk using workload measures (Halson, 2014

Wearable inertial measurement unit to accelerometer-based training monotony and strain during a soccer season: A within-group study for starters and non-starters

The purpose of this study was to analyze the intragroup differences in weekly training monotony (TM) and training strain (TS) between starter and non-starter male professional soccer players at accelerometry-based variables throughout the periods of a season. TM and TS of different accelerations and decelerations zones for twenty-one players were followed for forty-eight weeks. Regardless of group, players obtained the highest mean TM (starters = 3.3 ± 0.6, non-starters = 2.2 ± 1.1, in arbitrary unit, AU) and TS (starters = 1288.9 ± 265.2, non-starters = 765.4 ± 547.5, AU) scores in the pre-season for accelerations at Zone 1 (<2 m/s2). The results also indicated that both groups exhibited similar TM and TS scores in accelerations at Zones 2 (2 to 4 m/s2) and 3 (>4 m/s2) across the entire season. While the starters showed the highest TM and TS scores at deceleration Zone 1 (<−2 m/s2) in the end-season, the non-starters exhibited the highest scores at the deceleration Zone 1 in pre-season. It seems that in pre-season, coaches applied higher levels of training with greater emphasis on deceleration for non-starters. This tendency was reduced over time for non-starters, while starters presented higher values of deceleration Zone 1. These results highlight the variations in TM and TS across the different periods of a full season according to match starting status among professional soccer players, and the results suggest that non-starter players should receive higher levels of load to compensate for non-participation in matches throughout a soccer season

Association between the acute to chronic workload ratio and injury occurrence in young male team soccer players: a preliminary study

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the acute to chronic workload ratio (ACWR), based upon participant session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE), using two models [(1) rolling averages (ACWR(RA)); and (2) exponentially weighted moving averages (ACWR(EWMA))] and the injury rate in young male team soccer players aged 17.1 +/- 0.7 years during a competitive mesocycle. Twenty-two players were enrolled in this study and performed four training sessions per week with 2 days of recovery and 1 match day per week. During each training session and each weekly match, training time and sRPE were recorded. In addition, training impulse (TRIMP), monotony, and strain were subsequently calculated. The rate of injury was recorded for each soccer player over a period of 4 weeks (i.e., 28 days) using a daily questionnaire. The results showed that over the course of the study, the number of non-contact injuries was significantly higher than that for contact injuries (2.5 vs. 0.5,p= 0.01). There were also significant positive correlations between sRPE and training time (r= 0.411,p= 0.039), ACWR(RA)(r= 0.47,p= 0.049), and ACWR(EWMA)(r= 0.51,p= 0.038). In addition, small-to-medium correlations were detected between ACWR and non-contact injury occurrence (ACWR(RA),r= 0.31,p= 0.05; ACWR(EWMA),r= 0.53,p= 0.03). Explained variance (r(2)) for non-contact injury was significantly greater using the ACWR(EWMA)model (ranging between 21 and 52%) compared with ACWR(RA)(ranging between 17 and 39%). In conclusion, the results of this study showed that the ACWR(EWMA)model is more sensitive than ACWR(RA)to identify non-contact injury occurrence in male team soccer players during a short period in the competitive season

Resistance exercise in a hot environment alters serum markers in untrained males

Purpose:We examined the effects of moderate resistance exercise (RE) on serum cortisol, testosterone, extracellular heat shock protein (HSP70), and interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-15 concentrations in untrained males in a hot environment. Methods:Ten untrained young males (26 +/- 3 years; 75.8 +/- 6 kg; 177.4 +/- 5.3 cm) performed two series of full body RE [3 sets of 8 to 10 repetitions, 30-60 s recovery between series with 70% of one maximal repetition (1-RM), with a rest period of 1 to 3 min between exercises] carried out in a random order in both heated (similar to 35 degrees C) and thermoneutral (22 degrees C) conditions. Serum concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, HSP70, and IL-6 and IL-15 were measured before, at the end, and 1 h after RE sessions. Participants in both groups consumed 4 ml of water/kg body mass every 15 min. Results:There were time-related changes in testosterone, HSP70, and IL-6 (P 0.05). Conclusion:RE in a heated environment may not be appropriate for achieving muscle adaptations due to acute changes of hormonal and inflammatory markers

Multimodal benefits of exercise in patients with multiple sclerosis and COVID-19

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease characterized by plaque formation and neuroinflammation. The plaques can present in various locations, causing a variety of clinical symptoms in patients with MS. Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is also associated with systemic inflammation and a cytokine storm which can cause plaque formation in several areas of the brain. These concurring events could exacerbate the disease burden of MS. We review the neuro-invasive properties of SARS-CoV-2 and the possible pathways for the entry of the virus into the central nervous system (CNS). Complications due to this viral infection are similar to those occurring in patients with MS. Conditions related to MS which make patients more susceptible to viral infection include inflammatory status, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, function of CNS cells, and plaque formation. There are also psychoneurological and mood disorders associated with both MS and COVID-19 infections. Finally, we discuss the effects of exercise on peripheral and central inflammation, BBB integrity, glia and neural cells, and remyelination. We conclude that moderate exercise training prior or after infection with SARS-CoV-2 can produce health benefits in patients with MS patients, including reduced mortality and improved physical and mental health of patients with MS.9513-E3E4-C5C9 | Sílvia Fernanda Rocha RodriguesN/