5 research outputs found
Pour une meilleure qualitĂ© spatiale. Cas des espaces extĂ©rieurs dans lâhabitat collectif Ă Biskra Ă Biskra.
Cette recherche tente, sur un plan thĂ©orique et pratique, de mener une investigation dans lâun des domaines les plus complexes : câest la qualitĂ© architecturale et urbaine et son Ă©valuation. Elle se focalise sur lâapprĂ©hension de ces concepts et leurs acceptions dans le champ Ă©pistĂ©mologique et par rapport aux modĂšles praxis. Comme fondement infrastructurel, ces connaissances ont permis lâengagement dâune rĂ©flexion stipulant que la qualitĂ© des objets spatiaux est liĂ©e fondamentalement Ă la qualitĂ© de leurs processus de production. Le couple : (produit/processus) forme le contenant et le contenu de cette thĂšse et Ă partir de sa maĂźtrise, elle vise et clarifie ses objectifs, dont le principal est la confirmation de ce lien.
Dâautres objectifs ne manquent pas dâimportance telle la progression dans des mĂ©thodes dâanalyse qualitative et quantitative pour objectiver lâĂ©valuation de la qualitĂ© spatiale. MATEA : modĂšle dâanalyse thĂ©orique et expĂ©rimentale dâarchitecture, nâĂ©tant pas isolĂ© des autres mĂ©thodes et dĂ©marches dâĂ©valuation analysĂ©es, mais faisant partie dâelles, a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ© dans la notre aprĂšs amĂ©lioration. Le dĂ©veloppement et lâapplication de ces mĂ©thodes ont ouvert une brĂšche sur la possibilitĂ© de quantification de la qualitĂ© et du coup, ils ont permis de sâinvestir encore plus dans le thĂšme de lâobjectivitĂ© Ă©valuative des objets spatiaux et leur processus de production. MASQS : modĂšle dâanalyse et du suivi de la qualitĂ© spatiale, que la prĂ©sente recherche octroie, est une nouvelle naissance dans cette optique.
Tout objet spatial, du plus petit au plus complexe, peut faire un cas dâĂ©tude pour lâapplication de la mĂ©thodologie dĂ©veloppĂ©e dans cette recherche. Les espaces extĂ©rieurs de lâhabitat collectif Ă Biskra ont formĂ© ce cas dâĂ©tude de par leur envergure et leur reprĂ©sentativitĂ© dans la ville et aussi la facilitĂ© de leur accessibilitĂ©. Leur mauvaise qualitĂ© est constatĂ©e par les professionnels et spĂ©cialistes mais aussi par leurs habitants et les citoyens. Ce constat unanime mais subjectif interpelle lâesprit scientifique Ă le prouver Ă lâaide de mĂ©thodologies Ă©clairĂ©es. Cette recherche sâarticule autour de cette problĂ©matique qui vise lâobjectivitĂ© dans lâĂ©valuation de la qualitĂ© spatial
OBJECTIVITE EVALUATIVE ET ABSENCE DE QUALITE ARCHITECTURALE. CAS DES ESPACES EXTERIEURS DANS LâHABITAT COLLECTIF A BISKRA (ALGERIE)
Quâelle soit architecturale ou urbaine, la « qualitĂ© spatiale » est un concept caractĂ©risĂ© par un degrĂ© dâabstraction assez Ă©levĂ©.  Il reste lâun des plus complexes tant dans sa dĂ©finition que dans son apprĂ©ciation. La difficultĂ© de son Ă©valuation rĂ©side, non seulement, dans lâĂ©tendue et la multiplicitĂ© des variables dâimpact qui entourent la notion de « spatialitĂ© » mais aussi dans la diversitĂ© des acteurs qui interviennent dans toutes les Ă©tapes de son processus de production et de son cycle de vie fonctionnel. Ce papier tente, sur un plan dĂ©monstratif, de simplifier cette complexitĂ© en approchant lâĂ©valuation qualitative spatiale de maniĂšre relativiste. HypothĂ©tiquement, lâobjet spatial est, tout au long de son cycle de vie, sujet Ă une Ă©valuation continue de points de vue diffĂ©rents les uns des autres. Sa qualitĂ© ne peut ĂȘtre que relative par rapport Ă lâapprĂ©ciation des acteurs impliquĂ©s dans son élaboration et ce, à  travers les diffĂ©rentes temporalitĂ©s de son existence. Ce travail de recherche prend pour cas dâĂ©tude, les espaces extĂ©rieurs des ensembles dâhabitat collectif de la ville de Biskra (ville du Sud Est algĂ©rien). Leur Ă©tat est dans lâensemble dĂ©gradĂ© et insalubre ; il est en gĂ©nĂ©ral dâune mauvaise qualitĂ©. Ce constat relĂšve dâune subjectivitĂ© empirique, ressentie unanimement aussi bien par les spĂ©cialistes que par les habitants de la ville. Cependant, y a-t-il une dĂ©marche scientifique dans le champ de lâarchitecture qui approche la problĂ©matique de lâĂ©valuation de la qualitĂ© dâune maniĂšre plus objective? Yâa-t-il une maniĂšre de faire fiable qui rassemble un maximum de critĂšres ayant une relation avec la mesure quantitative de la qualitĂ© spatiale ? Le modĂšle MATEA (modĂšles pour lâanalyse, la thĂ©orie et lâexpĂ©rimentation architecturale) dĂ©veloppĂ© par le Professeur HANROT StĂ©phane de lâĂ©cole nationale supĂ©rieure dâarchitecture de Marseille Luminy semble rĂ©pondre aux objectifs escomptĂ©s. A travers lâanalyse et lâĂ©valuation des espaces extĂ©rieurs des ensembles dâhabitat collectif, en amont et en aval de leur matĂ©rialisation, des enseignements, des rĂšgles, des relations et des connaissances se dĂ©gagent. Les concepts manifestes et latents liĂ©s aux objets analysĂ©s constituent des rĂ©fĂ©rentiels importants non seulement par rapport Ă la crĂ©ation architecturale et urbaine mais aussi par rapport Ă lâamĂ©lioration de lâespace construit
Essential Oils from Two Apiaceae Species as Potential Agents in Organic Crops Protection
International audienceChemical composition and herbicidal, antifungal, antibacterial and molluscicidal activities of essential oils from Choukzerk, Eryngium triquetrum, and Alexander, Smyrnium olusatrum, from western Algeria were characterized. Capillary GC-FID and GC/MS were used to investigate chemical composition of both essential oils, and the antifungal, antibacterial, molluscicidal and herbicidal activities were determined by % inhibition. Collective essential oil of E. triquetrum was dominated by falcarinol (74.8%) and octane (5.6%). The collective essential oil of S. olusatrum was dominated by furanoeremophilone (31.5%), furanodiene+curzurene (19.3%) and (E)-ÎČ-caryophyllene (11%). The E. triquetrum oil was tested and a pure falcarinol (99%) showed virtuous herbicidal and antibacterial activities against potato blackleg disease, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, and Gram-negative soil bacterium, Pseudomonas cichorii (85 and 100% inhibition, respectively), and high ecotoxic activity against brine shrimp, Artemia salina, and the freshwater snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, with an IC50 of 0.35 ”g/mL and 0.61 ”g/mL, respectively. Essential oil of S. olusatrum showed interesting antibacterial and ecotoxic activity and good herbicidal activity against watercress seeds, Lepidium sativum (74% inhibition of photosynthesis, 80% mortality on growth test on model watercress), while the furanoeremophilone isolated from the oil (99% pure) showed moderate herbicidal activity. Both oils showed excellent antifungal activity against Fusarium. Both oils and especially falcarinol demonstrated good potential as new biocontrol agents in organic crop protection
The Polarity and Specificity of Antiviral T Lymphocyte Responses Determine Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Patients with Cancer and Healthy Individuals
International audienceAbstract Vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) relies on the in-depth understanding of protective immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). We characterized the polarity and specificity of memory T cells directed against SARS-CoV-2 viral lysates and peptides to determine correlates with spontaneous, virus-elicited, or vaccine-induced protection against COVID-19 in disease-free and cancer-bearing individuals. A disbalance between type 1 and 2 cytokine release was associated with high susceptibility to COVID-19. Individuals susceptible to infection exhibited a specific deficit in the T helper 1/T cytotoxic 1 (Th1/Tc1) peptide repertoire affecting the receptor binding domain of the spike protein (S1-RBD), a hotspot of viral mutations. Current vaccines triggered Th1/Tc1 responses in only a fraction of all subject categories, more effectively against the original sequence of S1-RBD than that from viral variants. We speculate that the next generation of vaccines should elicit Th1/Tc1 T-cell responses against the S1-RBD domain of emerging viral variants. Significance: This study prospectively analyzed virus-specific T-cell correlates of protection against COVID-19 in healthy and cancer-bearing individuals. A disbalance between Th1/Th2 recall responses conferred susceptibility to COVID-19 in both populations, coinciding with selective defects in Th1 recognition of the receptor binding domain of spike. See related commentary by McGary and Vardhana, p. 892. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 87
Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA virus shedding and lymphopenia are hallmarks of COVID-19 in cancer patients with poor prognosis
International audiencePatients with cancer are at higher risk of severe coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the mechanisms underlying virusâhost interactions during cancer therapies remain elusive. When comparing nasopharyngeal swabs from cancer and noncancer patients for RT-qPCR cycle thresholds measuring acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 1063 patients (58% with cancer), we found that malignant disease favors the magnitude and duration of viral RNA shedding concomitant with prolonged serum elevations of type 1 IFN that anticorrelated with anti-RBD IgG antibodies. Cancer patients with a prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection exhibited the typical immunopathology of severe COVID-19 at the early phase of infection including circulation of immature neutrophils, depletion of nonconventional monocytes, and a general lymphopenia that, however, was accompanied by a rise in plasmablasts, activated follicular T-helper cells, and non-naive Granzyme B + FasL + , Eomes high TCF-1 high , PD-1 + CD8 + Tc1 cells. Virus-induced lymphopenia worsened cancer-associated lymphocyte loss, and low lymphocyte counts correlated with chronic SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding, COVID-19 severity, and a higher risk of cancer-related death in the first and second surge of the pandemic. Lymphocyte loss correlated with significant changes in metabolites from the polyamine and biliary salt pathways as well as increased blood DNA from Enterobacteriaceae and Micrococcaceae gut family members in long-term viral carriers. We surmise that cancer therapies may exacerbate the paradoxical association between lymphopenia and COVID-19-related immunopathology, and that the prevention of COVID-19-induced lymphocyte loss may reduce cancer-associated death