Did Trade Liberalization Help Women? The Case of México in the 1990s

Abstract: With the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, Mexico entered a bilateral free trade agreement which not only lowered its own tariffs on imports but also lowered tariffs on its exports to the U.S. We find that women’s relative wage increased, particularly during the period of liberalization. Both between and within-industry shifts also favored female workers. With regards to between-industry shifts, tariff reductions expanded sectors which were initially female intensive. With regards to within-industry shifts, we find a positive association between reductions in export tariffs (U.S. tariffs on Mexican goods) and hiring of women in skilled blue-collar occupations. Finally, we find suggestive evidence that household bargaining power shifted in favor of women. Expenditures shifted from goods associated with male preference, such as men’s clothing and tobacco and alcohol, to those associated with female preference such as women’s clothing and educatio

De la mirada y la seducción

A modo de preámbulo, consideramos importante mencionar que el presente ensayo pretende entrelazar los conceptos mirada y seducción desde distintas ópticas. Se plantean someramente algunas ideas desde la filosofía hasta el psicoanálisis. Se inicia con una "mirada" a las construcciones literarias de creadores de gran importancia, tales como Jean Braudrillard y Georges Bataille, en quienes se estudia la idea del ojo perverso, de la mirada y el deseo, subjetividad que nos atrapa. Se ambiciona articular con teorizaciones psicoanalíticas de lo inconsciente, abundando en investigaciones freudianas y de otros teóricos del psicoanálisis para analizar e interpretar sus "seductoras" aportaciones

Manejo de emociones: un factor determinante del desempeño docente en las instituciones de educación universitaria

Organizations today are increasingly concerned with finding methods and strategies aimed at developing competencies in their collaborators that facilitate successful performance. Proper handling of emotions allows people to take charge of their lives and find their personal balance. The present study aimed to analyze the management of emotions as a determinant of educational performance in university education institutions, taking as an illustration the Department of Basic and Social Studies of the Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA). The work is framed in a field research with a non-experimental design of descriptive level. The technique used for data collection was the survey, for which a questionnaire-type instrument was developed based on a Likert Scale, validated through expert judgment and reliability was measured with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The study population consisted of thirty (30) teachers, which were selected in their entirety. For the tabulation and analysis of the data, descriptive statistics were used, the results were presented in tables that included absolute and percentage frequencies for alternative answers, which were illustrated by means of bar graphs. The main findings indicate that the teacher must learn to manage his emotions, be aware of the needs of others, knowing how to develop attention should not only be attentive to your inner reactions, but also to your own reactions. In short, teachers' knowledge in their area of expertise, pedagogical knowledge and social and emotional skills will result in a teacher with a more effective performance, capable of creating a positive environment for learning.Las organizaciones en la actualidad, se preocupan cada día más por encontrar métodos y estrategias orientadas a desarrollar competencias en sus colaboradores que faciliten un desempeño exitoso, por cuanto son los conocimientos de las personas, sus capacidades y destrezas, parte de los activos intangibles que le permiten generar valor presente y futuro. Por tanto, la gestión gerencial debe orientar esfuerzos para consolidar en las personas que integran el equipo de trabajo, actitudes positivas que contribuyan con el crecimiento de la organización. El manejo adecuado de emociones brinda a los individuos la posibilidad de tomar las riendas de sus vidas y encontrar su equilibrio personal. El presente estudio, pretendió analizar el manejo de emociones como factor determinante del desempeño docente en las instituciones de educación universitaria. El trabajo se encuentra enmarcado en una investigación de campo con un diseño no experimental de nivel descriptivo. La población estudio estuvo conformada por treinta (30) docentes, para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la estadística descriptiva, se presentaron en cuadros que incluyeron frecuencias absolutas y porcentuales por alternativas de respuestas, se ilustraron por medio de gráficos de barras. Los principales hallazgos indican que el docente debe aprender a manejar sus emociones, ser consciente de las necesidades de los demás; saber cómo desarrollar la atención, no sólo debe estar atento a sus reacciones internas, también a las de su clase. En suma, los conocimientos del docente en su área de especialidad, los conocimientos pedagógicos y las competencias sociales y emocionales, tendrán como resultado un docente con un desempeño más eficaz, capaz de crear un ambiente positivo para el aprendizaje

estrategias para el desarrollo de competencias sociales y emocionales como herramienta en la gestión del desempeño docente

Human beings are the main source for creating value and generating results in an organization. The result of this premise is the need to direct efforts to identify, develop and connect human talent. The present study was oriented to propose strategies for the development of social and emotional competences as a tool in the management of teaching performance. It was framed in the feasible project modality, supported by a field research with a non-experimental design of descriptive level. Three questionnaire-type instruments were used for data collection. The study population consisted of thirty (30) people: Teachers, Area Coordinators and Head of Department. For the tabulation and analysis of the data, descriptive statistics were used. The results were presented in tables and were illustrated by means of bar graphs. The findings show that implementing strategies aimed at the development of social and emotional competencies, will result in an improvement of levels of teacher performance, also represents a way to promote a set of changes to adapt the skills of future graduates to the demands of the Society of knowledge, technology and information.Los seres humanos, representan la fuente principal para crear valor y generar resultados en una organización, producto de esta premisa nace la necesidad de encaminar esfuerzos para identificar, desarrollar y conectar el talento humano. El presente estudio estuvo orientado a proponer estrategias para el desarrollo de competencias sociales y emocionales como herramienta en la gestión del desempeño docente. Se enmarcó en la modalidad de proyecto factible, apoyado en una investigación de campo con un diseño no experimental de nivel descriptivo. Para la recolección de la información se emplearon tres instrumentos tipo cuestionario. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por treinta (30) personas: Docentes, Coordinadores de Área y Jefe de Departamento. Para la tabulación y análisis de los datos se utilizó la estadística descriptiva. Los resultados fueron presentados en cuadros y se ilustraron por medio de gráficos de barra. Los hallazgos evidencian que implementar estrategias orientadas al desarrollo de competencias sociales y emocionales, se traducirá en una mejora de los niveles de desempeño docente, asimismo representa una vía para impulsar un conjunto de cambios para adecuar las competencias de los futuros egresados a las demandas de la sociedad del conocimiento, la tecnología y la información.&nbsp

Planeamiento estratégico de New Transport S.A.

New Transport S.A. (NT) es un operador logístico mediano con especialización en la coordinación de la exportación de perecibles del Perú hacia el mundo, con un nivel de ventas de 28.9 millones de USD y una planilla de 104 empleados en el periodo 2015. Actualmente posee una buena reputación en el mercado peruano debido a sus más de 20 años brindando apoyo en especial a los agroexportadores. El objetivo del presente documento es proporcionar a NT un planeamiento estratégico que sea soporte y guía de sus operaciones para lograr la visión propuesta para el 2021 que se puede dividir en dos partes: (a) un mayor crecimiento, y (b) una mejora de eficiencia operativa. Luego de recolectar información de la situación actual de NT se realizó un análisis de los factores externos e internos de la organización permitiendo la identificación de las oportunidades, amenazas, fortalezas y debilidades. Producto del análisis se observó que el Perú y el mundo muestran escenarios favorables para el crecimiento del sector agroexportador tanto en la disponibilidad de recursos para soportarlo como una mayor demanda de productos agrícolas, lo que impacta de manera directa en oportunidades para el crecimiento de las operaciones de NT. Por otro lado, el servicio ofrecido en la industria en la que opera NT, es poco diferenciado generando en sus clientes una alta sensibilidad a los precios; asimismo la especialización de su negocio, relacionado al transporte de perecibles, genera una exposición a los riesgos asociados a estos productos, como los cambios climáticos. Con el objetivo de alcanzar la visión propuesta y lograr un cumplimiento gradual de la misma se plantearon seis objetivos de largo plazo y 42 de corto plazo; y como resultado del análisis externo e interno, se emparejaron las oportunidades y amenazas con las fortalezas y debilidades para determinar las estrategias propuestas para NT, las cuales fueron 17 y luego de ser evaluadas en una serie de matrices se determinaron siete estrategias retenidas y 10 estrategia externa defensiva y cuatro estrategias internas; las cuales se pueden asociar al deseo de NT de seguir creciendo tanto en Perú como a nivel internacional, donde su primera opción de expansión propuesta de sus operaciones sea Chile, y a mejorar su eficiencia operativa. Posteriormente, se planteó el tablero de control balanceado como herramienta para monitorear periódicamente la realización de los objetivos de corto plazo, que permitirán el alcance de los objetivos de largo plazo. El tablero de control balanceado servirá como guía para NT para tomar acciones correctivas de manera oportuna a fin de asegurar el logro de sus objetivos y su visión para el año 2021. Asimismo, se identificaron los puntos más importantes del planeamiento estratégico, a fin de mantener especial atención en ellos durante el desarrollo de dicho plan, y finalmente se brindaron recomendaciones que apoyen su implementación.New Transport S.A. (NT) is a medium-sized logistics provider with a specialization in the coordination of the export of agricultural perishables from Peru to the world, with sales of 28.9 million USD and a staff of 104 employees in 2015. Currently they have a good reputation in the Peruvian market due to their more than 20 years of experience offering support, especially to agricultural exporters. The objective of this document is to provide NT with a strategic plan that will support and guide their operations to achieve the proposed vision for 2021, that can be divided in two parts: (a) a greater growth, and (b) an improvement in operational efficiency. After understanding the current situation of NT, an analysis was developed of the external and internal factors of the organization, allowing the identification of the opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses. As a product of this analysis, it can be seen that Peru and the world show favorable scenarios for the growth of agricultural exporters in both the availability of resources to support them as well as a greater demand of agricultural products, which impacts directly NT’s growth opportunities. On the other hand, the offered service in the industry in which NT is operating is not greatly differentiated, generating a high price sensibility in their clients. At the same time, the specialization of their business, related to the transport of perishables generates exposure to the risks associated to these products, such as climate changes. With the goal of achieving the proposed vision, six long-term and 42 short-term objectives were proposed; as a result of the internal and external analysis, the opportunities and the threats were matched with NT's strengths and weaknesses to determine the proposed strategies, of which there were 17. After being evaluated by a series of matrices, it was determined that seven strategies would be retained and 10 strategies would remain as contingencies. The group of retained strategies contained two intensive external strategies, one defensive external strategy and four internal strategies, all of which are related to NT's desire to continue growing in both Peru as well as at an international level, with Chile as the top proposed option for their operational expansion, and to improve their operational efficiency. A Balanced Scorecard was proposed as a tool to periodically monitor the development of the short-term objectives, which will ultimately allow for the achievement of the long-term objectives. The Balanced Scorecard will serve as a guide for NT to take corrective actions in the opportune moments to ensure the achievement of their objectives and vision for 2021. The most important points of the strategic planning were identified to ensure that special attention is placed on them during the realization of the plan. As the final step, recommendations were offered which will also assist with the implementation of the plan.Tesi

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamentos de Santander, Norte de Santander y Cauca

El presente informe del diplomado “Acompañamiento psicosocial en escenarios de violencia”, permite dar contextualización a las voces del conflicto armado, a través del análisis de casos reales que afrontaron el fenómeno de la violencia en sus zonas de residencia. Comprendiendo el escenario y contexto donde se desarrollan los hechos, a partir del relato, dando especial énfasis a las subjetividades de los protagonistas, experiencias, memorias y al impacto psicosocial causado a nivel físico, emocional, comunitario y social. Construyendo desde el empoderamiento y la capacidad resiliente, habilidades para transformar la realidad vivida en una experiencia de aprendizaje, para avanzar hacia un futuro mejor y prometedor. Por medio del acompañamiento psicosocial, se realiza intervención psicológica desde los constructos teóricos que permitan minimizar la experiencia traumática a través de herramientas y estrategias psicosociales para generar recursos que transformen la realidad. De esta manera se realiza el análisis del relato de Carlos Arturo, un joven que vivió la pesadilla de las minas antipersona, pasando por diferentes circunstancias difíciles tanto para él, como para su familia, aunque este suceso transformo la dinámica familiar, Carlos Arturo, guarda una filosofía de vida y un espíritu resiliente que le permite batallar y tener propósitos claros para su futuro. Se aborda el caso de Peñas Coloradas una población que ha sido estigmatizada y llevada al desplazamiento por causa de los actores armados provocando una ruptura familiar, social, comunitaria y cultural; a partir de este caso se busca proponer estrategias que favorezcan el afrontamiento de la situación vivida. Por otra parte, se presenta la técnica de foto voz como un instrumento que permite crear conciencia de la realidad, a partir de la realización de fotografías dónde se representa de manera metafórica los escenarios de violencia, capturando la subjetividad de la imagen, dando otra perspectiva a los entornos habitadosThis report of the diploma course "Psychosocial support in scenes of violence", allows to contextualize the voices of the armed conflict, through the analysis of real cases that faced the phenomenon of violence in their areas of residence. Understanding the setting and context where the events take place, based on the story, giving special emphasis to the subjectivities of the protagonists, experiences, memories and the psychosocial impact produced at a physical, emotional, community and social level. Building from empowerment and resilient capacity, skills to transform lived reality into a learning experience, to move towards a better and promising future. Through psychosocial support, psychological intervention is carried out from the theoretical constructs that will allow minimizing the traumatic experience through psychosocial tools and strategies to generate resources that transform reality. In this way the analysis of the story of Carlos Arturo is carried out, a young man who lived the nightmare of the antipersonnel mines, going through different difficult circumstances for him and his family, although this event transformed the family dynamics, Carlos Arturo saves a philosophy of life and a resilient spirit that allows him to fight and have clear purposes for his future. The case of Peñas Coloradas, a population that has been stigmatized and led to displacement by armed actors, causing a family, social, community and cultural breakdown; from this case, it is sought to propose strategies that favor coping with the situation experienced. On the other hand, the photo-voice technique is presented as an instrument that allows to create awareness of reality, from the taking of photographs where the scenes of violence are metaphorically represented, capturing the subjectivity of the image, giving another perspective to inhabited environments

Influence of age on the occurrence of adverse events in rheumatic patients at the onset of biological treatment : Data from the BIOBADASER III register

To assess whether age, at the beginning of biologic treatment, is associated with the time a first adverse event (AE) appears in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), or psoriatic arthritis (PsA). All patients in the BIOBADASER registry diagnosed with RA, AS, and PsA, and classified as young ( 75 years old) at start of biological treatment were included. Factors associated with the appearance of a first AE using adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRR) (Poisson regression) were analyzed. Survival to first AE was studied by Kaplan-Meier analysis and hazard ratios (HR) by Cox regression. 2483 patients were included: 1126 RA, 680 PsA, and 677 AS. Age group stratification was as follows: 63 young, 2127 adults, 237 elderly, and 56 very elderly. Regression model revealed an increased probability of suffering a first AE at age 65 years or older [IRR elderly: 1.42 (CI95% 1.13-1.77)]. Other characteristics associated with AE were female gender, the use of DMARDs, including methotrexate, the presence of comorbidities, and the time of disease duration. Factors that had the greatest impact on survival over a first AE were age > 75 years [HR 1.50 (1.01-2.24)] and female gender [HR 1.42 (1.22-1.64)]. Age at the start of treatment and female gender are key factors associated with the appearance of a first AE with biologics. Other factors related to patient status and treatment were also associated with a first AE in rheumatic patients treated with biologics

Promoção de práticas alimentares saudáveis em pré-escolares de uma instituição educacional dacidade de Medellín

Food practices in schoolchildren show a high prevalence of sugar consumption. The objective of the study was to describe the prevalence of cavities, nutritional habits in preschoolers and first and to promote healthy eating practices at the school Ciudadela Nuevo Occidente. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was carried out with the participation of 61 boys and girls of the preschool, first and second grade, 80 parents or representatives and a non-participant observation was made to schoolchildren, school store and innkeepers, to explore the habits of food consumption in the Institution. Finally, a playful educational strategy was implemented that promoted healthy eating practices. A descriptive analysis of the information collected, and a bivariate analysis were carried out to compare the findings within the study period. The development study during the period 2017-II and 2019-II. Results: 60% of the respondents belonged to a level 1 socioeconomic stratum, 61% of parents had complete and incomplete secondary schooling. 58.8% have a daily consumption of sweets and soft drinks. The frequency of caries was 47.5% and white spots was 49.1%. Cariogenic foods are in the environment of children. 18 educational activities were carried out with 160 preschool and first school children and their teachers. Conclusions: practices such as high sugar intake, poor brushing, not packing children’s toothbrush for school,are risk factors that expose schoolchildren to cavities.Las prácticas alimentarias en escolares, muestran una alta prevalencia del consumo azucares. El objetivo del estudio fue describir la prevalencia de caries, los hábitos nutricionales en niños de preescolar y primero y fomentar prácticas alimentarias saludables en la Institución educativa Ciudadela Nuevo Occidente. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo, con la participación de 61 niños y niñas del grado de preescolar y primero, 80 padres de familia o representantes y se realizó una observación no participante a los escolares, tienda escolar y venteros, para explorar los hábitos de consumo de alimentos en la Institución. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de la información recolectada y un análisis bivariado para comparación de los hallazgos dentro del periodo de estudio. El estudio de desarrollo durante el periodo 2017-II y 2019-II. Resultados: el 60% de los encuestados pertenecía a un estrato socioeconómico nivel 1, el 61% de padres tenían escolaridad de secundaria completa e incompleta. 58,8% tiene un consumo diario de dulces y gaseosas. La frecuencia de caries fue del 47,5% y mancha blanca fue del 49,1%. Los alimentos cariogénicos están en el entorno de los niños. Se realizaron 18 actividades educativas con 160 niños de preescolar y primero y sus profesoras. Conclusiones: prácticas como el alto consumo de azúcar, un cepillado deficiente, no empacar a los niños el cepillo de dientes para el colegio, son factores de riesgo que exponen a los escolares a la aparición de la caries.As práticas alimentares em escolares mostram alta prevalência de consumo de açúcar. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a prevalência de cáries, hábitos nutricionais em crianças pré-escolares e da primeira série e promover práticas alimentares saudáveis na instituição de ensino Ciudadela Nuevo Oeste. Materiais e métodos: estudo descritivo, com a participação de 61 meninos e meninas da pré-escola e primeira série, 80 pais ou representantes e foi realizada observação não participante dos escolares, loja escolar e lojistas, para explorar hábitos de consumo de alimentos. na Instituição. Foi realizada análise descritiva das informações coletadas e análise bivariada para comparação dos achados no período do estudo. O estudo de desenvolvimento durante o período 2017-II e 2019-II. Resultados: 60% dos entrevistados pertenciam a um estrato socioeconômico de nível 1, 61% dos pais tinham ensino médio completo ou incompleto. 58,8% consomem doces e refrigerantes diariamente. A frequência de cárie foi de 47,5% e de mancha branca foi de 49,1%. Os alimentos cariogênicos estão no ambiente infantil. Foram realizadas 18 atividades educativas com 160 crianças da pré-escola e da primeira série e seus professores. Conclusões: práticas como alto consumo de açúcar, má escovação e não levar as escovas de dente das crianças para a escola são fatores de risco que expõem os escolares ao aparecimento de cáries.

Effect of an Intensive Weight-Loss Lifestyle Intervention on Kidney Function: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Introduction: Large randomized trials testing the effect of a multifactorial weight-loss lifestyle intervention including Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) on renal function are lacking. Here, we evaluated the 1-year efficacy of an intensive weight-loss intervention with an energy-reduced MedDiet (erMedDiet) plus increased physical activity (PA) on renal function. Methods: Randomized controlled "PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea-Plus"(PREDIMED-Plus) trial is conducted in 23 Spanish centers comprising 208 primary care clinics. Overweight/obese (n = 6,719) adults aged 55-75 years with metabolic syndrome were randomly assigned (1:1) to an intensive weight-loss lifestyle intervention with an erMedDiet, PA promotion, and behavioral support (intervention) or usual-care advice to adhere to an energy-unrestricted MedDiet (control) between September 2013 and December 2016. The primary outcome was 1-year change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (EGFR). Secondary outcomes were changes in urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), incidence of moderately/severely impaired EGFR (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and micro-to macroalbuminuria (UACR ≥30 mg/g), and reversion of moderately (45 to <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) to mildly impaired GFR (60 to <90 mL/min/1.73 m2) or micro-to macroalbuminuria. Results: After 1 year, EGFR declined by 0.66 and 1.25 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the intervention and control groups, respectively (mean difference, 0.58 mL/min/1.73 m2; 95% CI: 0.15-1.02). There were no between-group differences in mean UACR or micro-to macroalbuminuria changes. Moderately/severely impaired EGFR incidence and reversion of moderately to mildly impaired GFR were 40% lower (HR 0.60; 0.44-0.82) and 92% higher (HR 1.92; 1.35-2.73), respectively, in the intervention group. Conclusions: The PREDIMED-Plus lifestyle intervention approach may preserve renal function and delay CKD progression in overweight/obese adults.This work was supported by the official Spanish Institutions for funding scientific biomedical research, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), through the Fondo de Investigación para la Salud (FIS), which is cofunded by the European Regional Development Fund (5 coordinated FIS projects leaded by J.S.-S and J.V., including the following projects: PI13/00673, PI13/00492, PI13/00272, PI13/01123, PI13/00462, PI13/00233, PI13/02184, PI13/00728, PI13/01090, PI13/01056, PI14/01722, PI14/00636, PI14/00618, PI14/00696, PI14/01206, PI14/01919, PI14/00853, PI14/01374, PI14/00972, PI14/00728, PI14/01471, PI16/00473, PI16/00662, PI16/01873, PI16/01094, PI16/00501, PI16/00533, PI16/00381, PI16/00366, PI16/01522, PI16/01120, PI17/00764, PI17/01183, PI17/00855, PI17/01347, PI17/00525, PI17/01827, PI17/00532, PI17/00215, PI17/01441, PI17/00508, PI17/01732, PI17/00926; PI19/00957, PI19/00386, PI19/00309, PI19/01032, PI19/00576, PI19/00017, PI19/01226, PI19/00781, PI19/01560, and PI19/01332); the Especial Action Project entitled Implementación y evaluación de una intervención intensiva sobre la actividad física Cohorte PREDIMED-Plus grant to J.S.-S.; the European Research Council (Advanced Research Grant 2014–2019; agreement #340918) granted to M.Á.M.-G.; the Recercaixa (No. 2013ACUP00194) grant to J.S.-S.; grants from the Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (PI0458/2013, PS0358/2016, and PI0137/2018); the PROMETEO/2017/017 grant from the Generalitat Valenciana; the SEMERGEN grant; funds from the European Regional Development Fund (CB06/03); International Nut & Dried Fruit Council – FESNAD (Long-term effects of an energyrestricted Mediterranean diet on mortality and cardiovascular disease 2014–2015, No. 201302) (PI: M.Á.M.-G.); the AstraZeneca Young Investigators Award in Category of Obesity and T2D 2017 (PI: D.R.); grant of support to research groups No. 35/2011 (Balearic Islands Gov.; FEDER funds) (J.A.T. and C.B.); the JR17/00022 (ISCIII) grant to O.C.; the Boosting young talent call grant program for the development of IISPV research projects 2019–2021 (Ref.: 2019/IISPV/03 grant to A.D.-L.); the Societat Catalana d’Endocrinologia i Nutrició (SCEN) Clinical-Research Grant 2019 (IPs: J.S.-S. and A.D.-L.). Collaborative Nutrition and/or Obesity Project for Young Researchers 2019 supported by CIBEROBN entitled Lifestyle Interventions and Chronic Kidney Disease: Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Metabolomic Profile (LIKIDI study) grant to A.D.-L